Indian presidential election, 2012

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Indian presidential election, 2012
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  Pranab Mukherjee Portrait (cropped).jpg No image.svg
Nominee Pranab Mukherjee P. A. Sangma
Party INC NPP
Alliance UPA NDA
Home state West Bengal Meghalaya
Electoral vote 713,763315,987
Percentage69.3%30.7%
Indian presidential election, 2012.svg
President before election

Pratibha Patil
INC

Elected President

Pranab Mukherjee
INC

The 14th indirect presidential election, in order to elect the 13th president, was held in India on 19 July 2012. The last date for filing nominations was 30 June, whereas the votes would be counted on 22 July. [1] [2] [3] [4] The two leading candidates for the presidency were former Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee from West Bengal and former Speaker of the Lok Sabha Purno Agitok Sangma from Meghalaya.

An indirect election is an election in which voters do not choose between candidates for an office, but elect people who then choose. It is one of the oldest forms of elections, and is still used today for many presidents, cabinets, upper houses, and supranational legislatures. Presidents and prime ministers can be indirectly elected by parliaments or by a special body convened solely for that purpose. The election of the executive government in most parliamentary systems is indirect: elect the parliamentarians, who then elect the government including most prominently the prime minister from among themselves. Upper houses, especially of federal republics, can be indirectly elected by state legislatures or state governments. Similarly, supranational legislatures can be indirectly elected by constituent countries' legislatures or executive governments.

President of India Ceremonial head of state of India

The President of India is the ceremonial head of state of India and the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces.

India Country in South Asia

India, also known as the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh largest country by area and with more than 1.3 billion people, it is the second most populous country as well as the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.

Contents

On 22 July, Mukherjee was declared the winner. [5] [6] He was sworn in on 25 July at 11:30. [7]

Selection process

The new president is chosen by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of parliament, the elected members of the state legislative assemblies and the elected members of the legislative assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry. [8]

The President is indirectly elected by means of an electoral college consisting of the elected members of the Parliament of India and the Legislative assemblies of the States and the Union Territories of Delhi and Pondicherry. The number and value of votes are based on the population in 1971 rather than the current population, as a result of the 42nd Amendment, and extended by the 84th Amendment, with the intention to encourage family planning programs in the states by ensuring that states are not penalized for lowering their population growth.

Parliament of India National bicameral legislature

The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. It is a bicameral legislature composed of the President of India and the two houses: the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha. The President in his role as head of legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha. The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the Prime Minister and his Union Council of Ministers.

The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. The election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the Single transferable vote method. The voting takes place by secret ballot. The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the Constitution. [9]

Proportional representation (PR) characterizes electoral systems in which divisions in an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. If n% of the electorate support a particular political party, then roughly n% of seats will be won by that party. The essence of such systems is that all votes contribute to the result - not just a plurality, or a bare majority. The most prevalent forms of proportional representation all require the use of multiple-member voting districts, as it is not possible to fill a single seat in a proportional manner. In fact, the implementations of PR that achieve the highest levels of proportionality tend to include districts with large numbers of seats.

The single transferable vote (STV) is a voting system designed to achieve proportional representation through ranked voting in multi-seat organizations or constituencies. Under STV, an elector (voter) has a single vote that is initially allocated to their most preferred candidate. Votes are totalled and a quota derived. If their candidate achieves quota, he/she is elected and in some STV systems any surplus vote is transferred to other candidates in proportion to the voters' stated preferences. If more candidates than seats remain, the bottom candidate is eliminated with his/her votes being transferred to other candidates as determined by the voters' stated preferences. These elections and eliminations, and vote transfers if applicable, continue until there are only as many candidates as there are unfilled seats. The specific method of transferring votes varies in different systems.

Secret ballot voting style that makes each vote anonymous

The secret ballot, also known as Australian ballot, is a voting method in which a voter's choices in an election or a referendum are anonymous, forestalling attempts to influence the voter by intimidation, blackmailing, and potential vote buying. The system is one means of achieving the goal of political privacy.

