Jaws (franchise)

Last updated
Jaws
Jaws (franchise) logo.png
Official franchise logo
Directed by
Written by
Based on Jaws by
Peter Benchley
Produced by
Starring
Cinematography
Edited by
Music by
Production
companies
1–2:
Zanuck/Brown Company
Universal Pictures
3:
Alan Landsburg Productions
MCA Theatricals
Universal Pictures
4:
Universal Pictures
Distributed by Universal Pictures
Release date
1975–1987
Running time
478 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$80 million
Box office$798.4 million

Jaws is an American media franchise series that started with the 1975 film of the same name that expanded into three sequels, a theme park ride, and other tie-in merchandise, based on a 1974 novel Jaws . The main subject of the saga is a great white shark and its attacks on people in specific areas of the United States and The Bahamas. The Brody family is featured in all of the films as the primary antithesis to the shark. The 1975 film was based on the novel written by Peter Benchley, which itself was inspired by the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916. Benchley adapted his novel, along with help from Carl Gottlieb and Howard Sackler, into the film, which was directed by Steven Spielberg. Although Gottlieb went on to pen two of the three sequels, neither Benchley nor Spielberg returned to the film series in any capacity.

Contents

The first film was regarded as a watershed film in motion picture history; it became the father of the summer blockbuster movies and one of the first "high-concept" films. [1] [2] The film is also known for the introduction of John Williams' famous theme music, which was a simple alternating pattern of the E and F notes of a piano. Williams' musical score won an Academy Award. The film won two other Academy Awards, and was nominated for Best Picture.

The success of Jaws led to three sequels, and the four films together have earned nearly $800 million worldwide in box office gross. The franchise has also seen the release of various soundtrack albums, additional novelizations based on the sequels, trading cards, inspired theme park rides at Universal Studios Florida and Universal Studios Japan, multiple video games, and a musical that premiered in 2004. Although the first film was popular with critics when it was originally released, critical and commercial reception went downhill with each sequel. This reception has spread to the merchandise, with video games seen as poor imitations of the original concept. Nevertheless, the original 1975 film has generally been regarded as one of the greatest films ever, and frequently appears in the top 100 of various American Film Institute rankings.

However, Benchley later regretted he ever wrote the original book considering it encouraged a widespread public fear of sharks. As such, he spent most of his life promoting the cause of ocean conservation.

Background

Peter Benchley had been thinking for years "about a story about a shark that attacks people and what would happen if it came in and wouldn't go away." [3] Doubleday editor Tom Congdon was interested in Benchley's idea of a novel about a great white shark terrorizing a beach resort. [4] After various revisions and rewrites, Benchley delivered his final draft in January 1973. [5] The title was not decided until shortly before the book went to print. Benchley says that he had spent months thinking of titles, many of which he calls "pretentious" such as The Stillness in the Water and Leviathan Rising. Benchley regarded other ideas, such as The Jaws of Death and The Jaws of Leviathan, as "melodramatic, weird, or pretentious." [3] According to Benchley, the novel still did not have a title until twenty minutes before production of the book. [3]

The Book of the Month Club made the novel an "A book," qualifying it for its main selection, then the Reader's Digest also selected it. The publication date was moved back to allow a carefully orchestrated release. It was released first in hardcover in February 1974, [6] then in the book clubs, followed by a national campaign for the paperback release. [5] Bantam bought the paperback rights for $575,000. [6]

Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown, film producers at Universal Pictures, heard about the book at identical times at different locations. Brown heard about it in the fiction department of Cosmopolitan , a lifestyle magazine then edited by his wife, Helen Gurley Brown. A small card gave a detailed description of the plot concluding with the comment "might make a good movie." [7] The producers each read it overnight and agreed that it was "the most exciting thing that they had ever read" and that, although they were unsure how they would accomplish it, they had to produce the film. [8] Brown says that had they read the book twice they would have never made the film because of the difficulties in executing some of the sequences. However, he says that "we just loved the book. We thought it would make a very good movie." [7]

Films

FilmU.S. release dateDirector(s)Screenwriter(s)Producer(s)
Jaws June 20, 1975 Steven Spielberg Carl Gottlieb & Peter Benchley David Brown & Richard D. Zanuck
Jaws 2 June 16, 1978 Jeannot Szwarc Carl Gottlieb & Howard Sackler
Jaws 3-D July 22, 1983 Joe Alves Carl Gottlieb & Richard Matheson Rupert Hitzig & Alan Landsburg
Jaws: The Revenge July 17, 1987 Joseph Sargent Michael de GuzmanJoseph Sargent

Jaws (1975)

The original Jaws , directed by Steven Spielberg, is based on Peter Benchley's novel of the same name. It tells the story of Police Chief Martin Brody (portrayed by Roy Scheider) of Amity Island (a fictional summer resort town) and his quest to protect beachgoers from a great white shark by closing the beach. This is overruled by the town council, headed by the mayor Larry Vaughan (Murray Hamilton), which wants the beach to remain open in order to sustain the local tourist economy. After several attacks, the police chief enlists the help of marine biologist Matt Hooper (Richard Dreyfuss) and a professional shark hunter, Quint (Robert Shaw). The three voyage out onto the ocean in Quint's boat – the Orca. The shark kills Quint, but Brody manages to destroy it by shooting at a highly pressurized air tank that he has wedged in its mouth. In the end, Brody and Hooper are seen swimming away from the sinking Orca, having both managed to survive the shark attack on the boat uninjured.

Jaws 2 (1978)

The first sequel, Jaws 2 , depicts the same town four years after the events of the original film when another great white shark arrives on the shores of the fictional seaside resort of Amity Island. Directed by Jeannot Szwarc and starring Roy Scheider again as Police Chief Martin Brody, who, after a series of deaths and disappearances, suspects that the culprit is another shark. However, he has trouble convincing the town's selectmen. Once fired, he has to act alone to save a group of teenagers, including his two sons, who encounter the shark whilst out sailing. Brody then manages to kill the shark at Cable Junction upon pulling up one of the underwater cables.

