Józef Wybicki

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Józef Wybicki
Jozef Wybicki.PNG
Coat of arms
POL COA Rogala.svg
Rogala
Known forAuthor of the Polish national anthem "Mazurek Dąbrowskiego"
Born(1747-09-29)29 September 1747
Będomin, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (now Poland)
Died10 March 1822(1822-03-10) (aged 74)
Manieczki, Prussia (now Poland)
Buried Church of St. Adalbert, Poznań
Noble family Wybicki herbu (coat of arms) Rogala
Spouse(s)1. Kunegunda Wybicka, née Drwęska (1773–1775)
2. Estera Wybicka, née Wierusz-Kowalska (1780)
FatherPiotr Wybicki
MotherKonstancja Wybicka, née z Lniskich

Józef Rufin Wybicki (Polish pronunciation: [ˈjuzɛvvɨˈbit͡skʲi] ; 29 September 1747 – 10 March 1822) was a Polish nobleman, jurist, poet, political and military activist of Kashubian descent. [1] He is best remembered as the author of " Mazurek Dąbrowskiego " (English: "Dąbrowski's Mazurka"), which was adopted as the Polish national anthem in 1927.

Contents

Life

Manor house (dwor) of Jozef Wybicki in the village of Bedomin Manor House of Jozef Wybicki in Bedomin.JPG
Manor house (dwór) of Józef Wybicki in the village of Będomin

Wybicki was born in Będomin, in the region of Pomerania in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. [2] His family was Pomeranian nobility. [3]

He finished a Jesuit school, and in his youth was a junior court official. [3] In 1767, he worked at the Crown Tribunal in Bydgoszcz. [4] Wybicki was elected a deputy to the Repnin Sejm, the session of Polish parliament in 1767, on the eve of the First Partition of Poland. [2] Subsequently, he joined the insurgency known as the Confederation of Bar (1768–1772), aimed at opposing the Russian influence and king Stanisław August Poniatowski. [2] [3] He was one of the advisors (konsyliarz) of the Confederacy, acting as a diplomat. [5] After the failure of the uprising, he spent some time in the Netherlands, studying law at Leiden University. [3]

Jan Henryk Dabrowski and Wybicki met Napoleon in Berlin in 1806 DabrowskiWybickiNapoleon.jpg
Jan Henryk Dąbrowski and Wybicki met Napoleon in Berlin in 1806

Returning to Poland, in the 1770s and 1780s he was associated with the Commission of National Education. [2] He supported King Stanisław August Poniatowski and his proposed reforms. [2] [3] He helped draft the liberal Zamoyski Codex of laws of the late 1770s. [6] He was a Patriotic Party activist during the Great Sejm (1788–92) – though he was not one of its first deputies, during much of that time staying at his estate, writing and staging operas. [2] [3] He did, however, participate in the Great Sejm's deliberations, beginning in 1791. [6] In 1792, in the aftermath of the Polish–Russian War of 1792, like many of Poniatowski's supporters, he joined the Targowica Confederation. [7]

He participated in the Kościuszko Uprising (1794) [2] and was a member of the Military Section of the Provisional Council of the Duchy of Masovia. [8] During the uprising, he co-organized the Polish administration in the liberated city of Bydgoszcz. [4] After the failure of this insurrection he moved to France. [3]

Jozef Wybicki Jozef Wybicki 1805 (14441287) (cropped).jpg
Józef Wybicki

He was a close friend of both Tadeusz Kościuszko and Jan Henryk Dąbrowski. [9] With Dąbrowski he organized the Polish Legions in Italy, serving under Napoleon Bonaparte. [2] In 1797, while in Reggio Emilia, Italy, he wrote Mazurek Dąbrowskiego (Dąbrowski's Mazurek). [2] In 1806 he helped Dąbrowski organize the Greater Poland Uprising. [3]

After the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807, he held a number of positions in its Department of Justice, and continued working for it after the Duchy's transformation into Congress Poland. [3] In 1817 he became president of the Supreme Court of Congress Poland. [10]

He died on 10 March 1822 in Manieczki, then part of the Grand Duchy of Posen in the Prussian Partition of Poland. [2]

Works

Wybicki was a writer, journalist and a poet. [2] He wrote political-themed poems, plays and political treaties advocating reforms in Poland in the 1770s and 1780s. [2] [3] His works of that time analyzed the Polish political system, the concepts of liberty, and advocated for more rights for the peasantry. [11] He would also publish more political brochures in the 1800s, advocating for liberal reforms in the Duchy of Warsaw. [3]

Mazurek Dąbrowskiego (Dąbrowski's Mazurka) remains Wybicki's most famous creation. [3] It has been regarded as an unofficial national anthem since the November Uprising of 1831. [2] In 1927 the Mazurka was officially adopted as the Polish national anthem by the Polish parliament (Sejm). [3] [12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "JÓZEF WYBICKI". jozefwybicki.pl. Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Muzeum Hymnu Narodowego. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Bolesław Oleksowicz. "Józef WYBICKI". VIRTUAL LIBRARY OF POLISH LITERATURE. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Omer Bartov (2007). Erased: Vanishing Traces of Jewish Galicia in Present-day Ukraine. Princeton University Press. pp. 121–122. ISBN   978-0-691-13121-4.
  4. 1 2 Krzysztof Drozdowski. "Rocznica śmierci Józefa Wybickiego. Razem z generałem Dąbrowskim wyzwalał Bydgoszcz". Tygodnik Bydgoski (in Polish). Retrieved 12 March 2023.
  5. ↑ Mariana B. Michalika (1994). Kronika powstań polskich: 1794 – 1944 (in Polish). "Kronika"-Marian B. Michalik. p. 10. ISBN   978-83-86079-02-5.
  6. 1 2 Richard Butterwick (1 December 2011). The Polish Revolution and the Catholic Church, 1788–1792: A Political History. Oxford University Press. p. 285. ISBN   978-0-19-925033-2.
  7. ↑ Władysław Zajewski (1989). Józef Wybicki (in Polish). Książka i Wiedza. p. 10. ISBN   978-83-05-11947-4.
  8. ↑ Aleksander Kociszewski (1982). Pieśnią i szablą: rzecz o twórcy hymnu narodowego (in Polish). Iskry. p. 93. ISBN   978-83-207-0478-5.
  9. ↑ Agnieszka Barbara Nance (2008). Literary and Cultural Images of a Nation Without a State: The Case of Nineteenth-century Poland. Peter Lang. p. 141. ISBN   978-0-8204-7866-1.
  10. ↑ Jadwiga Lechicka (1962). Józef Wybicki (in Polish). Państw. Wyd. nauk. p. 167.
  11. ↑ Anna Grześkowiak-Krwawicz (17 August 2012). Queen Liberty: The Concept of Freedom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. BRILL. pp. 126–127. ISBN   978-90-04-23121-4.
  12. ↑ (in Polish) Dziennik Urzędowy Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych. 1927, nr 1 i 2
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