Candidates

Various names had been speculated by the Indian media and politicians prior to the official candidacies being submitted. Opinion polls have shown that the public prefers former President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam to hold the post once again, which was supported by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). On 15 June, the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) announced Pranab Mukherjee as its presidential candidate. [10] There were signs of a split within the Janata Dal (United) with Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar saying that "like the other constituents, the JD (U) too will abide by the final decision on the presidential poll," [11] though Shivanand Tiwari said that "a senior and respected leader like Pranab Mukherjee, who is going into retire [from active politics] should be given a graceful send off." [12] Tiwari added that "[Mukherjee] is a very senior and a respected leader, and my personal opinion is that as he should be elected to the president's post with consensus." [13] The Shiv Sena supported Mukherjee's candidates according to its spokesman Sanjay Raut. On 18 June, Kalam said he would not run in the race [14] following statement from JDU leader Nitish Kumar and SP leader Mulayam Singh Yadav that they would prefer to support Mukherjee. Following Kalam's decision, the BJP-led NDA turned to supporting Sangma. [15]

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam 11th President of India, scientist and science administrator

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was an Indian politician and aerospace scientist who served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. He was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu and studied physics and aerospace engineering. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military missile development efforts. He thus came to be known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology. He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974.

Bharatiya Janata Party Major right-wing political party in India

The Bharatiya Janata Party is one of the two major political parties in India, along with the Indian National Congress. As of 2018, it is the country's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies, and it is the world's largest party in terms of primary membership. BJP is a right-wing party, and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions. It has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS).

United Progressive Alliance (UPA) is a coalition of centre-left political parties in India formed after the 2004 general election. The largest member party of the UPA is the INC, whose Former National President Sonia Gandhi is chairperson of the UPA. It formed a government with support from some other left-aligned parties in 2004.

Unofficial list

The final candidacy application had 45 names. Scrutiny of the candidates took place on 2 July [16] Pranab Mukherjee filed his nomination on 28 June with the support of the INC's Manmohan Singh, party president Sonia Gandhi, General Secretary Rahul Gandhi, Samajwadi Party leader Mulayam Singh Yadav, the Rashtriya Janata Dal's leader Lalu Prasad Yadav, the Rashtriya Lok Dal's Ajit Singh, the Lok Janshakti Party's Ram Vilas Paswan, the National Conference's Farooq Abdullah, the Indian Union Muslim League's E. Ahmed and the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam's T. R. Baalu. The Hindustan Times suggested that he also had the support of the National Democratic Alliance's Janata Dal (United) and the Shiv Sena, as well as the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Mukherjee said after filing his nomination papers that "I only wish at this time that we have the blessing of god and cooperation of all at this juncture." P. A. Sangma filed his nomination papers with the support of the Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik, Punjab Chief Minister Parkash Singh Badal, Goa Chief Minister Manohar Parrikar, BJP party president Nitin Gadkari and party leaders Lal Krishna Advani, Sushma Swaraj and Arun Jaitley, as well as the INC's Arvind Netam, who is the head of the Tribal Forum of India which supported Sangma. Prior to filing his nomination with the Rajya Sabha Secretary General V. K. Agnihotri he said that "today is a victory of tribal unity, that a tribal is filing his nomination for the post of president." [17]

Manmohan Singh 13th Prime Minister of India

Manmohan Singh is an Indian economist and politician who served as the Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014. The first Sikh in office, Singh was also the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term.

Sonia Gandhi Indian politician of Italian descent

Sonia Gandhipronunciation (help·info) is an Indian politician of Italian descent. A member of the Nehru–Gandhi family by way of her marriage to Rajiv Gandhi, she is a former president of the Indian National Congress. She took over as the party leader in 1998, seven years after her husband's assassination, and remained in office for a record nineteen years, a period that was characterised by the party's renewed adherence to the centre-left position on the Indian political spectrum.

Rahul Gandhi Indian politician

Rahul Gandhipronunciation (help·info)[ˈraːɦʊl ˈɡaːnd̪ʱiː] is an Indian politician. He hails from a long line of politicians, known as the Nehru-Gandhi family, which has occupied a prominent place in the politics of India ever since the country gained independence in 1947. His great-grandfather was Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India and also the longest serving Prime Minister of India having served for a total of seventeen years. Gandhi's grandmother Indira was the first woman Prime Minister of India and his father Rajiv Gandhi was the youngest prime minister of India to be sworn in to office. The son of Sonia and Rajiv Gandhi, he is the President of the Indian National Congress and serves such additional offices as the Chairperson of the Indian Youth Congress and the National Students Union of India. A member of the Indian Parliament, Gandhi represents the constituency of Amethi, Uttar Pradesh in the 16th Lok Sabha.

Potential candidates

Following is the list of potential candidates speculated by media.