Steven Spielberg was asked to direct Jaws 2, but he said he would only make another Jaws film if it were a prequel focusing on the sinking of the USS Indianapolis. [9] [10]

Jaws 3-D (1983)

The plot of Jaws 3-D moves away from Amity Island to SeaWorld in Florida, a water themed-park with underwater tunnels and lagoons. As the park prepares to open, it is infiltrated by a baby great white shark which attacks and kills water-skiers and park employees. Once the baby shark is captured, it becomes apparent that a much larger shark, the mother, is present. The characters of Martin's sons from the first two films are developed further in this film: Michael Brody (Dennis Quaid) is the chief engineer of the park and his younger brother, Sean (John Putch), arrives at the resort to visit him. The events of the earlier films are implied through Sean's dislike of the water because of "something that happened when he was a kid." The events and character development from Jaws 3-D are independent from the rest of the series. [11]

Jaws: The Revenge (1987)

The fourth and final film, Jaws: The Revenge , sees the storyline returning to Amity Island, but ignores all plot elements introduced in Jaws 3-D. No mention is made to Michael's girlfriend from the previous film, Kathryn Morgan (Bess Armstrong), or his career change from an engineer at SeaWorld to a marine biologist. In fact, one of the Universal Studios press releases for Jaws: The Revenge omits Jaws 3-D entirely by referring to Jaws: The Revenge as the "third film of the remarkable Jaws trilogy." [11] By the start of the film, Martin Brody had died of a heart attack, although his wife, Ellen Brody (Lorraine Gary), claims that he died through fear of the shark. Her youngest son, Sean (Mitchell Anderson), now working as a police deputy in Amity, is dispatched to clear a log from a buoy. As he does so, he is attacked and killed by a shark. Ellen becomes convinced that a shark is deliberately victimizing her family for the deaths of the first two sharks. Michael (Lance Guest) convinces her to spend some time with his family in The Bahamas. However, as his job involves a lot of time on and in the sea, Ellen fears that he will be the shark's next victim. When her granddaughter, Thea (Judith Barsi), narrowly avoids being attacked by a shark, Ellen takes a boat in order to kill her family's alleged stalker. Hoagie (Michael Caine), Michael, and his friend Jake (Mario Van Peebles) find Ellen and then proceed to electrocute the shark, driving it out of the water and impaling it on the prow of Ellen's boat.

Cast and crew

List indicator(s)

Principal cast

CharactersFilms
Jaws Jaws 2 Jaws 3-D Jaws
The Revenge
1975197819831987
Chief Martin Brody Roy Scheider MentionedRoy Scheider AU [12]
Ellen Brody Lorraine Gary Lorraine Gary
Michael "Mike" BrodyChris Rebello [13] Mark Gruner [14] Dennis Quaid [15] Lance Guest [16]
Sean BrodyJay Mello Marc Gilpin John Putch Mitchell Anderson
Jay Mello A
Mayor Larry Vaughn Murray Hamilton
Mr. PosnerCyprian R. DubeCyprian R. Dube [17]
Deputy Jeff Hendricks Jeffrey Kramer
Mrs. Taft Fritzi Jane Courtney [18] Fritzi Jane Courtney [19]
Harry WisemanAl Wilde U Al Wilde
Matt Hooper Richard Dreyfuss [20]
Quint Robert Shaw [21]
Harry Meadows Carl Gottlieb [22]
Mrs. Kintner Lee Fierro [23] Lee Fierro [24]
PollyPeggy Scott [25] Edna Billotto [26]
Alex KintnerJeffrey Voorhees [27]
Chrissie Watkins Susan Backlinie [28]
Leonard "Len" Peterson Joseph Mascolo
Dr. Lureen Elkins Colin Wilcox
Tina Wilcox Ann Dusenberry
Eddie Marchand Gary Dubin
Larry Vaughn Jr.David Elliott
Tom Andrews Barry Coe
Grace Witherspoon Susan French
Andy WilliamsGary Springer
Jackie Peters Donna Wilkes
Brooke Peters Gigi Vorgan
MargeMartha Swatek
Timmy WeldonG. Thomas Dunlop
Doug Fetterman Keith Gordon
Paul "Polo" Loman John Dukakis
Bob Burnside Billy Van Zandt
PatrickBen Marley
Lucy Cynthia Grover
Kathryn "Kay" Morgan Bess Armstrong
Kelly Ann Bukowski Lea Thompson
Calvin Bouchard Louis Gossett Jr.
Philip FitzRoyce Simon MacCorkindale
Jack Tate P. H. Moriarty
Carla Brody Karen Young [29]
Thea Brody Judith Barsi [30]
Hoagie Newcombe Michael Caine [31]
Jake Mario Van Peebles [32]
Louisa Lynn Whitfield [33]

Additional crew

RoleFilm
Jaws Jaws 2 Jaws 3-D Jaws:
The Revenge
1975197819831987
Director(s) Steven Spielberg Jeannot Szwarc Joe Alves Joseph Sargent
Producer(s) David Brown
Richard D. Zanuck 		Rupert Hitzig
Alan Landsburg
Writer(s) Carl Gottlieb
Peter Benchley 		Carl Gottlieb
Howard Sackler 		Screenplay by:
Carl Gottlieb
Richard Matheson
Story by:
Guerdon Trueblood 		Michael de Guzman
Composer(s) John Williams Alan Parker Michael Small
Cinematographer(s) Bill Butler Michael Butler Chris Condon
Austin McKinney
James A. Contner 		John McPherson
Editor(s) Verna Fields Neil Travis
Steve Potter
Arthur Scmidt 		Corky Ehlers
Randy Roberts		Michael Brown
Production company Universal Pictures
Zanuck/Brown Company 		MCA Theatricals
Universal Pictures
Alan Landsburg Productions 		Universal Pictures
Distributed by Universal Pictures

Production

Development

Jaws (1975)

Jaws shark at Universal Studios Florida. UniversalStudiosJawsShark.jpg
Jaws shark at Universal Studios Florida.

Zanuck and Brown had originally planned to hire John Sturges to direct the film, before considering Dick Richards. [34] However, they grew irritated by Richards' vision of continually calling the shark "the whale"; Richards was subsequently dropped from the project. [34] Zanuck and Brown then signed Spielberg in June 1973 to direct before the release of his first theatrical film, The Sugarland Express . [34] Spielberg wanted to take the novel's basic concept, removing Benchley's many subplots. [35] Zanuck, Brown and Spielberg removed the novel's adulterous affair between Ellen Brody and Matt Hooper because it would compromise the camaraderie between the men when they went out on the Orca. [7]

Peter Benchley wrote three drafts of the screenplay before deciding to bow out of the project. [35] Tony and Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Howard Sackler happened to be in Los Angeles when the filmmakers began looking for another writer and offered to do an uncredited rewrite, and since the producers and Spielberg were unhappy with Benchley's drafts, they quickly accepted his offer. [36] Spielberg sent the script to Carl Gottlieb, asking for advice. [36] Gottlieb rewrote most scenes during principal photography, and John Milius contributed dialogue polishes. Spielberg has claimed that he prepared his own draft. The authorship of Quint's monologue about the fate of the cruiser USS Indianapolis has caused substantial controversy as to who deserves the most credit for the speech. Spielberg described it as a collaboration among John Milius, Howard Sackler, and actor Robert Shaw. [37] Gottlieb gives primary credit to Shaw, downplaying Milius' contribution. [38]

