| Helocarpaceae | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Family: | Helocarpaceae Hafellner [1] |
| Type genus | |
| Helocarpon Th.Fr., [2] | |
Helocarpaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the subclass Lecanoromycetidae. The family is monotypic, and contains the single genus Helocarpon. [3]
The family is classified as incertae sedis with respect to ordinal placement in the class Lecanoromycetidae, as there is no reliable molecular data available to establish phylogenetic relationships with similar taxa. [4]
Genus Helocarpon was circumscribed by Swedish botanist Theodor Magnus Fries (1832–1913), in 1860, with Helocarpon crassipes assigned as the type species, [1] which grows over moss. [5] It was originally found in Finnmark in Norway. [6]
Joseph Hafellner in 1984 described a new monotypic family, Helocarpaceae to contain the genus Helocarpon. [1] [7] Then Eriksson et al in 2004, placed Helocarpon as a genus within the Micareaceae family, [8] along with genera; Micarea , Psilolechia , Roccellinastrum and Scutula . [9]
In 2005, molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial rDNA sequences showed that the genus was not related to the Micareaceae family. [10] Helocarpaceae was re-instated to hold the genus Helocarpon. [11]
The 2 species in the genus have a Holarctic distribution, as they are mainly found in northern temperate regions, especially in Europe, [12] [13] including Switzerland, [14] Slovakia, [15] Italy, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Russia, Greenland, [16] and Australia. [17]
Helocarpon crassipes is also found in Japan. [18]
They are also found in North America in the coastal forests of Oregon, USA. [19] Helocarpon lesdainii has been found on Picea sitchensis trees in Harris Beach State Park, Oregon. [20]
Helocarpaceae species are crustose lichens, [14] with tube-like amyloid structures. [17]
The genera are generally distinguished by a crustose thallus and chlorococcoid photobiont (relating to green algae of the genus Chlorococcum ). They are usually immarginate (not having a distinctive margin or border) and convex biatorine apothecia. When the margin of the spore body is pale or colorless, it is called biatorine . They also have a poorly developed proper exciple (margin), simple or sparsely branched to abundantly branched and anastomosed (connected) paraphyses (the erect sterile filaments often occurring among the reproductive organs). [10] The asci has an apical cushion surrounded by a tube-structure, [17] colourless and simple (ellipsoid or tear-shaped) to transversely septate asco-spores which are lacking perispore (outer covering of a spore). They have immersed (surrounded), sessile or stalked pycnidia (asexual fruiting body), and an abundance of conidial types. [10]
As of November 2021 [update] , Species Fungorum accepts two species of Helocarpon; [21]
Former species; [21]
Peltigera is a genus of approximately 100 species of foliose lichens in the family Peltigeraceae. Commonly known as the dog or pelt lichens, species of Peltigera are often terricolous, but can also occur on moss, trees, rocks, and many other substrates in many parts of the world.
Scutula is a genus of lichenicolous fungi in the family Ramalinaceae.
Biatorellaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the subclass Lecanoromycetidae. The family is monotypic, and contains the single genus Biatorella, which contains eight species.
The Lecanoraceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. Species of this family have a widespread distribution.
The Pilocarpaceae are a family of crustose lichens in the order Lecanorales. The species of this family have a cosmopolitan distribution and have been found in a variety of climatic regions. Pilocarpaceae was circumscribed by Alexander Zahlbruckner in Adolf Engler's influential 1905 work Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien.
Trapeliopsis is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae. It contains 20 species. The genus was circumscribed in 1980 by Hannes Hertel and Gotthard Schneider, with Trapeliopsis wallrothii designated as the type species.
Trapelia is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Trapeliaceae.
Agonimia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Verrucariaceae.
Candelariella is a genus of bright yellow, ocher, or greenish yellow crustose or squamulose lichens in the family Candelariaceae. Members of the genus are commonly called eggyolk lichens, goldspeck lichens, or yolk lichens. The genus was circumscribed in 1894 by Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis, with Candelariella vitellina assigned as the type species.
Poeltiaria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Lecideaceae. It was circumscribed in 1984 by lichenologist Hannes Hertel, with Poeltiaria turgescens assigned as the type species.
Protoparmelia is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, and contains 11 species. Protoparmelia was circumscribed by French lichenologist Maurice Choisy in 1929.
Trapeliaceae is a family of lichens in the order Baeomycetales. The family contains 12 genera and about 125 species.
Hydropunctaria is a genus of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichens in the family Verrucariaceae. The genus includes both aquatic and amphibious species, with members that colonise either marine or freshwater habitats. The type species, Hydropunctaria maura, was formerly classified in the large genus Verrucaria. It is a widely distributed species common to littoral zones. Including the type species, five Hydropunctaria lichens are considered marine species: H. adriatica, H. amphibia, H. aractina, H. orae, and H. oceanica.
Schaereria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi. It is the sole genus in the family Schaereriaceae, which itself is the only family in the Schaereriales, an order in the subclass Ostropomycetidae of the class Lecanoromycetes. Most Schaereria species are crustose lichens that live on rocks. Schaereria was first proposed by Gustav Wilhelm Körber in 1855 and was later taken up by other lichenologists despite periods of disuse.
Massalongiaceae is a small family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Peltigerales. It has three genera and seven species.
Xanthoparmelia plittii is a lichen which belongs to the Xanthoparmelia genus.
Xanthoparmelia ajoensis is a foliose lichen that belongs to the genus Xanthoparmelia. The lichen is uncommon and is listed as vulnerable by the Nature Conservatory.
Robert Lücking is a German lichenologist. He earned his master's and PhD from the University of Ulm, focusing on the taxonomy, ecology, and biodiversity of foliicolous lichens. He has received numerous awards for his work, including the Mason E. Hale Award for his doctoral thesis, the Augustin Pyramus de Candolle prize for his monograph, and the Tuckerman Award twice for his publications in The Bryologist. Since 2015, he has been serving as the curator of lichens, fungi, and bryophytes at the Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum, and several lichen species and a genus have been named in his honour.
Aspiciliopsis is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Trapeliaceae. It has two species, both of which occur in the Southern Hemisphere.