Helena Historic District (Helena, Montana)

Last updated

Helena Historic District
and Boundary Increases I and II
Atlas Block.jpg
Atlas Block, within the Helena Historic District
USA Montana location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Usa edcp location map.svg
Red pog.svg
LocationIrregular pattern from Hauser Boulevard to Acropolis and between Garfield and Rodney Sts., Helena, Montana; also roughly bounded by Cruse, Neill, and Park Aves., and Lawrence; also bounded by E. Sixth, N. Davis, Broadway, and N. Rodney Sts.
Coordinates 46°34′34″N112°2′26″W / 46.57611°N 112.04056°W / 46.57611; -112.04056
Area150 acres (61 ha) (original); 22 acres (8.9 ha) (boundary increase I); 10 acres (4.0 ha) (boundary increase II)
Built1864
ArchitectMultiple
Architectural style Art Deco, French Renaissance, Gothic Revival, Late Victorian, Romanesque Revival, Western Commercial
NRHP reference No. 72000737; 90000934; 93001001 [1]
Added to NRHPJune 2, 1972 (original)
June 14, 1990 (boundary increase I)
October 7, 1993 (boundary increase II)

The Helena Historic District (HHD) is a federally designated historic district in Helena, Montana, United States. Since its establishment in 1972, the HHD has had boundary adjustments in 1990 and 1993. [2] [3] The original 1972 designation was composed of two unconnected sections known as "Downtown" and "West Residential". [3]

Contents

Downtown section

Placer Hotel and Securities Building, downtown Helena Placer Hotel 1.jpg
Placer Hotel and Securities Building, downtown Helena

Helena was initially founded in the downtown section. On July 14, 1864 four miners, dubbed the "Four Georgians" (though only one was from Georgia), discovered gold in a creekbed along what today is Helena's downtown main street, Last Chance Gulch. [4] This sparked a cultural and building boom that lasted 30 years and Helena became the state capital. The city grew from south to north along Last Chance Gulch, its main street, and hence the evolution of architectural styles can be traced. At the southern end the road is narrow with small log and stone buildings and at the northern end the road is wider and has large stonework homes. [3] Few major downtown buildings were built in the years immediately after the Panic of 1893, which among other problems, caused the closing of the local silver mines. [5] This resulted in downtown Helena having a sharp division in its older and newer sections. [3] Most of the newer buildings were small, had a single function, and had a false front. At the time of the initial 1972 NRHP nomination, some of the significant buildings that still stood from that early time were: the Electric and Power Blocks, Helena Athletic Association, Auerbach Buildings, Merchants Hotel (later Monticello Apartments), Atlas Block, Diamond Block, the Wheat Building (Merchants National Bank Building) and the Lewis and Clark County Courthouse. [3] A major fire in 1928 affected the area, destroying many original buildings, including the Granite, Bailey, Gold, and New York Store blocks. [6] Additional buildings in the downtown section were damaged or destroyed in the 1935 Helena earthquake. [3]

Helena's early commercial district was located along State, Edwards, and Broadway Streets, but fires destroyed much of this area in 1869, 1872, and 1874. Much of what was built afterwards was built in the Western Commercial style, with splendid brickwork and simple lines. The Beaux Arts Parchen Drug Building, Colwell Building, and the Penn-Block Bristol Hotel were French Renaissance. The Denver Block and Sands Brothers Dry Goods were Romanesque Revival. [3] By the mid-1880s at least 18 architectural firms had been established in Helena or called in from back East. Several of these architects were part of or influenced by the Chicago school of architecture. This influence is seen in the Atlas Building, Securities Building, Power Block, and the Lewis and Clark County Courthouse. [5]

The most significant changes to the area occurred in the early 1970s, when a major urban renewal project demolished about 240 buildings within the original Helena Historic District61 of them were of historical significance. Most of these buildings were commercial in nature and were concentrated in the southeastern section of the district. [7] The architectural and historical building survey initiated prior to the project was later deemed incomplete, and the decision to destroy many buildings of "indisputable historic and architectural significance" created significant controversy in the community. [7] Urban renewal was viewed by many locals as a "disaster" equal to the 1935 earthquake, as many "insipid" new buildings were put on in the place of demolished historic structures. [8] However, many historically significant buildings are still standing today including the Atlas block, the Securities building, the Placer Hotel, the Iron Front hotel and the Montana Club. [9]