Three mechanical sharks were made for the production: a full version for underwater shots, one that moved from the camera left to right (with its hidden side completely exposing the internal machinery), and an opposite model with its right flank uncovered. [35] Their construction was supervised by production designer Joe Alves and special effects artist Robert A. Mattey. After the sharks were completed, they were shipped to the shooting location, but had not been tested in water and when placed in the ocean the full model sank to the ocean floor, forcing a team of divers to retrieve it. [36] Location shooting occurred on the island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, chosen because the ocean had a sandy bottom while 12 miles (19 km) out at sea. [36] This helped the mechanical sharks to operate smoothly and still provide a realistic location. The film nonetheless had a notoriously troubled shoot and went considerably over budget. David Brown said that the budget "was $4 million and the picture wound up costing $9 million". [39] Shooting at sea led to many delays: unwanted sailboats drifted into frame, cameras were soaked, and the Orca once began to sink with the actors on board. The mechanical shark frequently malfunctioned, due to the hydraulic innards being corroded by salt water. [36] The three mechanical sharks were collectively nicknamed "Bruce" by the production team after Spielberg's lawyer. [40] To some degree, the delays in the production proved serendipitous. The script was refined during production, and the unreliable mechanical sharks forced Spielberg to shoot most of the scenes with the shark only hinted at. For example, for much of the shark hunt, its location is represented by the floating yellow barrels. Spielberg also included multiple shots of just the dorsal fin due to its ease of filming. This forced restraint is widely thought to have increased the suspense of these scenes, giving it a Hitchcockian tone. [41]

The studio ordered a sequel early into the success of Jaws. [42] The success of The Godfather Part II and other sequels meant that the producers were under pressure to deliver a bigger and better shark. They realized that someone else would produce the film if they didn't, and they preferred to be in charge of the project themselves. [43] Spielberg declined to be involved in the sequel. [39] [42]

Jaws 2 (1978)

Like the first film, the production of Jaws 2 was troubled. The original director, John D. Hancock, proved to be unsuitable for an action film and was replaced by Jeannot Szwarc. [42] Scheider, who only reprised his role to end a contractual issue with Universal, [44] was also unhappy during production and had several heated exchanges with Szwarc. [45] [46] Martha's Vineyard was again used as the location for the town scenes. Although some residents guarded their privacy, many islanders welcomed the money that the company was bringing. [47] The majority of filming was at Navarre Beach, Florida, because of the warm weather and the water's depth being appropriate for the shark platform. [42] Like the first film, shooting on water proved challenging. After spending hours anchoring the sailboats, the wind would change as they were ready to shoot, blowing the sails in the wrong direction. [48] The corrosive effect of the saltwater damaged some equipment, including the metal parts in the sharks. [48] As with the first film, footage of real sharks filmed by Australian divers Ron and Valerie Taylor was used for movement shots that could not be convincingly achieved using the mechanical sharks. [42]

The producers of the first two films originally pitched the second Jaws sequel as a spoof named Jaws 3, People 0. [42] National Lampoon writers John Hughes and Todd Carroll were commissioned to write a script. [49] The project was abandoned due to conflicts with Universal Studios. [49]

Jaws 3-D (1983)

Alan Landsburg and Rupert Hitzig produced the third film. [50] The second sequel capitalized upon the revived interest of 3-D film in the 1980s, amongst other horror films such as Friday the 13th Part III and Amityville 3-D that also made dual use of the number three. [51] As it was Joe Alves' first film as director, having been the production designer for the first two films, he thought that 3-D would "give him an edge". [51] Cinema audiences could wear disposable cardboard polarized glasses to create the illusion that elements penetrate the screen. [52] Richard Matheson worked on the story and script, although many of his contributions were unused: the writer is unhappy with the finished film. [53] Carl Gottlieb, who had also revised the screenplays for the first two Jaws films, was credited for the script alongside Matheson. [54]

Jaws: The Revenge (1987)

Joseph Sargent produced and directed the fourth film in the series. Jaws: The Revenge was filmed on location in New England and in the Caribbean, and completed on the Universal lot. Like the first two films of the series, Martha's Vineyard was the location of the fictional Amity Island for the opening scenes of the film. [55] Principal photography moved to Nassau in The Bahamas, but the location did not offer the "perfect world" that the 38-day shoot required. The cast and crew encountered many problems with varying weather conditions. [55]

Reception

Box office performance

FilmU.S. release dateBox office revenueReference
United StatesInternationalWorldwide
Jaws June 20, 1975$261,102,530$211,310,430$472,412,960 [56]
Jaws 2 June 16, 1978$81,766,007$106,118,000$187,884,007 [57]
Jaws 3-D July 22, 1983$45,517,055$42,470,000$87,987,055 [58]
Jaws: The Revenge July 17, 1987$20,763,013$31,118,000$51,881,013 [59]
Total$409,148,675$391,016,430$800,165,035

Jaws was the first film to use "wide release" as a distribution pattern. As such, it is an important film in the history of film distribution and marketing. [60] Prior to the release of Jaws, films typically opened slowly, usually in a few theaters in major cities, which allowed for a series of "premieres." As the success of a film increased, and word of mouth grew, distributors would forward the prints to additional cities across the country. [61] The film became the first to use extensive television advertising. [62] Universal executive Sidney Sheinberg's rationale was that nationwide marketing costs would be amortized at a more favorable rate per print than if a slow, scaled release were carried out. Scheinberg's gamble paid off, with Jaws becoming a box office smash hit and the father of the summer blockbuster. [63] [64]

When Jaws was released on June 20, 1975, it opened at 464 theaters. [65] The release was subsequently expanded on July 25 to a total of 675 theaters, the largest simultaneous distribution of a film in motion picture history at the time. During the first weekend of wide release, Jaws grossed more than $7 million, and was the top grosser for the following five weeks. [66] During its run in theaters, the film became the first to reach more than $100 million in U.S. box office receipts. [62] [67] Jaws eventually grossed more than $470 million worldwide ($1.9 billion in 2010 dollars [68] ) and was the highest grossing box office film until Star Wars debuted two years later. [69] [70]

Jaws 2 was the most expensive film that Universal had produced up until that point, costing the studio almost $30 million. [43] According to David Brown, the film made 40% gross of the original. This was attractive to the studio because it reduced market risk. [42] The film became the highest-grossing sequel in history, succeeded by the release of Rocky II in 1979. It opened in 640 theaters, making $9,866,023 in its opening weekend. [71] The final domestic gross for Jaws 2 was $102,922,376, making it the sixth highest domestic grossing film of 1978. [72] Jaws 2 grossed $208 million worldwide.

Jaws 3-D grossed $13,422,500 on its opening weekend, [73] playing at 1,311 theaters at its widest release. It had achieved a total lifetime worldwide gross of $87,987,055. [74] Despite being #1 at the box office, this illustrates the series' diminishing returns, since Jaws 3-D has earned nearly $100,000,000 less than the total lifetime gross of its predecessor [75] and $300,000,000 less than the original film. [76]

The third sequel would attract an even lower income, with around two thirds of Jaws 3-D's total lifetime gross. [77] Jaws: The Revenge received largely negative reviews from critics, and earned the lowest amount of money from the series. It is considered one of the worst movies ever made. Even though the film was still considered a commercial failure, it was able to cover costs (an estimated US$23 million) with a worldwide box office take of $51,881,013. [78] The film, though, continued the series' diminishing returns. It only grossed $7,154,890 in its opening weekend, when it opened at 1,606 screens. [79] This was around $5 million less than its predecessor. [74] It had also achieved the lowest total lifetime gross of the series. [76] [75]

Jaws, when compared to other top-grossing American horror franchises— Alien vs. Predator , Candyman , Child's Play , The Conjuring , The Exorcist , The Evil Dead , Final Destination , Friday the 13th , Godzilla , Halloween , Hannibal Lecter , Hellraiser , I Know What You Did Last Summer , A Nightmare on Elm Street , The Omen , Paranormal Activity , Psycho , The Purge , Saw , Scream , and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre —is one of the highest grossing horror film franchises in North America.

