Halostagnicola larsenii

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Halostagnicola larsenii
Scientific classification
Domain:
Archaea
Kingdom:
Euryarchaeota
Phylum:
Euryarchaeota
Class:
Halobacteria
Order:
Natrialbales
Family:
Natrialbaceae
Genus:
Halostagnicola
Binomial name
Halostagnicola larsenii
Castillo et al. 2006 [1]
Type strain
Strain XH-48; CECT 7116; CGMCC 1.5338; DSM 17691; JCM 13463

Halostagnicola larsenii is a non-motile, aerobic, gram-negative, rod shaped archaeon. [2] It is a halophilic, neutrophilic, chemo-organotroph and was isolated from samples taken from a saline lake in China. [2] The etymology of the name comes from hals, halos Greek for salt, stagnum Latin for a piece of standing water, -cola Latin for inhabitant or dweller, and Larsenii named after the Norwegian microbiologist, Helge Larsen, who was a pioneer in research regarding halophiles. [2]

Contents

Discovery

In September 2003, researchers from the University of Seville, Spain, obtained samples of sediment from a lake in Inner Mongolia, China. [2] Lake Xilinholt is an extremely saline lake, thus providing the optimum growth conditions for Halostagnicola larsenii . [2] The samples were cultivated in a 20% saline solution. [2] Nutrient agar plates were used to cultivate the samples. [2] The media contained sodium chloride and was optimized at a pH of 7.5. [2] H. larsenii grows optimally at 15% NaCl, 37 °C and pH 7–8. [2] It is unable to grow at temperatures above 50 °C. [2] Further characterization of the species was conducted and it was proposed by Castillo et al., that strain XH-48 be identified as a new species within the Halostagnicola phylum. [2]

Characterization

Morphology

Morphology was determined using phase contrast optics by an Olympus BX41 microscope. [2] Cells of Halostagnicola larsenii XH48 are 0.5-1.0 micrometers wide and 1.0-3.0 micrometers long. [2] Cells of H. larsenii are pleomorphic, and display rod, square or disc shaped cells. [2] This reflects the strain's ability to change size and shape in response to changes in the environment, such as salinity. [2] The colony morphology of H. larsenii is circular, smooth, opaque and pink in color. [2] Polar ether lipids found in its membrane include phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglyceromethylphosphate. [2] These lipids were extracted with chloroform and methanol. [2] Tests revealed this organism is oxidase positive and catalase negative. [2]

Metabolism

Halostagnicola larsenii is a halophilic, neutrophilic, chemo-organotroph and uses oxygen as its terminal electron acceptor. [2] H. larsenii can utilize a variety of carbohydrates such as fructose, glycerol, lactose, glucose, arabinose, acetate, ribose, starch, maltose, galactose, ribose, xylose, glutamate, and propionate as substrates for growth. [2] Growth substrates were determined through the use of the isolation medium, which contained the substrate being tested along with yeast extract. [2] Additionally, H. larsenii undergoes assimilatory nitrate reduction to nitrite to ammonia. [3] This process differs from nitrate reduction because it occurs aerobically and uses ferrodoxin as an electron donor. [4]

Antibiotic Resistance

H. larsenii is resistant to the following antibiotics: ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, penicillin G, rifampicin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. [2] The organism is sensitive to bacitracin and novobiocin. [2] Antibiotic sensitivity and resistance was determined using the agar diffusion test in which paper discs saturated with antibiotics were placed on agar plates. [2]

Ecology

Halostagnicola larsenii was originally discovered in a saline lake in Inner Mongolia, China. [2] It has also been isolated from rock pit sea water in the West Coast of Maharashtra, India. [5] Typically, haloarchaea such as H. larsenii require high salinity environments for growth and can be found in the sediment of aquatic environments such as freshwater lakes. [6]

Genomics

In 2014, the complete genome of H. larsenii was sequenced using Illumina dye sequencing HiSeq 2000 by Iain Anderson as part of the Archaeal Tree of Life Project supported by the Joint Genome Institute. [7] The genome consists of 2.79 Mega-bases [7] on a circular chromosome with four circular plasmids. [8] The genome includes 4,246 genes of which 4,171 are protein coding genes, 19 are pseudogenes, 6 rRNA genes, and 49 tRNA genes. [7] The GC-content of the genome is 61%. [7]

In a 2008 study by Castillo, et al., chromosomal DNA was isolated using the Marmur methods of simple cell disruption by detergent lysis, nucleic extraction by an organic solvent, and DNA recovery by ethanol precipitation were used. [2] [9] The 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence of H. larsenii was studied using ARB software. [2] The neighbor-joining method was used to conduct 16s rRNA gene sequence analysis and determine phylogenetic relationships. [2] The closest neighboring species Natrialba aegypitaca and Natrialba asiatica had a 94.5% and 93.3% genome similarity, respectively. [2] The key difference from Natrialba is that H. larsenii lacks the key bases 403G and 560G. [2]

Related Research Articles

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Halobacterium is a genus in the family Halobacteriaceae.