West Residential section

T.C. Power Mansion, within the residential section T.C. Power Mansion.jpg
T.C. Power Mansion, within the residential section

The West Residential section is located on the lower slopes of Mount Helena, west of the downtown area. The streets in this section are lined with trees and stone walls, and many homes date from the last quarter of the 19th century. Mansions in this section include those once owned by United States Senator Thomas C. Power, B. H. Tatum, D. A. G. Floweree, and S. T. Hauser. The architecture of these homes is quite varied. [3]

Urban Renewal and the boundary increase of 1990

When over 240 buildings within the original Helena Historic District were demolished due to urban renewal, the southeastern section where the demolition of the 1970s was the greatest was delisted, and a roughly 5-block area north of the original downtown district was added in 1990. The residential sections boundaries were not altered at that time, although the construction of Cruse Avenue, a wide, modern street intended to be a traffic bypass, split the residential district from the downtown. St. Peter's Episcopal Cathedral and the First Unitarian Church (now Grandstreet Theater [10] ) were included in this amended district. The boundary change also resulted in the period of significance being extended from 1900 to 1948 to reflect the significant early 20th century changes to the area. In addition, the south end of Last Chance Gulch was closed off and a pedestrian walking mall was created. [7]

Lewis and Clark County Courthouse Lewis and Clark County Courthouse 01.JPG
Lewis and Clark County Courthouse

Historic buildings and areas lost in urban renewal included the razing of 150 buildings in a seven block area and the former Wall street being completely eliminated. This area was infilled with three modern buildings and a park. [7] This demolition also resulted in the loss of west State street and what remained of Helena's Chinatown, [11] the Electric Block, [12] Colwell Building [13] the Helena YMCA, [14] the Novelty Block, [13] Homer block, [15] and the most controversial demolition, the Marlow Theater. [16]

Boundary increase of 1993

Approximately three blocks of mixed commercial and residential buildings centered on North Rodney Street, east of the earlier downtown section, were added to the district in 1993. They represent a period of development from 1878 to 1948. Many of these structures were built in the late 1800s in an effort to move to an area considered safer than those ravaged by the earlier Helena fires. Several commercial structures here were built by members of Helena's Jewish business community. This activity, and the Jewish population peaked in the 1890s, and was halted by the Panic of 1893. Limited construction began again after 1900 and continued slowly for the next few decades, but by 1929, there were no Jewish-owned buildings or residences in the neighborhood. [17]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Helena, Montana</span> Capital city of Montana, United States

Helena is the capital city of the U.S. state of Montana and the seat of Lewis and Clark County.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">McPherson Town Historic District</span> Historic district in Ohio, United States

The McPherson Town Historic District of Dayton, Ohio, contains roughly 90 structures north of downtown Dayton, across the Great Miami River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Downtown Columbus, Ohio</span> Neighborhood in Columbus, Ohio

Downtown Columbus is the central business district of Columbus, Ohio. Downtown is centered on the intersection of Broad and High Streets, and encompasses all of the area inside the Inner Belt. Downtown is home to most of the tallest buildings in Columbus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Downtown Norfolk, Virginia</span> Central Business District

Downtown Norfolk serves as the traditional center of commerce, government, and culture in the Hampton Roads region. Norfolk, Virginia's downtown waterfront shipping and port activities historically played host to numerous and often noxious port and shipping-related uses. With the advent of containerized shipping in the mid-19th century, the shipping uses located on Norfolk's downtown waterfront became obsolete as larger and more modern port facilities opened elsewhere in the region. The vacant piers and cargo warehouses eventually became a blight on downtown and Norfolk's fortunes as a whole. But in the second half of the century, Norfolk had a vibrant retail community in its suburbs; companies like Smith & Welton, High's, Colonial Stores, Goldman's Shoes, Lerner Shops, Hofheimer's, Giant Open Air, Dollar Tree and K & K Toys were regional leaders in their respective fields. Norfolk was also the birthplace of Econo-Travel, now Econo Lodge, one of the nation's first discount motel chains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gateway Center (Pittsburgh)</span> Neighborhood of Pittsburgh in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States