Critical and public response

FilmCriticalPublic
Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore
Jaws97% (99 reviews) [80] 87 (21 reviews) [81] —
Jaws 262% (34 reviews) [82] 51 (12 reviews) [83] —
Jaws 3-D11% (36 reviews) [84] 27 (9 reviews) [85] —
Jaws: The Revenge2% (42 reviews) [86] 15 (15 reviews) [87] C− [88]

Jaws is regarded as a watershed film in motion picture history, the father of the summer blockbuster movie and one of the first "high concept" films. [2] [89] Due to the film's success in advance screenings, studio executives decided to distribute it in a much wider release than ever before. The Omen followed suit in the summer of 1976 and then Star Wars one year later in 1977, cementing the notion for movie studios to distribute their big-release action and adventure pictures (commonly referred to as tentpole pictures) during the summer. Jaws is widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time. Jaws was number 48 on American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Movies , a list of the greatest American films of all time, dropping down to number 56 on the 10 Year Anniversary list. It was ranked second on a similar list for thrillers, 100 Years... 100 Thrills .

The sequels are not held in such high regard. The reception of Jaws 2 was mixed. While the performances of Scheider, Gary, and Hamilton, the soundtrack by John Williams, were praised. [90] However, the teenagers, who are "irritating and incessantly screaming... don't make for very sympathetic victims." [91] Many reviewers criticized Jaws 2 director Jeannot Szwarc for showing more of the shark than the first film had, reducing the Hitchcockian notion "that the greatest suspense derives from the unseen and the unknown, and that the imagination is capable of conceiving far worse than the materialization of a mere mechanical monster." [92] In retrospect, Jaws 2 had nonetheless been considered to be the best of the three Jaws sequels. [93]

Reception for Jaws 3-D was generally poor. Variety calls it "tepid" and suggests that Alves "fails to linger long enough on the Great White." [94] On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 11% based on reviews from 36 critics. [84] The 3-D was criticized as being a gimmick to attract audiences to the aging series [95] and for being ineffective. [96] Derek Winnert says that "with Richard Matheson's name on the script you'd expect a better yarn" although he continues to say that the film "is entirely watchable with a big pack of popcorn." [97]

Jaws: The Revenge attracted the poorest critical reception of the series and was nominated for Worst Picture in the 1987 Golden Raspberry Awards. It was rated by Entertainment Weekly as one of "The 25 Worst Sequels Ever Made." [98] Roger Ebert said that it "is not simply a bad movie, but also a stupid and incompetent one." He lists several elements that he finds unbelievable including that Ellen is "haunted by flashbacks to events where she was not present." Ebert also laments that Michael Caine could not attend the ceremony to collect his Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor earned for Hannah and Her Sisters because of his shooting commitments on this film. [99]

In an era in which documentaries were attempting responsible, accurate reporting about the natural world, ecocriticism says that Hollywood continued to produce films that exploited the fear of animals. [100] Scholar Greg Garrard cites David Ingram's suggestion that the Jaws series "represents a backlash against conservationist ideas in which an 'evil, threatening nature is eventually mastered through male heroism, technology and the blood sacrifice of the wild animal.'" [101] [102] Greg Garrard observes in Jaws: The Revenge that "the marine biologist Mike Brody's environmentalist concerns are effectively ridiculed as his colleague is eaten by the enraged fish; he joins the hunt for it and the shark in turn hunts him down." [100]

Music

Soundtracks

TitleU.S. release dateLengthComposer(s)Label
Jaws: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 197535:12John WilliamsMCA Records
Jaws 2: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 197841:19 (original release), 101:48 (expansion)John WilliamsMCA Records
Jaws 3-D: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 198335:43Alan ParkerMCA Records
Jaws: The Revenge (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) 198727:20 (promotional), 51:13 (commercial)Michael SmallMCA Records

John Williams composed and conducted the score for the first two films. The main "shark" theme, a simple alternating pattern of two notes, E and F, [103] became a classic piece of suspense music, synonymous with approaching danger. Williams described the theme as having the "effect of grinding away at you, just as a shark would do, instinctual, relentless, unstoppable." [104] When the piece was first played for Spielberg, he was said to have laughed at Williams, thinking that it was a joke. Spielberg later said that without Williams' score the film would have been only half as successful, and Williams acknowledges that the score jumpstarted his career. [36] Williams won an Academy Award for Original Music Score for his work on the first film. [105]

The shark theme is used in all three sequels, a continuity that Williams compares to "the great tradition" for repeating musical themes in Hollywood serials such as Roy Rogers and The Lone Ranger. [105] Alan Parker composed and conducted the score for Jaws 3-D, while the final film was scored by Michael Small. The latter was particularly praised for his work, which many critics considered superior to the film. [106] [107]

Other media

Unofficial sequels and rip-offs

Many films based on man-eating animals & monsters (usually aquatic) were released throughout the 1970s and the 1980s such as: Son of Blob (also known as Beware! The Blob), Grizzly , Mako: The Jaws of Death , Death Bed: The Bed That Eats , Day of the Animals , Claws , Orca (also known as Orca: The Killer Whale), Eaten Alive , The Pack , Snowbeast , Piranha II: The Spawning , Barracuda , Nightwing , Up from the Depths , Humanoids from the Deep (also known as Monster), Alligator , Blood Beach , Blades , Creature , the Italian-American Tentacles , the Mexican Tintorera (also known as Tintorera: Killer Shark), the French-Italian Killer Fish , the Italian Monster Shark (also known as Devil Fish). The better of these are often considered to be Piranha , [108] as a rip-off, Deep Blood and Great White (also known as The Last Shark), as an unofficial sequel. [109] In 1995, there was also another sequel/rip-off film Cruel Jaws a.k.a. The Beast, which was marketed in some countries as Jaws 5: Cruel Jaws became infamous for illegally incorporated stock footage from the first three official Jaws films into its runtime. In 2021, a film titled Tubarão O Regresso (Jaws Returns) was released by Unknown World Pictures TV, directed by Portuguese director Rui Constantino. [110] [ better source needed ]

Documentaries

The Shark Is Still Working , is a feature-length documentary film on the impact and legacy of the 1975 Steven Spielberg blockbuster film Jaws . It features interviews with a range of cast and crew from the film. It was narrated by the late Roy Scheider and dedicated to the late Peter Benchley.