Electoral votes

Party/AlliancePercentage [21]
United Progressive Alliance (UPA)33.2%
National Democratic Alliance (NDA)28%
Samajwadi Party (SP)6.2%
Left Front 4.7%
All India Trinamool Congress (TMC)4.4%
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)3.9%
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK)3.3%
Biju Janata Dal (BJD)2.7%

Results

The election's Returning Officer V. K. Agnihotri announced: "I declare that Shri Pranab Mukherjee has been duly elected to the office of President of India." [22] Mukherjee gained 373,116 MP votes and 340,647 MLA votes for a total of 713,763 votes to win the election. He defeated Sangma, who got 145,848 MP votes and 170,139 MLA votes for a total of 315,987 votes. [23] Mukherjee's win was aided by cross-voting. [24] He took the oath of office on 25 July at 11:00 in the Central Hall of the parliament building. [22] In Andhra Pradesh, the Telegu Desam Party and the Telangana Rashtra Samithi abstained from voting, while in Kerala and West Bengal, the same applied to the Communist Party of India and the Revolutionary Socialist Party. In Karnataka, one MLA abstained. In Assam, there were two invalid voted and one abstention. In Bihar, three voted were invalid with one abstention. In Haryana, there were 8 invalid votes. In Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh and Mizoram one vote was invalid. In Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Meghalaya and Nagaland and Punjab and Sikkim, there were two invalid votes. In West Bengal, four votes were invalid. [22]

e  •  d  Breakdown of the President of India election results
States Electors Pranab Mukherjee Purno Agitok Sangma Invalid/Abstained
Members of Parliament 74852720615/0
Andhra Pradesh 29418235/109
Arunachal Pradesh 605424/0 [25]
Assam 126110132/1
Bihar 240/243146903/1
Chhattisgarh 9039501/0
Goa 409310/0
Gujarat 182591230/0
Haryana 9053298/0
Himachal Pradesh 6723441/0
Jammu and Kashmir 83/8768152/0
Jharkhand 80/8160200/0
Karnataka 2201171033/1
Kerala 14012401/15
Madhya Pradesh 230731564/0
Maharashtra 272225472/0
Manipur 595811/0
Meghalaya 5934232/0
Mizoram 403271/0
Nagaland 605802/0
Odisha 141261150/0
Punjab 11644702/0
Rajasthan 198113850/0
Sikkim 312812/0
Tamil Nadu 197451484/0
Tripura 575610/0
Uttar Pradesh 398351460/0
Uttarakhand 6939300/0
West Bengal ?27534/?
Delhi 6542230/0
Puducherry 282350/0
Total 
Source: Zee News

Reactions

Pranab Mukherjee thanked the people of the "great country" and "express[ed] deep gratitude for electing me to high office." He later told the media that he "thank[s] all those who supported me...I thank Sangma for congratulating me. I have received much more than I have given." [26] He also said he would "protect, defend and preserve [the Constitution of India ]. I will try to justify in a modest way as I can to be trustworthy." [22] He was also congratulated by his former party colleagues Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Sonia Gandhi, as well as Vice-President Hamid Ansari and BJP President Nitin Gadkari. [22]

While Sangma congratulated Mukherjee he also added: "The process in this Presidential election has been exceptionally partisan and political. The public perception is certainly that in identification and projection of its candidate, the UPA did not genuinely build consensus and that it persuaded political parties commanding major sections of the presidential electoral college by economic and other packages...as well as inducements, threats and promises. For election to the Lok Sabha and Assembly, there is a code of conduct for free and fair elections. Such a code of conduct does not exist for presidential and vice-presidential elections...Rs. 57,000 crore were given to U.P., Rs 27,000 crore to Bihar and so many other things have happened. We are meeting a day after tomorrow to review the whole situation where this matter will come up for discussion." [27] He also added that this was an opportunity lost to elect a tribal candidate as president. [28] INC spokesman Manish Tewari responded in saying: "Magnanimity should mark the conduct of people, who contest elections. Gritting after losing an election only endorses the proverb that grapes are sour [when you cannot reach them];" its General Secretary Janardan Dwivedi added to criticism of Sangma's allegations that "I think one should not talk with such a narrow vision." [29]

