Hendricksite

Last updated
Hendricksite
General
Category Mineral
Formula
(repeating unit)
KZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2
IMA symbol Hds [1]
Strunz classification 09.EC.20
Dana classification 71.2.2b.6
Crystal system Monoclinic
Crystal class Prismatic (2/m)
Space group B2/m
Unit cell 499.58
Identification
Formula mass 493.25
ColorCopper-, bronze brown, dark reddish brown to reddish black
Cleavage Perfect on {001}
Mohs scale hardness2.5 – 3
Streak Red brown
Diaphaneity Translucent
Specific gravity 2.86 - 3.43
Optical propertiesBiaxial (−)
Refractive index nα = 1.598 – 1.624
nβ = 1.658 – 1.686
nγ = 1.660 – 1.697
Birefringence 0.062 – 0.073
Pleochroism X = Pale yellow,
Y = Z = Light chestnut brown
2V angle Measured: 2°- 8°
Calculated: 20°- 44°
Dispersion Slight
r < v
Ultraviolet fluorescence None
Common impuritiesTi, Fe, Ca, Ba, Li, Na, F

Hendricksite is a member of the trioctahedral micas group. The mineral was named by Clifford Frondel and Jun Ito in honor of Sterling Brown Hendricks, who studied micas. It was approved in 1966 by the IMA. [2]

Contents

Physical properties

Hendricksite can either form short prismatic crystals, [3] or foliated ones that are platy and seem two dimensional. It occurs in clusters, [4] and these aggregates have interlocking crystals. These crystals are more commonly anhedral – a crystal with no faces, but rarely they can be euhedral – crystals with well defined surfaces. The anhedral crystals can grow up to 30 cm, and are commonly deformed, while the euhedral crystals can reach 14 cms in size of mechanical deformation. [2] It has pleochroic attributes, which is an optical phenomenon that makes minerals to be seen a different color depending on the axis it is inspected on. On the X axis, it can be seen in a pale brown color, while on the Y and Z axis it is seen in a light chestnut brown color. [4] It doesn't show any fluorescence under either shortwave, or longwave ultraviolet light. [5]

Chemical properties

It mostly consists of oxygen (38.92%), zinc (18.56%), silicon (15.37%) and manganese (10.02%), but otherwise contains potassium (7.13%), aluminium (7.11%), magnesium (2.46%) and a negligible amount of hydrogen (0.41%). It has a barely detectable, 1% radioactivity measured by GRapi (Gamma Ray American Petroleum Institute Units) due to its potassium content, which gives the mineral its radioactive attributes. [4] Zinc in hendricksite's formula can be replaced with manganese(II) or magnesium. Currently, this is the only mica known for its zinc dominancy, and it is the zinc analogue of phlogopite, annite, and shirozulite. It can have calcium, iron, titanium, barium, lithium, natrium and fluorine impurities. It has three known polytypes, which include 1M, 2M1, and 3A. [2] Hendricksite can be included in a solid solution series with zincohendricksite and manganoanhendricksite being the endmembers, a solid solution series meaning the three sharing a general formula but having a substitution of elements in at least one of the atomic sites. [3] A part of the solid solutions series might be magnesium bearing hendricksite, the series perhaps being complete to phlogopite and partially to biotite. [5] In the case of trioctahedral micas, the ellipsoids of the cationic sites have an uniaxial positive optical property, elongated to c. However, in hendricksite's case this is only typical for the two zinc-free sides. In the octahedras containing zinc, the ellipsoids are uniaxial negative and flattened to a. [6]

Occurrences and localities

It can appear only in metamorphosed stratiform zinc deposits, in irregular lens or sheet like skarn bodies. It can be found in the Franklin mine in New Jersey, US. [2] The mineral can be found at the Sterling hill as well, although it is much rarer due to the higher iron and magnesium concentrations. It occurs with vesuvianite, bustamite and feldspars, [5] additional associated minerals being minerals of the axinite group, calcite, rhodonite, willemite, hancockite, as well as andrasite. [2]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biotite</span> Group of phyllosilicate minerals within the mica group