The documentary was produced by Jaws fans over a seven-year period, building on Laurent Bouzereau's 1995 documentary, The Making of Jaws, that has been included on some laserdisc and DVD releases. Throughout other documentaries over the years, such as Bouzereau's and the BBC's 1997 documentary In the Teeth of Jaws, actor Richard Dreyfuss has recounted tales about the troubled production of Jaws and the quote “The shark is NOT working” which Dreyfuss would hear constantly from members of the crew. Eventually, upon successful attempts to fix the malfunctioning sea monster, Dreyfuss would regularly hear the quote “The shark is working."

The Shark Is Still Working won Best Documentary Feature at the 2010 DocMiami Film Festival. The documentary was released on home video as a special feature on the 2012 Blu-ray edition of Jaws.

Some of the interviews were filmed in 4:3 Academy ratio, typical of TV documentaries of the time. As the production went on, 16:9 became the TV shape standard and so the documentary crops the top and bottom of the image to reshape it to 16:9. There is no anamorphic enhancement of the documentary on the Jaws Blu-ray.

Toys and merchandise

A small selection of merchandise from Jaws 2. Jaws2 merchandise.jpg
A small selection of merchandise from Jaws 2.

Universal "devised and co-ordinated a highly innovative plan" for the first film's distribution and exhibition. [60] The studio and publisher Bantam designed a logo which would appear on both the paperback and on all film advertising. "Both publisher and distributor recognized the mutual benefits that a joint promotion strategy would bring." [60] Producers Zanuck and Brown toured six cities to promote the paperback and the film. [60] Once the film was released, more merchandising was created, including shark-illustrated swimming towels and T-shirts, plastic shark fins for swimmers to wear, and shark-shaped inflatables for them to float on. The Ideal Toy Company produced a game where the player had to use a hook to fish out items from the shark's mouth before the jaws closed. [111] Carl Gottlieb’s 1975 book, The Jaws Log, account of the film's production was also released.

Jaws 2 inspired much more merchandising and sponsors than the first film. Products included sets of trading cards from Topps and Baker's bread, paper cups from Coca-Cola, beach towels, a souvenir program, shark tooth necklaces, coloring and activity books, and a model kit of Brody's truck. [90] A novelization by Hank Searls, based on an earlier draft of the screenplay by Howard Sackler and Dorothy Tristan, was released, as well as Ray Loynd's The Jaws 2 Log, an account of the film's production. [90] Searls also wrote the novelization of Jaws: The Revenge based on an earlier draft of the screenplay by Michael De Guzman.

Lego released a set based on the scene where Bruce attacks the Orca with Chief Martin Brody, Matt Hooper, and Sam Quint. The set was released in August 2024 and features 1,500 pieces. [112]

Video games and themed attractions

There have been a number of video game releases based upon the franchise. The first, titled Jaws , was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in 1987. [113] There was a separate computer adaptation of the original Jaws movie called Jaws: The Computer Game, released in 1989 by Screen 7 for the Amiga and other computers; [114] another unrelated Jaws for the Commodore 64 and other computers was released by Box Office Software the same year. [115] A Jaws level was included in the 2001 game Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure by Kemco for the GameCube. Jaws Unleashed , developed by Appaloosa Interactive, was released in 2006 for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows. [116] An officially licensed iPhone game based on the original film was released by Bytemark Games and Universal Partnerships & Licensing in 2010, [117] while in 2011 Universal licensed a follow-up game (in the form of an App) called Jaws Revenge. This game was made by Fuse Powered Inc. [118] A game titled Jaws: Ultimate Predator was released on the Wii and Nintendo 3DS in 2011. A virtual pinball game from Zen Studios for Pinball FX 3 was released as well. [119] Stern Pinball also published a Jaws themed pinball cabinet in 2024. [120] A mobile game titled Jaws.io was released on February 14, 2019 for iPhone and Android devices and was published by Universal Studios Interactive Entertainment LLC. [121] [122]

A themed attraction based on the series was opened at Universal Studios Florida in 1990, with a sister attraction opening with Universal Studios Japan in 2001. A similar themed experience featuring the shark from the film was made a permanent part of Universal Studios Hollywood's Studio Tour in 1976. The Florida attraction closed permanently in 2012 while the Japan attraction is still operational. [123]

Jaws 19

Jaws 19 is a joke movie that is shown being advertised in the 1989 film Back to the Future Part II . Set in 2015, a movie theatre in Hill Valley features a huge holographic poster of Jaws 19, by "Max Spielberg" (the name of Steven Spielberg's real-life son) that "swallows" Marty McFly. In 2015, Universal made a poster and trailer for the fictional movie that came with the Back to the Future 30th Anniversary Box-Set. [124] [125]

On 16 September 2015 the fan film named Jaws 19 was released in Russia. [126]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steven Spielberg</span> American filmmaker (born 1946)

Steven Allan Spielberg is an American filmmaker. A major figure of the New Hollywood era and pioneer of the modern blockbuster, Spielberg is widely regarded as one of the greatest film directors of all time and is the most commercially successful director in film history. He is the recipient of many accolades, including three Academy Awards, two BAFTA Awards, and four Golden Globe Awards as well as the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1995, the Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 2001, the Kennedy Center Honor in 2006, the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 2009 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2015. Seven of his films have been inducted into the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant".

<i>Jurassic Park</i> (film) 1993 film by Steven Spielberg

Jurassic Park is a 1993 American science fiction action film directed by Steven Spielberg, produced by Kathleen Kennedy and Gerald R. Molen, and starring Sam Neill, Laura Dern, Jeff Goldblum, and Richard Attenborough. It is the first installment in the Jurassic Park franchise, and the first film in the original Jurassic Park trilogy, and is based on Michael Crichton's 1990 novel of the same name, with a screenplay by Crichton and David Koepp. The film is set on the fictional island of Isla Nublar, off Central America's Pacific Coast near Costa Rica, where a wealthy businessman John Hammond (Attenborough), and a team of genetic scientists have created a wildlife park of de-extinct dinosaurs. When industrial sabotage leads to a catastrophic shutdown of the park's power facilities and security precautions, a small group of visitors, including Hammond's grandchildren, struggle to survive and escape the now perilous island.

<i>E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</i> 1982 film directed by Steven Spielberg

E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction film produced and directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Melissa Mathison. It tells the story of Elliott, a boy who befriends an extraterrestrial, dubbed E.T., who is left behind on Earth. Along with his friends and family, Elliott must find a way to help E.T. find his way home. The film stars Dee Wallace, Henry Thomas, Peter Coyote, Robert MacNaughton and Drew Barrymore.