In response to cross-voting against party lines as Mukherjee had support from 98 MLAs of the INC and JDS yet won with 19 extra votes and the Sangma got only 103 votes of BJP's 119 MLAs, Karnataka BJP General Secretary Dharmendra Pradhan said that "the party is taking this matter very seriously. The Central leadership has asked the Karnataka BJP unit to form a committee to probe this cross-voting by our MLAs. Once we get the committee's report we will take appropriate action." The issue also follows infighting within the Karnataka BJP that culminated in the recent appointment of Jagadish Shettar as chief minister. [30]

Anti-corruption activist group Team Anna criticised Mukherjee in saying the country now had a "corrupt president." [31] Biocon CEO Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw said of the election: "We are making a mockery of the presidential post. This is considered the highest office in our country and should be apolitical. The president should be an apolitical appointee who has the stature and integrity that can hold the political system accountable. How can persons who are in office, holding key ministerial posts, be even eligible for such a post? This is becoming a political chess game which is devaluing this very lofty post." [32]

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References

  1. ↑ "Election to the office of President of India, 2012 (14th Presidential election)" (PDF). Election Commission of India. 12 June 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  2. ↑ "India to hold presidential election in July". BBC News . 13 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  3. ↑ J, Balaji (12 June 2012). "Presidential poll on July 19, counting on July 22". The Hindu . New Delhi. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  4. ↑ "Presidential poll on July 19, Mamata to meet Sonia today". The Times of India . 13 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  5. ↑ "Pranab Mukherjee voted India's 13th President". Times of India. 2012-07-22. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  6. ↑ "Pranab Mukherjee is 13th President". Deccan Herald. 2012-07-22. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  7. ↑ "Pranab Mukherjee to be sworn in as President of India on 25 July 2012". Dhruv Planet.
  8. ↑ "Election of The President". Pib.nic.in . Retrieved 2 May 2012.External link in |publisher= (help)
  9. ↑ Great Britain. Ministry of Overseas Development. Library; Great Britain. Overseas Development Administration. Library. Public Administration. Upkar Prakashan. pp. 167–. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  10. ↑ Bhattacharjya, Satarupa (15 June 2012). "UPA names Mukherjee for president in econ shakeup". Reuters. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  11. ↑ "JD (U) to toe NDA line on Presidential poll: Nitish". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 18 June 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  12. ↑ "JD(U) leader makes a strong pitch for Pranab Mukherjee". DNA India . 16 June 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  13. ↑ "JD-U wants consensus on Pranab Mukherjee". Zee News. 16 June 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  14. ↑ "APJ Abdul Kalam not to contest presidential poll 2012 - The Times of India". The Times Of India.
  15. ↑ "Presidential poll: BJP draws a blank with Kalam, looks to Sangma".
  16. ↑ "Presidential Elections" (PDF).
  17. ↑ "Pranab flaunts more allies, Sangma lags behind". Hindustan Times. 28 June 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  18. ↑ "Who will become the next President of India?". Rediff.com. June 13, 2012. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Amol Sharma and Vibhuti Agarwal (June 14, 2012). "Interpreting India's Presidential Soap Opera". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 29, 2016.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kay Benedict (April 3, 2012). "Presidential elections: 14 candidates doing the rounds for post". India Today . Retrieved May 30, 2016.
  21. ↑ "How the numbers might stack up!" (PDF). The Hindu . Chennai, India. 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 "Pranab Mukherjee elected India's 13th President". Zeenews.india.com. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  23. ↑ http://164.100.47.5/pres2012/pressrelease/English.pdf
  24. ↑ "Pranab Mukherjee helped by cross voting in Karnataka BJP". NDTV.com. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  25. ↑ "Presidential election: Break-up of votes polled". Greater Andhra.
  26. ↑ "President poll: I thank the people of India, says Pranab - Politics - Politics News - ibnlive". Ibnlive.in.com. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  27. ↑ PTI (22 June 2012). "News / National : Presidential election process was exceptionally partisan: Sangma". Chennai, India: The Hindu. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  28. ↑ "This presidential poll was a political battle - Politics - Politics News - ibnlive". Ibnlive.in.com. 13 June 2012 ±≠≠. Retrieved 25 July 2012.Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ↑ "Congress hits out at PA Sangma". Zeenews.india.com. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  30. ↑ "Prez poll: BJP miffed over cross-voting". Zeenews.india.com. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  31. ↑ "Now we have a corrupt President, says Team Anna - Politics - Politics News - ibnlive". Ibnlive.in.com. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  32. ↑ Mcdonald, Mark (4 July 2012). "Which is Better for India: Rubber Stamp or Partisan President? - NYTimes.com". Rendezvous.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
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