Group Settlement Scheme

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1930s map showing Group Settlement Scheme localities Wagroupsettlement.jpg
1930s map showing Group Settlement Scheme localities

The Group Settlement Scheme was an assisted migration scheme which operated in Western Australia from the early 1920s. It was engineered by Premier James Mitchell and followed on from the Soldier Settlement Scheme immediately after World War I. Targeting civilians and others who were otherwise ineligible for the Soldiers' scheme, its principal purpose was to provide a labour force to open up the large tracts of potential agricultural land to ultimately reduce dependence on food imports from interstate. It was also seen by Australians as boosting the ideals of the White Australia policy by strengthening the Anglo-Australian cultural identity of Australia. [1] High levels of post-war unemployment in Britain saw the UK Government seizing on the scheme as a way to reduce dole-queues. Over 6,000 people emigrated to Western Australia under the scheme which was funded jointly by the state, federal and UK governments.

Contents

Mitchell's plan was for 40-to-65-hectare (100-to-160-acre) land holdings to be cleared and intensively cultivated by the settlers, initially supervised by experienced farmers, to develop a self-sustaining dairy industry. Premier Mitchell was nicknamed "Moo-Cow" from his perceived obsession with the dairy industry. [2] He and his Nationalist and Country Party colleagues considered the 'unlimited land resources for closer settlement' were the key to the state's economic progress. [3]

History

Individual family settlements

Under an agreement made with the British government, the state would take up to 6,000 men from the UK and settle them on 6,000 farms over a five-year period. [4]

Migrant settlers received financial assistance for their and their families' passage to Australia, and in return were required to work in small communities in undeveloped areas in the State's South West and Wheatbelt regions. [4] After often only one or two days of acclimatisation and processing on arrival, properties were allocated by ballot and the settlers transported to their selections. After a period of establishment, the settlers were required to repay a 30-year loan (not exceeding £1,000) provided by the Agricultural Bank, and at the completion of the loan repayment the settler would have freehold title to the property. They were paid 10 shillings per day during the land clearing phase and offered a £10 loan for the purchase of household and agricultural equipment. [5] The loan was interest-only for the first five years. The communities (or groups) typically comprised between twelve and twenty families. They cleared land, built fences and established their farms in areas which had previously been unable to attract settlers.

The promises made to applicants were often unrealistic and sometimes grossly misleading, and caused many to resign and walk off the properties soon after arrival and realisation of the task before them. For those that did persevere, communities endured considerable hardships and deprivation. Inadequate resources were provided, and the settlers often lacked the necessary farming skills and suitability for rural enterprise. Unsuitable equipment was often supplied for clearing the immense hardwood timber forests. Uneconomic farm sizes and depressed agricultural prices forced consolidations and various changes to the scheme. In some areas, poor land quality also led to failures. The extreme isolation in the virgin forests and lack of infrastructure such as roads and communications made life difficult. By April 1924, 30% of migrants and 42% of Australians had abandoned their allocations. [4] Others stayed as they had no alternative. Sustenance payments were made to support many families.

Group settlements

The term "Group Settlement" was believed to have come from a suggestion made by a British soldier-settler John Wozencroft who had been assigned a 34.4-hectare (85-acre) allotment near Lefroy Brook at Pemberton. After selecting his property from a plan in Perth with advice from the Lands Department, Wozencroft travelled to Pemberton only to discover it to be impossibly isolated and that the heavily timbered property could only be cleared with the assistance of a small team of men. He wrote a letter directly to Premier Mitchell saying that he and his government "should be had up for misrepresentation". [6] Mitchell reacted quickly, possibly fearing a public relations issue, and despatched Barbe More, a Lands Inspector at Bunbury. More interviewed Wozencroft in November 1920 who relayed his suggestion that future allotments be made to four of five settlers in a group, and that an expert adviser be initially assigned to each group to assist and advise.

The first group settlement was at Manjimup in 1921 and comprised eighteen blocks. [7] Other settlements were established in Northcliffe, Denmark, Nornalup, Walpole, and Bridgetown. A programme of draining the vast floodplains above the Peel-Harvey Estuary was instigated during the same period. [8] This freed up potential farmland in the Peel Estate which was subdivided and allocated to many of the groups. [1] The sandy soils were found to be of poor quality however, and mostly unsuited for cattle grazing or pastures. [8] The urbanised Perth suburbs of Baldivis and Bertram were part of this area. [9] Samuel Bateman's estate in the Byford area was also similarly subdivided. [10]

In 1924-25 the government established a Royal Commission on Group Settlement. The commission's final report was published on 9 June 1925 and included: [11]

The new method of land settlement was put into effect in March 1921, when Group 1 was started on its way to Manjimup. This group in common with the first 40 inaugurated between this date and December 1922 was made up mainly of colonials or migrants of some years standing, but from then onwards the groups became composed almost entirely of migrants.