The Gateway Center is a complex of office, residential, and hotel buildings covering 25 acres (10 ha) in Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It lies between Commonwealth Place and Stanwix Street at the western edge of the central business district, immediately to the east of Point State Park. Construction of the Gateway Center was one of the earliest urban renewal projects in the United States and part of Pittsburgh's Renaissance I programs which reshaped large sections of the city. The project was developed by the Equitable Life Assurance Society and built between 1950 and 1969.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Main Street Historic District (Danbury, Connecticut)</span> Historic district in Connecticut, United States

The Main Street Historic District in Danbury, Connecticut, United States, is the oldest section of that city, at its geographical center. It has long been the city's commercial core and downtown. Its 132 buildings, 97 of which are considered contributing properties, include government buildings, churches, commercial establishments and residences, all in a variety of architectural styles from the late 18th century to the early 20th. It is the only major industrial downtown of its size in Connecticut not to have developed around either port facilities or a water power site.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Gloucester Historic District</span> Historic district in Massachusetts, United States

The Central Gloucester Historic District encompasses the historic commercial, civic, and residential core of the fishing community of Gloucester, Massachusetts. Now largely defined by 19th century architectural trends, it includes the city's commercial downtown, its civic heart on Dale and Prospect Streets, and some adjacent residential areas. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mill Street–North Clover Street Historic District</span> Historic district in New York, United States

The Mill Street–North Clover Street Historic District is located along those streets and Main Street in western Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. It is an irregularly-shaped area of 27 acres (11 ha) between US 9 and downtown Poughkeepsie, located on the slope up from the Hudson River. There are roughly 139 historic buildings, and very few new ones.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Troy Historic District</span> Historic district in New York, United States

The Central Troy Historic District is an irregularly shaped, 96-acre (39 ha) area of downtown Troy, New York, United States. It has been described as "one of the most perfectly preserved 19th-century downtowns in the [country]" with nearly 700 properties in a variety of architectural styles from the early 19th to mid-20th centuries. These include most of Russell Sage College, one of two privately owned urban parks in New York, and two National Historic Landmarks. Visitors ranging from the Duke de la Rochefoucauld to Philip Johnson have praised aspects of it. Martin Scorsese used parts of downtown Troy as a stand-in for 19th-century Manhattan in The Age of Innocence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Downtown Albany Historic District</span> Historic commercial core of Albany, New York

The Downtown Albany Historic District is a 19-block, 66.6-acre (27.0 ha) area of Albany, New York, United States, centered on the junction of State and North and South Pearl streets. It is the oldest settled area of the city, originally planned and settled in the 17th century, and the nucleus of its later development and expansion. In 1980 it was designated a historic district by the city and then listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pastures Historic District</span> Historic district in New York, United States

The Pastures Historic District is a residential neighborhood located south of downtown Albany, New York, United States. Its 17 acres (6.9 ha) include all or part of a 13-block area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Hill Historic District (New Castle, Pennsylvania)</span> Historic district in Pennsylvania, United States

The North Hill Historic District is a residential neighborhood in the city of New Castle, Pennsylvania, that was entered into the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. The 91-block district consists of roughly 450 acres (1.8 km2) of land that sit slightly north of New Castle's business district. The area is historic due to the many ornate homes and mansions—many dating back to the 19th century—that lie within its boundaries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District</span> Historic district in New York, United States

The Broadway–Livingston Avenue Historic District is located at the junction of those two streets in Albany, New York, United States. It includes seven buildings remaining from an original 20, all contributing properties, and a Warren truss railroad bridge. In 1988 the area was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Downtown Ossining Historic District</span> Older core of village in Westchester County, New York

The Downtown Ossining Historic District is located at the central crossroads of Ossining, New York, United States, and the village's traditional business district known as the Crescent. Among its many late 19th- and early 20th-century commercial buildings are many of the village's major landmarks—three bank buildings, four churches, its village hall, former post office and high school. It was recognized as a historic district in 1989 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places, as one of the few downtowns in Westchester County with its social and historical development intact.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dorothy Baker (madam)</span> Former madam

Dorothy Josephine Baker, also known as Big Dorothy, was an American madam in Helena, Montana in the mid-20th century. She ran a brothel officially known as "Dorothy's Rooms" on Last Chance Gulch in Helena from the mid-1950s until it was shut down in a police raid in 1973. While running the brothel, she also donated to many charities, including churches and law enforcement programs, making her generally popular among the local citizens.