<i>Pseudomonas stutzeri</i> Species of bacterium

Pseudomonas stutzeri is a Gram-negative soil bacterium that is motile, has a single polar flagellum, and is classified as bacillus, or rod-shaped. While this bacterium was first isolated from human spinal fluid, it has since been found in many different environments due to its various characteristics and metabolic capabilities. P. stutzeri is an opportunistic pathogen in clinical settings, although infections are rare. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, this bacterium has been placed in the P. stutzeri group, to which it lends its name.

<i>Halobacterium salinarum</i> Species of archaeon

Halobacterium salinarum, formerly known as Halobacterium cutirubrum or Halobacterium halobium, is an extremely halophilic marine obligate aerobic archaeon. Despite its name, this is not a bacterium, but a member of the domain Archaea. It is found in salted fish, hides, hypersaline lakes, and salterns. As these salterns reach the minimum salinity limits for extreme halophiles, their waters become purple or reddish color due to the high densities of halophilic Archaea. H. salinarum has also been found in high-salt food such as salt pork, marine fish, and sausages. The ability of H. salinarum to survive at such high salt concentrations has led to its classification as an extremophile.

Methylobacillus flagellatus is a species of aerobic bacteria.

Pyrobaculum is a genus of the Thermoproteaceae.

Halopiger is a genus of archaeans in the family Natrialbaceae that have high tolerance to salinity.

In taxonomy, Natrialba is a genus of the Natrialbaceae. The genus consists of many diverse species that can survive extreme environmental niches, especially they are capable to live in the waters saturated or nearly saturated with salt (halophiles). They have certain adaptations to live within their salty environments. For example, their cellular machinery is adapted to high salt concentrations by having charged amino acids on their surfaces, allowing the cell to keep its water molecules around these components. The osmotic pressure and these amino acids help to control the amount of salt within the cell.

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<i>Haloquadratum walsbyi</i> Species of archaeon

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<i>Methanohalophilus mahii</i> Species of archaeon

Methanohalophilus mahii is an obligately anaerobic, methylotrophic, methanogenic cocci-shaped archaeon of the genus Methanohalophilus that can be found in high salinity aquatic environments. The name Methanohalophilus is said to be derived from methanum meaning "methane" in Latin; halo meaning "salt" in Greek; and mahii meaning "of Mah" in Latin, after R.A. Mah, who did substantial amounts of research on aerobic and methanogenic microbes. The proper word in ancient Greek for "salt" is however hals (ἅλς). The specific strain type was designated SLP and is currently the only identified strain of this species.

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Haloferax larsenii is a gram-negative, aerobic, neutrophilic, extremely halophilic archaeon. It was named in honor of Professor Helge Larsen, who pioneered research on halophiles.

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Halomonas meridiana is a bacterial species discovered in 1990 in the hypersaline lakes of Vestfold Hills, Antarctica.

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References

  1. ↑ Page Species: Halostagnicola larsenii on "LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature". Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen . Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Castillo, A. M., et al. "Halostagnicola larsenii gen. nov., sp. nov., an extremely halophilic archaeon from a saline lake in Inner Mongolia, China." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56.7 (2006): 1519-1524. PUB MED doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.64286-0
  3. ↑ "Nitrogen Metabolism: H. Larsenii." Nitrogen Metabolism: H. Larsenii. KEGG, n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2015.
  4. ↑ Guerrero, M. G. "Assimilatory nitrate reduction." (1985): 170-171.
  5. ↑ Kanekar et al. "Exploration of a haloarchaeon, Halostagnicola larsenii isolated from rock pit sea water, West Coast of Maharashtra, India, for production of Bacteriorhodopsin (BR)." Journal of Applied Microbiology. (2014) PUBMED doi: 10.1111/jam.12784
  6. ↑ Luque, R., et al. "Diversity of culturable halophilic archaea isolated from Rambla Salada, Murcia (Spain)." Extremophiles 16.2 (2012): 205-213.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Halostagnicola Larsenii XH-48, Complete Genome." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2015.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/CP007055
  8. ↑ "KEGG GENOME: Halostagnicola Larsenii." KEGG GENOME: Halostagnicola Larsenii. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2015. http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_organism?org=hlr
  9. ↑ Moore, E. et al. "Simplified protocols for the preparation of genomic DNA from bacterial cultures." Molecular microbial ecology manual 1.1 (1999): 1-15.
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