<i>Jaws</i> (film) 1975 thriller film by Steven Spielberg

Jaws is a 1975 American thriller film directed by Steven Spielberg, based on the 1974 novel by Peter Benchley. It stars Roy Scheider as police chief Martin Brody, who, with the help of a marine biologist and a professional shark hunter, hunts a man-eating great white shark that attacks beachgoers at a summer resort town. Murray Hamilton plays the mayor, and Lorraine Gary portrays Brody's wife. The screenplay is credited to Benchley, who wrote the first drafts, and actor-writer Carl Gottlieb, who rewrote the script during principal photography.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roy Scheider</span> American actor (1932–2008)

Roy Richard Scheider was an American actor. Described by AllMovie as "one of the most unique and distinguished of all Hollywood actors", he achieved fame with his leading and supporting roles in celebrated films from the 1970s through to the mid-1980s. He was nominated for two Academy Awards, one Golden Globe, and one BAFTA.

The decade of the 1970s in film involved many significant developments in world cinema.

<i>Jaws 2</i> 1978 American horror film by Jeannot Szwarc

Jaws 2 is a 1978 American horror thriller film directed by Jeannot Szwarc and co-written by Carl Gottlieb. It is the sequel to Steven Spielberg's Jaws (1975), and the second installment in the Jaws franchise. The film stars Roy Scheider as Police Chief Martin Brody, with Lorraine Gary and Murray Hamilton reprising their respective roles as Martin's wife Ellen Brody and mayor Larry Vaughn. It also stars Joseph Mascolo, Jeffrey Kramer, Collin Wilcox, Ann Dusenberry, Mark Gruner, Susan French, Barry Coe, Donna Wilkes, Gary Springer, and Keith Gordon in his first feature film role. The plot concerns Chief Brody suspecting another great white shark is terrorizing the fictional seaside resort of Amity Island, following a series of incidents and disappearances, and his suspicions are eventually proven true.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blockbuster (entertainment)</span> Term for a popular film

A blockbuster is a work of entertainment—typically used to describe a feature film produced by a major film studio, but also other media—that is highly popular and financially successful. The term has also come to refer to any large-budget production intended for "blockbuster" status, aimed at mass markets with associated merchandising, sometimes on a scale that meant the financial fortunes of a film studio or a distributor could depend on it.

<i>Jaws: The Revenge</i> 1987 film by Joseph Sargent

Jaws: The Revenge is a 1987 American horror film produced and directed by Joseph Sargent. The fourth and final film in the Jaws franchise, it stars Lorraine Gary, who came out of retirement to reprise her role from the first two films, along with new cast members Lance Guest, Mario Van Peebles, Karen Young and Michael Caine. Acting as a sequel to Jaws 2, the film focuses on a now-widowed Ellen Brody (Gary) and her conviction that a great white shark is seeking revenge on her family, particularly when it kills her youngest son, and follows her to the Bahamas.

<i>Jaws 3-D</i> 1983 American thriller film by Joe Alves

Jaws 3-D is a 1983 American horror film directed by Joe Alves and starring Dennis Quaid, Bess Armstrong, Simon MacCorkindale and Louis Gossett Jr. As the second sequel to Steven Spielberg's Jaws it was the third installment in the Jaws franchise. The film follows the Brody children from the previous films to SeaWorld, a Florida marine park with underwater tunnels and lagoons. As the park prepares for opening, a young great white shark infiltrates the park from the sea, seemingly attacking and killing the park's employees. Once the shark is captured, it becomes apparent that a second, much larger shark also entered the park and was the real culprit.

<i>Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull</i> 2008 film directed by Steven Spielberg

Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull is a 2008 American action adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg from a screenplay by David Koepp, based on a story by George Lucas and Jeff Nathanson. It is the fourth installment in the Indiana Jones film series and a sequel to Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989). Set in 1957, it pits Indiana Jones against Soviet KGB agents led by Irina Spalko searching for a telepathic crystal skull located in Peru. Jones is aided by his former lover, Marion Ravenwood, and their son, Mutt Williams. Ray Winstone, John Hurt, and Jim Broadbent are also part of the supporting cast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Benchley</span> American author (1940–2006)

Peter Bradford Benchley was an American author. He is best known for his bestselling novel Jaws and co-wrote its movie adaptation with Carl Gottlieb. Several more of his works were also adapted for both cinema and television, including The Deep, The Island, Beast, and White Shark.

<i>Jaws</i> (ride) Ride at Universal Studios Japan

Jaws is an amusement ride attraction based on the Jaws film series and is located at Universal Studios Japan. It originally opened at Universal Studios Florida in Orlando in 1990, and another installation later opened at Universal Studios Japan in 2001. The ride uses tour boats to take guests through a harbor of the fictional Amity Island, which begins as a leisurely tour that is abruptly interrupted by an attack of the famous great white shark. The concept is an expanded version of the Jaws miniature attraction featured in the Studio Tour at Universal Studios Hollywood in California. In 2012, the attraction was removed from the Florida theme park to make room for the second phase of expansion for The Wizarding World of Harry Potter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carl Gottlieb</span> American actor

Carl Gottlieb is an American screenwriter, actor, comedian, and executive. He is best known for co-writing the screenplay for Jaws (1975) and its first two sequels, as well as directing the 1981 film Caveman.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Verna Fields</span> American film editor and entertainment industry executive

Verna Fields was an American film editor, film and television sound editor, educator, and entertainment industry executive. In the first phase of her career, from 1954 through to about 1970, Fields mostly worked on smaller projects that gained little recognition. She was the sound editor for several television shows in the 1950s. She worked on independent films including The Savage Eye (1959), on government-supported documentaries of the 1960s, and on some minor studio films such as Peter Bogdanovich's first film, Targets (1968). For several years in the late 1960s, she was a film instructor at the University of Southern California. Her one major studio film, El Cid (1961), led to her only industry recognition in this phase of her career, which was the 1962 Golden Reel award for sound editing.

<i>Jaws</i> (soundtrack) 1975 film score by John Williams

The Jaws soundtrack is the music composed and conducted by John Williams for Steven Spielberg's 1975 film Jaws. The soundtrack is particularly notable for the 2-note ostinato which represents the shark, a theme so simple that Spielberg initially thought it was a joke by the composer.

<i>Jaws</i> (novel) 1974 novel by Peter Benchley

Jaws is a novel by American writer Peter Benchley, published in 1974. It tells the story of a large great white shark that preys upon a small Long Island resort town and the three men who attempt to kill it. The novel grew out of Benchley's interest in shark attacks after he read about the exploits of Frank Mundus, a shark fisherman from Montauk, New York, in 1964. Doubleday commissioned him to write the novel in 1971, a period when Benchley worked as a freelance journalist.

<i>The Shark Is Still Working</i> 2012 American film

The Shark is Still Working is an American documentary film on the impact and legacy of the 1975 Steven Spielberg blockbuster film Jaws. It features interviews with a range of cast and crew from the film. It is narrated by Roy Scheider and dedicated to Peter Benchley.

Elizabeth Lee Fierro was an American actress and theater promoter best known for playing Mrs. Kintner in the Jaws film franchise.