At that time there were 127 groups in operation throughout the South-West. Establishment of new groups was abandoned briefly but later resumed with more settlements at Northcliffe, Busselton and Manjimup. [4]

Mitchell's successor Philip Collier supported and continued the scheme through most of his Premiership from 1924 to 1930. [1] [12] With the 1930s Depression and the collapse of dairy produce prices, ever more settlers walked off their properties. Politicians called for its scrapping due to the drain of the state's resources with the high failure rate. The last settlement established was at Northcliffe in May 1928. [4] In 1930, government support was finally withdrawn and management responsibility for the remaining settlements passed to the Agricultural Bank.

Legacy

The former Baldivis Primary School, originally known as the Group 50-54 School, opened in 1924 and operated until 1978 Former Baldivis Primary School, Western Australia, January 2021 05.jpg
The former Baldivis Primary School, originally known as the Group 50–54 School, opened in 1924 and operated until 1978

The policy helped establish a dairy industry which flourishes today, and many successful farms were cleared by the group workers. It also saw the expansion and establishment of a number of townships, schools and rail links. Over 40,000 hectares (100,000 acres) of land was cleared by the scheme which had cost the state £3 million. [4]

After World War II, many of the abandoned Group Settlement farms were taken over by immigrants under a new Soldier Settlement Scheme, the next assisted migration scheme.

British newspaper magnate Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe, actively promoted the scheme in its early years through his UK newspapers, especially The Times . The town of Northcliffe was established through the scheme and named to recognise his role.

John Tonkin (left) at Nuralingup school in the 1920s Nuralingup school, 1920s, cropped.jpg
John Tonkin (left) at Nuralingup school in the 1920s

John Tonkin worked as a teacher at a two-teacher school at the group settlement of Nuralingup (near Augusta) for several years from 1923. [13] He later taught at another group settlement at Margaret River. Tonkin became Labor state premier from 1971 to 1974. He is the only former teacher to have reached the office of premier of the state.

The program was succeeded by a Group Migration Scheme operated out of London by the Western Australian Government. Co-ordinated by Digby Blight from 1959 to 1962. [14]