Grandstreet Theatre (GST) is a theatre in Helena, Montana. It is one of Montana's largest theatres. Located in historic downtown Helena, the community theatre presents several plays, musicals, and youth extravaganzas each year. Founded in 1975, "GST" remains a cornerstone for entertainment and education in Montana's capital city. GST's Summer Conservatory combines education with a full-scale summer stock experience. Grandstreet Theatre School offers year-round classes, and has produced a surprisingly large number of theatre professionals across the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Portsmouth Downtown Historic District</span> Historic district in New Hampshire, United States

The Portsmouth Downtown Historic District encompasses the historic urban core of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. With a history dating to the 17th century, Portsmouth was New Hampshire's principal seaport and the center of its economy for many decades, and the architecture of its urban center is reflective of nearly four centuries of history. The district is roughly L-shaped, radiating from the downtown Market Square area to South Street in the south and Madison and Columbia streets in the west, with more than 1,200 historically significant buildings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017. The district includes 35 previous listings on the National Register, and five National Historic Landmarks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colony Street-West Main Street Historic District</span> Historic district in Connecticut, United States

The Colony Street-West Main Street Historic District encompasses a major section of the historic downtown area of Meriden, Connecticut. Extending north and west from the junction of Colony and West Main Streets, this area was developed commercially after the arrival of the railroad line which runs just to its east. Despite some redevelopment, the historic commercial and mixed residential-commercial buildings convey the appearance of a typical late 19th or early 20th-century downtown. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. Since its listing, a number of the historic buildings have been demolished.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lansing Downtown Historic District</span> United States historic place

The Lansing Downtown Historic District is a primarily commercial and office historic district located in downtown Lansing, Michigan. The district stretches along the east side of Capitol Avenue from Ionia Street to Lenawee Street, and along both sides of Grand Avenue between Michigan and Washtenaw, with additional structures along Kalamazoo Street between Walnut and Grand and along Lenawee Street between Washington and Walnut. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iowa City Downtown Historic District</span> Historic district in Iowa, United States

The Iowa City Downtown Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2021. At the time of its nomination it consisted of 102 resources, which included 73 contributing buildings, one contributing site, one contributing object, 21 non-contributing buildings, and seven non-contributing objects. Eight buildings that were previously listed on the National Register are also included in the district. Iowa City's central business district developed adjacent to the Iowa Old Capitol Building and the main campus of the University of Iowa. This juxtaposition gives the area its energy with the overlap of university staff and students and the local community. The district was significantly altered in the 1970s by the city's urban renewal effort that brought about the Ped Mall, which transformed two blocks of College Street from Clinton Street to Linn Street and Dubuque Street from Burlington Street to Washington Street. It is the contributing site and the large planters/retaining walls that are original to the project are counted together as the contributing object. There are also several freestanding, limestone planters, five contemporary sculptures, and a playground area are the non-contributing objects.

References

  1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  2. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Herbert L. Jacobson / Norman Guyaz (November 24, 1971). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Helena Historic District / Last Chance Gulch". National Park Service. With 20 photos from 1968-1972.
  4. "Helena, Montana | Montana's Gold West Country". Southwestmt.com. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  5. 1 2 "National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form: Helena Historic District - Supplement". United States Department of the Interior. June 2, 1972.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  6. "1928_fire". Helenahistory.org. July 16, 1928. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Chere Jiusto (November 1989). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Helena Historic District (Amendment)". National Park Service. With 50 photos from 1865 on (see photo index pages 38-44 in text document).
  8. "Urban Renewal Demolition". Helenahistory.org. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  9. "Landmarks & Attractions | Downtown Helena, MontanaDowntown Helena, Montana". Downtownhelena.com. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  10. "History". Grandstreet Theatre. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  11. "Lee_Building". Helenahistory.org. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  12. "Electric Block". Helenahistory.org. January 7, 1974. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  13. 1 2 "State_to_Broadway". Helenahistory.org. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  14. "YMCA". Helenahistory.org. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  15. "Homer_Block". Helenahistory.org. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  16. "Marlow_Theatre". Helenahistory.org. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  17. Jon Axline (October 1992). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Helena Historic District (Boundary Increase) / Rodney Street Neighborhood". National Park Service. With two maps. With 44 photos from 1992.