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The Zhou dynasty was a royal dynasty of China that followed the Shang dynasty. Having lasted 789 years,the Zhou dynasty was the longest dynastic regime in Chinese history. The military control of ancient China by the royal house,surnamed Ji,lasted from 1046 until 771 BC for a period known as the Western Zhou,and the political sphere of influence it created continued well into the Eastern Zhou period for another 500 years. The establishment date of 1046 BC is supported by the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project and David Pankenier,but David Nivison and Edward L. Shaughnessy date the establishment to 1045 BC.
The Spring and Autumn period in Chinese history lasted from approximately 770 to 481 BCE which corresponds roughly to the first half of the Eastern Zhou period. The period's name derives from the Spring and Autumn Annals,a chronicle of the state of Lu between 722 and 481 BCE,which tradition associates with Confucius. During this period,royal control over the various local polities eroded as regional lords increasingly exercised political autonomy,negotiating their own alliances,waging wars amongst themselves,up to defying the king's court in Luoyi. The gradual Partition of Jin,one of the most powerful states,is generally considered to mark the end of the Spring and Autumn period and the beginning of the Warring States period.
Qi,or Ch'i in Wade–Giles romanization,was a regional state of the Zhou dynasty in ancient China,whose rulers held titles of Hou (侯),then Gong,before declaring themselves independent Kings. Its capital was Linzi,located in present-day Shandong. Qi was founded shortly after the Zhou conquest of Shang,c. 1046 BCE. Its first monarch was Jiang Ziya,minister of King Wen and a legendary figure in Chinese culture. His family ruled Qi for several centuries before it was replaced by the Tian family in 386 BCE. Qi was the final surviving state to be annexed by Qin during its unification of China.
Xunzi,born Xun Kuang,was a Chinese philosopher of Confucianism during the late Warring States period. After his predecessors Confucius and Mencius,Xunzi is often ranked as the third great Confucian philosopher of antiquity. By his time,Confucianism had suffered considerable criticism from Daoist and Mohist thinkers,and Xunzi is traditionally regarded as a synthesizer of these traditions with earlier Confucian thought. The result was a thorough and cohesive revision of Confucianism,which was crucial to the philosophy's ability to flourish in the Han dynasty and throughout the later history of East Asia. His works were compiled in the eponymous Xunzi,and survive in excellent condition. Unlike other ancient compilations,his authorship of these texts is generally secure,though it is likely that Western Han Dynasty historian Liu Xiang organized them into their present form centuries after Xunzi's death.
Duke Huan of Qi,personal name Xiǎobái (小白),was the ruler of the State of Qi from 685 to 643 BC. Living during the chaotic Spring and Autumn period,as the Zhou dynasty's former vassal states fought each other for supremacy,Duke Huan and his long-time advisor Guan Zhong managed to transform Qi into China's most powerful polity. Duke Huan was eventually recognized by most of the Zhou states as well as the Zhou royal family as Hegemon of China. In this position,he fought off invasions of China by non-Zhou peoples and attempted to restore order throughout the lands. Toward the end of his more than forty-year-long reign,however,Duke Huan's power began to decline as he grew ill and Qi came to be embroiled in factional strife. Following his death in 643 BC,Qi completely lost its predominance.
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Duke Ling of Qi was from 581 to 554 BC ruler of the State of Qi,a major power during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. His personal name was LüHuan (呂環),ancestral name Jiang,and Duke Ling was his posthumous title. Duke Ling succeeded his father Duke Qing of Qi,who died in 582 BC after 17 years of reign.
Duke Jing of Qi was ruler of the State of Qi from 547 to 490 BC. Qi was a major power during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. His personal name was LüChujiu (呂杵臼),ancestral name Jiang,and Duke Jing was his posthumous title. After the years of unrest as two powerful ministers,Cui Zhu and Qing Feng,sought to control the state of Qi,Duke Jing appointed Yan Ying as his prime minister,and Qi entered a period of relative peace and prosperity.
An Ruzi,also called Yan Ruzi,was for a few months in 489 BC ruler of the State of Qi,a major power during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. His personal name was LüTu (呂荼),ancestral name Jiang,and An Ruzi was his posthumous title,ruzi meaning "little boy". Due to his short reign and young age he was not given the normal ducal title. He was known as Prince Tu before ascending the throne.
Duke Tai of Tian Qi was from 386 to 384 BC ruler of the State of Qi,a major power during the Warring States period of ancient China. He was the first Qi ruler from the House of Tian,replacing the House of Jiang that had ruled the state for over six centuries.
Yan,Marquis of Tian was from 383 to 375 BC ruler of the State of Qi,a major power during the Warring States period of ancient China. His personal name was Tián Yǎn (田剡),and ancestral name Gui.
Duke Huan of Tian Qi was from 374 to 357 BC ruler of the State of Qi,a major power during the Warring States period of ancient China. Duke Huan's personal name was Tian Wu (田午),and ancestral name Gui. His official posthumous title was simply Duke Huan of Qi,but he is commonly called Duke Huan of Tian Qi to be distinguished from the original Duke Huan of Qi from the House of Jiang,who was the first of the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn period.
The war of Qi's succession was a civil war in the State of Qi from 643 to 642 BCE,as the sons of Duke Huan of Qi fought against each other for the throne. Their struggle led to chaos in Qi and the intervention of several outside powers,until Duke Huan's intended heir,Prince Zhao,emerged victorious. Nevertheless,four of Prince Zhao's rival brothers remained at large and continued to conspire for the throne,leading to a succession crisis that plagued Qi for decades. As a result,the succession war and its consequences greatly weakened Qi,which lost its status as China's predominant state.
References
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- ↑ Makeham, John. Name and Actuality in Early Chinese Thought , pp. 249 f. SUNY Press, 1994. ISBN 0791419843, 9780791419847. Accessed 2 Nov 2012.
- 1 2 Harper, Donald & al. The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC . Cambridge Univ. Press, 1999.
- ↑ Peerenboom, Randall. Law and Morality in Ancient China: The Silk Manuscripts of Huang-Lao , pp. 224 ff. SUNY Press, 1993. ISBN 0791412377, 9780791412374.
- ↑ Bamboo Annals . "Annals of Wei". (in Chinese)
- ↑ Stockwell, Foster. A History of Information Storage and Retrieval . McFarland & Company, 2001. ISBN 0-7864-0840-5.
- 1 2 3 Sato, Masayuki. The Confucian Quest for Order: The Origin and Formation of the Political Thought of Xun Zi . Brill (Boston), 2003.
- ↑ "Discourses on Salt and Iron, chapter XI". Traditions of Exemplary Women. Translated by Esson W. Gale. Taipei, Taiwan: Ch'eng Wen. 1973. Retrieved 25 October 2015. From Discourses on Salt and Iron
- ↑ Kim, Hongkyung. The Old Master: A Syncretic Reading of the Laozi from the Mawangdui Text Onward . SUNY Press, 2012. ISBN 1438440111, 9781438440118.
- ↑ "Ruins of ancient academy sheds light on roots of Chinese civilization-Xinhua". Xinhua Net . Retrieved 2022-05-31.