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "Rise of the blockbuster". BBC News Online. 2001-11-16. Archived from the original on 2018-01-18. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
  2. 1 2 Wyatt 1994 , p. 76
  3. 1 2 3 Benchley, Peter, "A Look Inside Jaws", produced by Laurent Bouzereau, available as a bonus feature on some laserdisc and DVD releases of Jaws
  4. ↑ Hawtree, Christopher (2006-02-14). "Peter Benchley: He was fascinated by the sea, but his bestselling novel tapped into a primeval fear of the deep". The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on 2018-07-01. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  5. 1 2 Gottlieb 2005 , pp. 11–13
  6. 1 2 Baxter 1997 , p. 120
  7. 1 2 3 Brown, David, "A Look Inside Jaws", produced by Laurent Bouzereau, available as a bonus feature on some laserdisc and DVD releases of Jaws
  8. ↑ Zanuck, Richard D., "A Look Inside Jaws", produced by Laurent Bouzereau, available as a bonus feature on some laserdisc and DVD releases of Jaws
  9. ↑ "Spielberg Wanted Jaws 2 to be a Prequel About the USS Indianapolis". 2 July 2018. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  10. ↑ "The True Story of Steven Spielberg's Lost Jaws Prequel". 19 February 2020. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
  11. 1 2 "Karen Young "Jaws The Revenge" Universal News" (Press release). Universal Studios. 1987.
  12. ↑ James, Caryn (18 July 1987). "Film: 'Jaws the Revenge,' The Fourth in the Series". NY Times . The New York Times Company. p. 1001015. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  13. ↑ Gilbey, Ryan; Ross, Jonathan (2005). The ultimate film: the UK's 100 most popular films. BFI. p. 58. ISBN   9781844571055. Archived from the original on 2023-07-07. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
  14. ↑ Kachmar 2002, p. 197.
  15. ↑ Fraser, Emma (11 August 2018). "SUMMER STYLE INSPIRATION FROM THE JAWS FRANCHISE". Syfy Wire . Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  16. ↑ Lamble, Ryan (25 July 2016). "Jaws: The Revenge - How The Sequel Went So Horribly Wrong". Den of Geek! . Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  17. ↑ Kenneth Muir, John (28 July 2010). Horror Films of the 1980s. McFarland Publishing. p. 590. ISBN   9780786455010. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
  18. ↑ O'Connell, Mark (30 May 2018). Watching Skies: Star Wars, Spielberg and Us. The History Press. p. 353. ISBN   9780750986151. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
  19. ↑ Ferraro, Pietro (16 August 2015). "Stasera in tv su Rete 4: "Lo squalo 4 - La vendetta"". Cineblog (in Italian). Canale Entertainment. Triboo Media S.r.l. Archived from the original on 2 November 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  20. ↑ O'Brien, Tom; Beachum, Chris (29 October 2018). "Richard Dreyfuss movies: 12 greatest films, ranked worst to best, include 'Close Encounters,' 'Jaws,' 'The Goodbye Girl'". Gold Derby . Penske Business Media, LLC. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  21. ↑ Parker, Ryan (28 August 2017). "One Outtake of Robert Shaw's Death in 'Jaws' Was Even More Graphic". The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  22. ↑ Connelly, Brendon (5 September 2012). "The Rewriting Of Jaws – Carl Gottlieb Tells Bleeding Cool How It Came To Be, What It All Means". Bleeding Cool News . Archived from the original on 15 August 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  23. ↑ "Three Cheers, Bon Voyage for Lee Fierro". Vineyard Gazette . 1 June 2017. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  24. ↑ Therkelsen, Michael (9 May 2015). "Where Are They Now? : Lee Fierro". Horror Society . Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  25. ↑ Freer, Ian (4 September 2012). "The Unsung Heroes Of Jaws". Empire Online . Archived from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  26. ↑ Lentz, Harris M. (1989). Science fiction, horror & fantasy film and television credits supplement: through 1987. McFarland Publishing. p. 459. ISBN   9780899503646.
  27. ↑ Bartlett, Rhett (6 January 2014). "I was killed by Jaws … this is how it changed my life". The New Daily . Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  28. ↑ Kelly, Helen (13 June 2017). "You'll NEVER guess what unlucky Chrissie Watkins from Jaws looks like now…". Daily Express . Express Newspapers. Archived from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  29. ↑ Mulay, James J. (1 April 1989). The Horror film: a guide to more than 700 films on videocassette. Cinebooks. p. 134. ISBN   9780933997233.
  30. ↑ Phipps, Keith (10 August 2018). "The Meg vs. Jaws: The Revenge". Slate Magazine . Graham Holdings Company. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  31. ↑ Lambie, Ryan (25 April 2016). "Celebrating the B-movie performances of Michael Caine". Den of Geek! . Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  32. ↑ Collier, Aldore (27 July 1987). "Mario Van Peebles Makes it Big in 'Jaws the Revenge'". Jet . Vol. 72, no. 18. Johnson Publishing Company. pp. 28–30. ISSN   0021-5996. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
  33. ↑ Klotman, Phyllis Rauch; Gibson, Gloria J. (1997). Frame by Frame II: A Filmography of the African American Image, 1978-1994. Indiana University Press. p. 252. ISBN   9780253211200. Archived from the original on 2023-07-07. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
  34. 1 2 3 McBride 1999 , p. 232
  35. 1 2 3 Brode 1995 , p. 50
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Spotlight on Location: The Making of Jaws, Jaws 30th Anniversary DVD documentary, [2005]
  37. ↑ Friedman 2006 , p. 167
  38. ↑ Gottlieb 2005 , p. 208
  39. 1 2 Priggé 2004 , p. 8
  40. ↑ McBride 1999 , p. 241
  41. ↑ Sinyard 1989 , p. 36
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The Making of Jaws 2, Jaws 2 DVD, Written, directed and produced by Laurent Bouzereau
  43. 1 2 Kachmar 2002 , p. 74
  44. ↑ Kachmar 2002 , p. 73
  45. ↑ Kachmar 2002 , p. 76
  46. ↑ Loynd 1978 , p. 103
  47. ↑ Loynd, p 60-2
  48. 1 2 Kachmar 2002 , p. 77
  49. 1 2 Patrizio, Andy (October 31, 2003). "An Interview with Matty Simmons". IGN . Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
  50. ↑ Zone 2005 , p. 49
  51. 1 2 McGee 2001 , pp. 97–8
  52. ↑ Ankeney, Jay (March 13, 2000). "Underwater with Hydroflex's Pete Romano". HydroFlex Inc. Archived from the original on February 8, 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-04.
  53. ↑ Weaver 2006 , p. 318
  54. ↑ Scheib, Richard (1990). "JAWS 3-D aka JAWS III Rating: ½". The SF, Horror and Fantasy Film Review. Archived from the original on 2006-12-12. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  55. 1 2 ""Jaws The Revenge": Production Notes, Universal News" (Press release). Universal Studios. 1987.
  56. ↑ "Jaws (1975)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 2019-07-18. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  57. ↑ "Jaws II (1978)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 2023-07-07. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  58. ↑ "Jaws 3-D (1983)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
  59. ↑ "Jaws: The Revenge (1987)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 2019-07-14. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
  60. 1 2 3 4 Kochberg 1996 , p. 31
  61. ↑ "'Godfather' Proves Crime Does Pay". St. Petersburg Times . New York Times Service. April 17, 1972. Archived from the original on 2022-04-23. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