List of group settlements

List of groups [15] [16]
Group numberLocal identificationPostal addressDistrict office
1 Mitcheldean ManjimupManjimup
2 Springdale PembertonManjimup
3 Kudardup near AugustaBusselton
4 Kudardup near AugustaBusselton
5 Graphite Road ManjimupManjimup
6 Nuralingup (renamed) Forrest Grove Busselton
7 Nuralingup (renamed) Forrest Grove Busselton
8 Eastbrook PembertonManjimup
9 Eastbrook PembertonManjimup
10 Glenoran ManjimupManjimup
11 Boojetup PembertonManjimup
12 Cowaramup CowaramupBusselton
13 Cowaramup CowaramupBusselton
14 Tutunup Siding Busselton (Abba River area)Busselton
15 Hithergreen Busselton (Abba River area)Busselton
16Abba River SidingBusselton (renamed Ruabon)Busselton
17 Bramley Siding near CowaramupBusselton
18 Wirring near CowaramupBusselton
19 Lanark ManjimupManjimup
20 Willyabrup Busselton (Abba River area)Busselton
21 Middlesex JardeeManjimup
22 Rosa Brook Margaret RiverBusselton
23 Yanmah ManjimupManjimup
24 Karridale East KarridaleBusselton
25 Karri Hills JardeeManjimup
26 Barronhurst PembertonManjimup
27 Kalgup BusseltonBusselton
28 Acton Park BusseltonBusselton
29 Oakford Peel Estate Wellard
30 Oakford Peel EstateWellard
31 Middlesex JardeeManjimup
32 Ruabon BusseltonBusselton
33 Byford Peel EstateWellard
34 Yoongarillup WonnerupBusselton
35 Mundijong Peel EstateWellard
36 Sabina River BusseltonBusselton
37CornvalePeel EstateWellard
38McLeods CreekKarridale areaBusselton
39CornvalePeel EstateWellard
40 Chapman's Hill BusseltonBusselton
41 Carmarthen DenmarkDenmark
42 Carmarthen DenmarkDenmark
43 Serpentine Peel EstateWellard
44 Ambergate Busselton (Abba River)Busselton
45 Serpentine Peel EstateWellard
46 Serpentine Peel EstateWellard
47 Serpentine Peel EstateWellard
48Blythe ParkBusselton (Abba River)Busselton
49LilyvaleBusselton – Ambergate areaBusselton
5011 Mile CampPeel EstateWellard
51EllensbrookMargaret RiverBusselton
52LennoxBusseltonBusselton
53 Carbunup BusseltonBusselton
5411 Mile CampPeel EstateWellard
55JarrahbankPeel EstateWellard
56BiswaePeel EstateWellard
57 Witchcliffe Margaret RiverBusselton
58 Harewood Scotsdale RoadDenmark
59 Boallia Busselton – VasseBusselton
60Boyndlie Park (now Metricup)BusseltonBusselton
61 Yelverton Busselton (near Metricup)Busselton
62Great Hope Valleynear CowaramupBusselton
63Rapid LandingMargaret River (east sideBusselton
64 Arumvale Margaret River (west sideBusselton
65 Diamond Tree PembertonManjimup
66 Baldivis Peel EstateWellard
67 Karnup Peel EstateWellard
68 Karnup Peel EstateWellard
69 Sheoak Karridale (near Alexandra Bridge)Busselton
70 Stake Hill Peel EstateWellard
7113 MilePeel EstateWellard
72 Walgine Margaret RiverBusselton
73 Woolstone Busselton
74 Gnarabup Karridale (near Alexandra Bridge)Busselton
75 Warner Glen Karridale (near Alexandra Bridge)Busselton
76 Nillup Karridale (near Alexandra Bridge)Busselton
77 Rosa Brook Margaret RiverBusselton
78 Courtenay Margaret RiverBusselton
79 Linfarn ManjimupManjimup
80WalyancupPeel EstateWellard
81Folly13 Mile EstateWellard
82 Maramanup Peel EstateWellard
83Manjimup Appadene Manjimup
84 Airedale Margaret RiverBusselton
85 Osmington Margaret RiverBusselton
86 Rosa Glen Margaret RiverBusselton
87Blake SnakeBusseltonBusselton
88 Rosa Glen Margaret RiverBusselton
89 Channybearup Road PembertonManjimup
90 Channybearup Road PembertonManjimup
91 Byford Byford (Peel Estate)Wellard
92Hells Hole (Scotsdale Road) Denmark Denmark
93Six Mile (Nornalup Road)DenmarkDenmark
94 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
95 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
96 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
97 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
98 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
99 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
100 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
101East Denmark (Lindsay Road). ...DenmarkDenmark
102Hells Hole (adjoins Group 92)DenmarkDenmark
103 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
104 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
105 Kentdale DenmarkDenmark
106 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
107 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
108 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
109 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
110 Kentdale DenmarkDenmark
111Harewood RoadDenmarkDenmark
112 Wellard Peel EstateWellard
113Parry'sDenmark (South West Highway)Denmark
114Scotsdale RoadDenmark (adjoins Group 58)Denmark
115 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
116Marks SidingNornalupDenmark
117 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
118 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
119 Quininup JardeeManjimup
120 Quininup JardeeManjimup
121 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
122 Treeton Great Hope ValleyBusselton
123 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
124 Chapman's Hill BusseltonBusselton
125MaramanupPeel EstateWellard
126 Hester CatterickManjimup
127 Hester CatterickManjimup
128 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
129 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
130 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
131 Greenbushes GreenbushesManjimup
132 Greenbushes GreenbushesManjimup
133 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
134 Quininup JardeeManjimup
135 Quininup JardeeManjimup
136 Kaloorup (Sussex) Busselton (near Jindong)Busselton
137 Rosa Brook Margaret RiverBusselton
138 Hazelvale DenmarkDenmark
139 Hazelvale DenmarkDenmark
140Peel EstatePeel EstateWellard
141 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
142 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
143 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup
144 Marybrook BusseltonBusselton
145 Quininup JardeeManjimup
146 Capeldene via KirupManjimup
147 Shannon NorthcliffeManjimup
148 Smiths Brook ManjimupManjimup
149 Channybearup Road PembertonManjimup
150 Northcliffe NorthcliffeManjimup

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 "Group Settlement". J.S. Battye Library. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
  2. Gabbedy (1988) p. 39
  3. Stannage (1981) p. 262
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gregory, Jenny and Gothard, Jan, ed (1999) pp. 431-432
  5. Gabbedy (1988) pp. 233-234 "The Migration Agreement, Schedule A."
  6. Gabbedy (1988) pp. 78-79
  7. Gabbedy (1988) p. 117
  8. 1 2 Bradby, Keith (1997). Peel-Harvey : The Decline and Rescue of an Ecosystem. Greening the Catchment Taskforce, Mandurah. ISBN   0730980413.
  9. "History of metropolitan suburb names – B". Western Australian Land Information Authority. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  10. "The Brook at Byford" (PDF). Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  11. Gabbedy (1988) p. 86
  12. Gabbedy (1988) pp. 202-204
  13. Gabbedy (1988) pp. 211-212
  14. "Reflection on the Public Sector". 27 September 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  15. "Group Settlement". Leaver Genealogy. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  16. "Index to Western Australian group settlement information". Western Australian Land Information Authority. Retrieved 25 March 2021.

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References

Further reading