Biotite is a common group of phyllosilicate minerals within the mica group, with the approximate chemical formula K(Mg,Fe)3AlSi3O10(F,OH)2. It is primarily a solid-solution series between the iron-endmember annite, and the magnesium-endmember phlogopite; more aluminous end-members include siderophyllite and eastonite. Biotite was regarded as a mineral species by the International Mineralogical Association until 1998, when its status was changed to a mineral group. The term biotite is still used to describe unanalysed dark micas in the field. Biotite was named by J.F.L. Hausmann in 1847 in honor of the French physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot, who performed early research into the many optical properties of mica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mica</span> Group of phyllosilicate minerals

Micas are a group of silicate minerals whose outstanding physical characteristic is that individual mica crystals can easily be split into extremely thin elastic plates. This characteristic is described as perfect basal cleavage. Mica is common in igneous and metamorphic rock and is occasionally found as small flakes in sedimentary rock. It is particularly prominent in many granites, pegmatites, and schists, and "books" of mica several feet across have been found in some pegmatites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tourmaline</span> Cyclosilicate mineral group

Tourmaline is a crystalline silicate mineral group in which boron is compounded with elements such as aluminium, iron, magnesium, sodium, lithium, or potassium. This gemstone comes in a wide variety of colors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hornblende</span> Complex inosilicate series of minerals

Hornblende is a complex inosilicate series of minerals. It is not a recognized mineral in its own right, but the name is used as a general or field term, to refer to a dark amphibole. Hornblende minerals are common in igneous and metamorphic rocks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amphibole</span> Group of inosilicate minerals

Amphibole is a group of inosilicate minerals, forming prism or needlelike crystals, composed of double chain SiO
4
tetrahedra, linked at the vertices and generally containing ions of iron and/or magnesium in their structures. Its IMA symbol is Amp. Amphiboles can be green, black, colorless, white, yellow, blue, or brown. The International Mineralogical Association currently classifies amphiboles as a mineral supergroup, within which are two groups and several subgroups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lepidolite</span> Light micas with substantial lithium

Lepidolite is a lilac-gray or rose-colored member of the mica group of minerals with chemical formula K(Li,Al)3(Al,Si,Rb)4O10(F,OH)2. It is the most abundant lithium-bearing mineral and is a secondary source of this metal. It is the major source of the alkali metal rubidium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phlogopite</span> Member of the mica family of phyllosilicates

Phlogopite is a yellow, greenish, or reddish-brown member of the mica family of phyllosilicates. It is also known as magnesium mica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Franklinite</span>

Franklinite is an oxide mineral belonging to the normal spinel subgroup's iron (Fe) series, with the formula Zn2+Fe23+O4.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clintonite</span> Phyllosilicate mineral

Clintonite is a calcium magnesium aluminium phyllosilicate mineral. It is a member of the margarite group of micas and the subgroup often referred to as the "brittle" micas. Clintonite has the chemical formula Ca(Mg,Al)
3
(Al
3
Si)O
10
(OH)
2
. Like other micas and chlorites, clintonite is monoclinic in crystal form and has a perfect basal cleavage parallel to the flat surface of the plates or scales. The Mohs hardness of clintonite is 6.5, and the specific gravity is 3.0 to 3.1. It occurs as variably colored, colorless, green, yellow, red, to reddish-brown masses and radial clusters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chlorite group</span> Type of mineral

The chlorites are the group of phyllosilicate minerals common in low-grade metamorphic rocks and in altered igneous rocks. Greenschist, formed by metamorphism of basalt or other low-silica volcanic rock, typically contains significant amounts of chlorite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tephroite</span>

Tephroite is the manganese endmember of the olivine group of nesosilicate minerals with the formula Mn2SiO4. A solid solution series exists between tephroite and its analogues, the group endmembers fayalite and forsterite. Divalent iron or magnesium may readily replace manganese in the olivine crystal structure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Todorokite</span> Hydrous manganese oxide mineral

Todorokite is a complex hydrous manganese oxide mineral with generic chemical formula (Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)
1-x
(Mn,Mg,Al)
6
O
12
·3-4H
2
O
. It was named in 1934 for the type locality, the Todoroki mine, Hokkaido, Japan. It belongs to the prismatic class 2/m of the monoclinic crystal system, but the angle β between the a and c axes is close to 90°, making it seem orthorhombic. It is a brown to black mineral which occurs in massive or tuberose forms. It is quite soft with a Mohs hardness of 1.5, and a specific gravity of 3.49 – 3.82. It is a component of deep ocean basin manganese nodules.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eosphorite</span> Phosphate mineral