  62. 1 2 Nancy, Hass (2000-05-28). "The Blockbuster Can No Longer Live By Muscle Alone". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2015-04-03. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  63. ↑ Pisani, Joseph (May 22, 2006). "The Biggest Summer Blockbusters". Business Week. Archived from the original on January 25, 2010. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
  64. ↑ Ayres, Alice; Alice Fordham (February 14, 2006). "Man who gave summer blockbuster its bite dies". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  65. ↑ Morris 2007 , p. 44
  66. ↑ "Jaws – Total Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 2010-03-11. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  67. ↑ Kennedy, Helen (1997-05-27). "Spielberg Takes Bite Out of Life". New York Daily News . Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  68. ↑ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" . Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  69. ↑ Buckland 2006 , p. 86
  70. ↑ "All Time Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 2011-10-22. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
  71. ↑ "Jaws 2". Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2006-12-08. Retrieved 2006-12-17.
  72. ↑ Kachmar 2002 , p. 80
  73. ↑ "Gossett Rises Above Bad Reviews of 'Jaws 3-D'". Jet. 64 (25). Johnson Publishing Company: 37. August 1983.
  74. 1 2 "JAWS 3-D". BoxOffice Mojo. Archived from the original on 2006-11-15. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
  75. 1 2 "Jaws 2". Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2007-04-10. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
  76. 1 2 "Jaws". Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2010-03-11. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
  77. ↑ "JAWS IV: THE REVENGE". Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
  78. ↑ "Business Data for Jaws: The Revenge (1987)". IMDb. 17 July 1987. Archived from the original on 2006-10-26. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
  79. ↑ "JAWS IV: THE REVENGE". Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2007-02-11.
  80. ↑ "Jaws (1975)". Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2021-01-10. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
  81. ↑ "Jaws". Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2021-11-20. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
  82. ↑ "Jaws 2 (1978)". Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2022-07-18. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
  83. ↑ "Jaws 2". Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2021-10-17. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
  84. 1 2 "Jaws 3-D". Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango. Archived from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  85. ↑ "Jaws 3-D". Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2022-04-23. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
  86. ↑ "Jaws the Revenge (1987)". Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2024-05-30. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
  87. ↑ "Jaws: The Revenge". Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2022-04-23. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  88. ↑ "CinemaScore". CinemaScore. Archived from the original on April 13, 2022. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
  89. ↑ "Rise of the blockbuster". BBC News Online . BBC. 16 November 2001. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  90. 1 2 3 Kachmar 2002 , p. 79
  91. ↑ Haflidason, Almar (31 July 2001). "Jaws 2 (1978)". bbc.co.uk . BBC. Archived from the original on 30 August 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
  92. ↑ Morris 1978 , p. 128
  93. ↑
  94. ↑ "Jaws 3-D". Variety . Reed Elsevier Inc. 1 January 1983. Archived from the original on 29 October 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2006.
  95. ↑ "DVD Review: Jaws 3". DVDown Under. 30 October 2001. Archived from the original on 24 August 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2006.
  96. ↑ Ebert, Roger (22 March 1996). "Wings Of Courage". Sun Times . RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2006.
  97. ↑ Winnert 1993 , p. 546
  98. ↑ Nashawaty, Chris (22 December 2007). "The 25 Worst Sequels Ever Made – 10. Jaws: The Revenge (1987)". Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2008.
  99. ↑ Ebert, Roger (20 July 1987). "Jaws the Revenge". Chicago Sun-Times . RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2006. Retrieved 18 September 2006.
  100. 1 2 Garrard 2004 , p. 153
  101. ↑ Garrard 2004 , p. 153, citing Ingram 2002 , p. 90
  102. ↑ Some attention is paid to Jaws from this perspective in Ingram 2002 , pp. 88–90
  103. ↑ Matessino, Michael (1999-09-24). "Letter in response to "A Study of Jaws' Incisive Overture To Close Off the Century"". filmscoremonthly.com. Archived from the original on 2006-10-17. Retrieved 2006-12-17.
  104. ↑ Friedman 2006 , p. 174
  105. 1 2 The Music of Jaws 2, Jaws 2 DVD, Written, directed and produced by Laurent Bouzereau
  106. ↑ Benjamin, AK (2000-09-25). "Jaws: The Revenge ***". Archived from the original on 2018-10-03. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
  107. ↑ Leigh, Spencer (9 January 2004). "Michael Small – Prolific film composer". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on February 10, 2011. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  108. ↑ McBride 1999 , p. 257
  109. ↑ Dossier Nocturno n.66. Il punto G. Guida al cinema di Enzo G. Castellari, Milano, Nocturno, 2008.
  110. ↑ "(2021) - release info - imdb". IMDb . Archived from the original on 2023-07-07. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
  111. ↑ Andrews 1999 , p. 115
  112. ↑ Reed, Chris (August 7, 2024). "The Awesome Jaws LEGO Set Is Now Available". IGN. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
  113. ↑ Kunkell, Bill (August 1988). "Video Gaming World". Computer Gaming World . p. 45.
  114. ↑ Marukpa (11 August 2006). "Jaws: the Computer Game". Lemonamiga. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  115. ↑ "Jaws". Lemon64. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  116. ↑ "Worst Game Everyone Played". GameSpot . CNET Networks, Inc. p. 8. Archived from the original on 31 March 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  117. ↑ "Jaws Surfaces on the iTunes App Store". IGN . Ziff Davis, LLC. 19 August 2010. Archived from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  118. ↑ Buffa, Chris (2016). "Jaws Revenge iPad Review". Modojo. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  119. ↑ Hester, Blake (8 August 2017). "Zen Studios Announces Three Classic Movie Themed Pinball Tables For 'Pinball FX3'". Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  120. ↑ "JAWS - Stern Pinball". Stern Pinball. 24 July 2024.
  121. ↑ "JAWS Terrorizes Once Again in New Mobile Game, JAWS.io". Universal Brand Development. Archived from the original on 2023-07-07. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
  122. ↑ Squires, John (2019-10-01). "The Official 'Jaws' Mobile Game Will Shut Down on October 31st". Bloody Disgusting!. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
  123. ↑ "Why Universal's Jaws Ride Was Really the Best Sequel to the Movie". Screen Rant . 14 September 2022. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  124. ↑ Trumbore, Dave (5 October 2015). "Watch the 'Jaws 19' Trailer and Enjoy a Pepsi Perfect". Collider . Complex Media, Inc. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  125. ↑ Jaws 19 Trailer Archived 2022-08-02 at the Wayback Machine YouTube
  126. ↑ Jaws 19 Archived 2022-04-25 at the Wayback Machine IMDb

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.