Gyrodon lividus

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Gyrodon lividus
Erlengrubling Gyrodon lividus.jpg
Gyrodon lividus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Paxillaceae
Genus: Gyrodon
Species:
G. lividus
Binomial name
Gyrodon lividus
(Bull.) Sacc. (1888)
Synonyms [1]
  • Boletus lividusBull. (1791)
  • Boletus sistotrema Fr. (1815)
  • Boletus sistotremoidesFr. (1815)
  • Boletus chrysenteron var. lividus(Bull.) Mérat (1821)
  • Boletus brachyporus Pers. (1825)
  • Gyrodon sistotremoides (Fr.) Opat. (1836)
  • Boletus rubescens Trog (1839)
  • Boletus lividus var. alneti Lindgr. (1874)
  • Uloporus lividus(Bull.) Quél. (1886)
Gyrodon lividus
Information icon.svg
Pores icon.pngPores on hymenium
Flat cap icon.svg Cap is flat
Decurrent gills icon2.svg Hymenium is decurrent
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Spore print is olive to brown
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Edible.pngEdibility is edible

Gyrodon lividus, commonly known as the alder bolete, is a pored mushroom bearing close affinity to the genus Paxillus . Although found predominantly in Europe, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with alder, it has also recorded from China, Japan and California. Fruit bodies are distinguished from other boletes by decurrent bright yellow pores that turn blue-grey on bruising. G. lividus mushrooms are edible.

Contents

Taxonomy

The alder bolete was initially described by French mycologist Pierre Bulliard in 1791 as Boletus lividus, [2] before being given its current binomial name in 1888 by Pier Andrea Saccardo when he transferred it to Gyrodon . [3] When Saccardo circumscribed Gyroporus, he included Boletus sistotremoides (published by Elias Fries in 1815) as the type species. Rolf Singer later determined that Fries's taxon was the same species as Gyroporus lividus. [4] Before this, in 1886 Lucien Quélet erected the genus Uliporus with Boletus lividus as the type. [5] As a result of Singer's discovery, the genus Uliporus was rendered obsolete, and Boletus sistrotremoides became synonymous with Gyropus lividus. [4] The generic term Gyrodon is derived from the Ancient Greek gyros "whorl" and odon "tooth", [6] [7] while the specific epithet lividus is Latin for "lead-coloured". [8] The fungus is commonly known as the alder bolete. [9]

Molecular research confirms the relations of the genus Gyrodon and the gilled genus Paxillus as sister taxa, and one of the earliest diverging lineages of the suborder Boletineae. [10]

Two subspecies of G. lividus have been described: subsp. alneti, published by Sven Johan Lindgren in 1874, and subsp. labyrinthicus, published by Saccardo in 1888. Neither are considered to have independent taxonomic significance. [1]

Description

Gyrodon lividus has a pale brown, buff or ochre cap 4–10 cm (1.5–4 in) in diameter which is convex and later flat in shape, and can be sticky when wet. Like other boletes, it has pores instead of gills that make up the hymenophore on the underside of the cap. These large pores are decurrent in their attachment to the stipe. Bright yellow, they turn blue-grey when cut or bruised. The thin flesh is pale yellow. The ringless stipe is initially the same colour as the cap but later darkens to a red-brown; it is 3–7 cm (1–3 in) high by 1–2 cm (0.5–1 in) wide. The spore print is olive-brown and the oval spores are 4.5–6 x 3–4  μm. The mushroom has a non-distinctive smell and taste. [11]

In the United States, Gyrodon lividus could be mistaken for Boletinellus merulioides , which is generally a larger mushroom overall with larger spores and grows under ash ( Fraxinus ), or B. proximus , a dark brown or purple-brown capped species that does not change colour when bruised and is found only in Florida. [12]

Distribution and habitat

Gyrodon lividus is found across Europe, including Ķemeri National Park in Latvia, [13] In Asia, it has been recorded in China [14] and Japan. [15] It is also found in several locales in Turkey, including Trabzon, Maçka and Sevinç. [16] In North America, it has been reported to occur in California, under alder ( Alnus rhombifolia ). [17]

As its common name suggests, Gyrodon lividus is found under alder (Alnus rhombifolia), with which it forms a mycorrhizal relationship. Fruit bodies may be found alone or in clumps and appear in autumn. The ectomycorrhiza of the fungus is characterized by its yellow colour in young specimens, rhizomorphs that are highly differentiated, and the presence of sclerotia. [18]

Edibility

It is reported as edible by some authors, [11] and inedible by others. [6]

Bioactive compounds

Fruit bodies of Gyrodon lividus contain the cyclopentanedione compounds chamonixin and involution. [19]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<i>Buchwaldoboletus lignicola</i> Species of fungus

Buchwaldoboletus lignicola is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to Europe and North America. Found on wood, it is actually parasitic on the fungus Phaeolus schweinitzii. It has a convex yellow- to rusty brown cap, yellow to yellow-brown pores and stipe, and a brown spore print. Its edibility is unknown.

<i>Austropaxillus infundibuliformis</i> Species of fungus

Austropaxillus infundibuliformis is a species of fungus in the family Serpulaceae. A mycorrhizal species, it grows in the eucalypt forests of southeastern Australia. It is readily recognised by its tawny yellow colour, large size and forked decurrent gills.

<i>Imleria badia</i> Edible species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in Europe and North America

Imleria badia, commonly known as the bay bolete, is an edible, pored mushroom found in Eurasia and North America, where it grows in coniferous or mixed woods on the ground or on decaying tree stumps, sometimes in prolific numbers. Both the common and scientific names refer to the bay- or chestnut-coloured cap, which is almost spherical in young specimens before broadening and flattening out to a diameter up to 15 cm (6 in). On the cap underside are small yellowish pores that turn dull blue-grey when bruised. The smooth, cylindrical stipe, measuring 4–9 cm long by 1–2 cm thick, is coloured like the cap, but paler. Some varieties have been described from eastern North America, differing from the main type in both macroscopic and microscopic morphology.

References

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