Eosphorite is a brown (occasionally pink) manganese hydrous phosphate mineral with chemical formula: MnAl(PO4)(OH)2·H2O. It is used as a gemstone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Annite</span> Phyllosilicate mineral in the mica family

Annite is a phyllosilicate mineral in the mica family. It has a chemical formula of KFe32+AlSi3O10(OH)2. Annite is the iron end member of the biotite mica group, the iron rich analogue of magnesium rich phlogopite. Annite is monoclinic and contains tabular crystals and cleavage fragments with pseudohexagonal outlines. There are contact twins with composition surface {001} and twin axis {310}.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fluor-uvite</span>

Fluor-uvite is a tourmaline mineral with the chemical formula CaMg3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F. It is a rare mineral that is found in calcium rich contact metamorphic rocks with increased amounts of boron. Uvite is trigonal hexagonal, which means that it has three equal length axes at 120 degrees, all perpendicular to its fourth axis which has a different length. Uvite is part of the space group 3m. Uvite's hardness has been measured to be 7.5 on the Mohs hardness scale. The color of uvite widely varies, depending on the sample, but is mostly deep green or brown. In regard to uvite's optical properties, it is uniaxial (-) and anisotropic, meaning that the velocity of light in the mineral depends on the path that it takes. In plane polarized light, uvite is colorless to pale yellow and shows weak pleochroism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ephesite</span>

Ephesite is a rare member of the mica silicate mineral group, phyllosilicate. It is restricted to quartz-free, alumina rich mineral assemblages and has been found in South African deposits in the Postmasburg district as well as Ephesus, Turkey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siilinjärvi carbonatite</span>

The Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex is located in central Finland close to the city of Kuopio. It is named after the nearby town of Siilinjärvi, located approximately 5 km west of the southern extension of the complex. Siilinjärvi is the second largest carbonatite complex in Finland after the Sokli formation, and one of the oldest carbonatites on Earth at 2610±4 Ma. The carbonatite complex consists of a roughly 16 km long steeply dipping lenticular body surrounded by granite gneiss. The maximum width of the body is 1.5 km and the surface area is 14.7 km2. The complex was discovered in 1950 by the Geological Survey of Finland with help of local mineral collectors. The exploration drilling began in 1958 by Lohjan Kalkkitehdas Oy. Typpi Oy continued drilling between years 1964 and 1967, and Apatiitti Oy drilled from 1967 to 1968. After the drillings, the laboratory and pilot plant work were made. The mine was opened by Kemira Oyj in 1979 as an open pit. The operation was sold to Yara in 2007.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ganophyllite</span> Silicate mineral

Ganophyllite is a phyllosilicate mineral. It was named by Axel Hamberg in 1890 from the Greek words for leaf (φύλλον) and luster (γανωμα); the latter one was chosen due to the lustrous cleavages. The mineral was approved by the IMA in 1959, and it is a grandfathered mineral, meaning its name is still believed to refer to an existing species until this day. Tamaite is the calcium analogue, while eggletonite is the natrium analogue of said mineral.

Manganopyhllite is a manganese-rich variety of biotite. It was first discovered in the Harstigen mine in Sweden. The mineral was first described in 1890. The earliest use is from Edward Dana.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bannisterite</span> Silicate mineral

Bannisterite is a mineral named in honor of mineralogist and x-ray crystallographer Dr. Frederick Allen Bannister (1901-1970). It is a calcium-dominant member of the ganophyllite group, and was previously identified as ganophyllite in 1936, but otherwise it is structurally related to the stilpnomelane group. It was approved by the IMA in 1967.

References

  1. Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2021.43 . S2CID   235729616.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Hendricksite". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
  3. 1 2 Minerals, Dakota Matrix. "Hendricksite mineral information and data". www.dakotamatrix.com. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
  4. 1 2 3 "Hendricksite Mineral Data". webmineral.com. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
  5. 1 2 3 "FOMS – Hendricksite – Franklin Mineral Information". www.fomsnj.org. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
  6. Robert, J. -L.; Gaspérin, M. (1985-03-01). "Crystal structure refinement of hendricksite, A Zn- and Mn-rich trioctahedral potassium mica: A contribution to the crystal chemistry of zinc-bearing minerals". Tschermaks mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 34 (1): 1–14. Bibcode:1985TMPM...34....1R. doi:10.1007/BF01082453. ISSN   1438-1168.