Kimmeridge Clay

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Kimmeridge Clay
Stratigraphic range: Kimmeridgian–Berriasian
Beach and cliffs, Egmont Bight - geograph.org.uk - 900296.jpg
Grey cliffs of Upper Kimmeridge Clay above the beach at Egmont Bight
Type Geological formation
Unit of Ancholme Group (onshore), Humber Group (offshore)
Sub-unitsBirch Sandstone Member
Burns Sandstone Member
Claymore Sandstone Member
Dirk Sandstone Member
Magnus Sandstone Member
Ptarmigan Sandstone Member
Ribble Sandstone Member
Underlies Portland Sand Formation, Speeton Clay Formation, Spilsby Sandstone
Overlies Ampthill Clay, Corallian Group
Lithology
Primary Mudstone
Other Siltstone, Sandstone, Conglomerate
Location
Region England (surface)
North Sea (subsurface)
Country United Kingdom
Type section
Named for Kimmeridge Bay
LocationType section - North Sea well 47/15- 1 at 885-919 m depth
Type area - coastal outcrops from Black Head, Weymouth to Chapman's Pool

The Kimmeridge Clay is a sedimentary deposit of fossiliferous marine clay which is of Late Jurassic to lowermost Cretaceous age and occurs in southern and eastern England and in the North Sea. [1] This rock formation is the major source rock for North Sea oil. The fossil fauna of the Kimmeridge Clay includes turtles, crocodiles, sauropods, plesiosaurs, pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs, as well as a number of invertebrate species.

Contents

Description

Kimmeridge Clay is named after the village of Kimmeridge on the Dorset coast of England, where it is well exposed and forms part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site. [2] Onshore, it is of Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) age and outcrops across England, in a band stretching from Dorset in the south-west, north-east to North Yorkshire. Offshore, it extends into the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian Stage) and it is found throughout the Southern, Central and Northern North Sea. [1]

The foundations of the Humber Bridge on the southern (Barton) side of the bridge are on Kimmeridge Clay beneath superficial deposits, under the Humber estuary. [3]

Economic importance

Kimmeridge Clay is of great economic importance, [2] being the major source rock for oil fields in the North Sea hydrocarbon province. [4] It has distinctive physical properties and log responses. [5]

Vertebrate fauna

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Fauna uncovered from the Kimmeridge Clay include: [6]

Ray-finned fish

Ray-finned fishes of the Kimmeridge clay Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionAbundanceNotesImages

Thrissops [7] [8]

Indeterminate

Dorset

Most common Kimmeridge clay fish, known from several complete specimens

Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Complete specimen Thrissops KC.jpg
Complete specimen

Pachythrissops

Indeterminate

Dorset

Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Allothrissops

Indeterminate

Dorset

Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Chondrostei

Indeterminate

Dorset

One specimen, a fin

Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Lepidotes

Indeterminate

Dorset

Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Gyrodus

Indeterminate

Dorset

Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Caturus

Indeterminate

Dorset

Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Caturus furcatus Caturus furcatus 337.jpg
Caturus furcatus

Aspidorhynchus

Indeterminate

Dorset

Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Hypsocormus

H.tenuirostris

Dorset

Rare

Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Pachycormus

Indeterminate

Dorset

Rare

Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Eurycormus

Indeterminate

Dorset

Rare, one complete specimen

Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Leptolepidae

Indeterminate

Dorset

Fairly common, multiple near complete specimens.

Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Lobe-finned fish

Lobe-finned fishes of the Kimmeridge clay Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionAbundanceNotesImages

Holophagus

Indeterminate

Dorset

One specimen, cranial material

Coelacanth. Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches. More than 2 metres long

Cartilaginous fish

Cartilaginous fishes of the Kimmeridge clay Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionAbundanceNotesImages

Asteracanthus

Indeterminate

Dorset

Known from many dorsal spines

Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Chimaera

Indeterminate

Known from many dorsal spines

Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Hybodus

Indeterminate

Known from many dorsal spines, perhaps a complete head

Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Ischyodus

Indeterminate

One specimen

Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Rhinobatidae

Indeterminate

Known from a complete specimen, and other isolated remains

Housed at the etches collection, discovered by Steve Etches

Kimmerobatis [9]

K. etchesi

Known from multiple partial skeletons

A spathobatid ray
Durnonovariaodus [10] D. maiseyiPectinatites pectinatus ammonite zoneOne partial skeletonA hybodontid

Turtles

Turtles of the Kimmeridge clay Formation
GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionAbundanceNotesImages
Craspedochelys C. passmoreiSwindon"NHMUK R5871 (holotype), subcomplete shell with associated postcranial remains, including parts of the girdles, the left humerus, and partial cervical vertebrae" [11] Thalassochelydian sea turtle
Achelonia A. formosaEly, Cambridgeshire"CAMSM J29898 to CAMSM J29955 (holotype), a partial, disarticulated skeleton" [11] Thalassochelydian sea turtle, formerly considered the distinct species "Enaliochelyschelonia" [12]
Pelobatochelys P. blakiiWeymouthCarapace fragments Thalassochelydian sea turtle
Plesiochelys [13] P. etalloni"basicranium with partial otic chambers and fragment of the right maxilla" Thalassochelydian sea turtle
Thalassemys T. bruntrutana, T. hugiiIsle of Purbeck (bruntrutana), Abingdon, Oxfordshire (hugii)"A partial carapace and associated limb and girdle elements (NHMUK R8699)" (Purbeck) "A large shell (OUMNH J.66966)" (Oxfordshire) [13] Thalassochelydian sea turtle
Tropidemys [13] P. langiiWeymouth"NHMUK OR44178b, an isolated neural; NHMUK OR45920, right costals 1–3; NHMUK OR45921, a left first costal; NHMUK R2733, a left fourth costal" Thalassochelydian sea turtle

Archosaurs

Thalattosuchians

GenusSpeciesLocationMemberAbundanceNotesImages

Bathysuchus

B. megarhinus

A pelagic teleosaurid. [14]

Cricosaurus Enaliosuchus BW.jpg
Cricosaurus
Dakosaurus Dakosaurus, Cricosaurus, and ichthyosaurs by durbed.jpg
Dakosaurus
Plesiosuchus Plesiosuchus restoration.png
Plesiosuchus
Torvoneustes Torvoneustes carpenteri.jpg
Torvoneustes

Cricosaurus

C. gracilis

A metriorhynchine metriorhynchid

Dakosaurus

D. maximus

A geosaurine metriorhynchid

Metriorhynchus

M. brevirostris

A metriorhynchine metriorhynchid

Plesiosuchus

P. manseli

A geosaurine metriorhynchid

Torvoneustes [15] [16]

T. carpenteri [15]

A geosaurine metriorhynchid

T. coryphaeus [17]

A geosaurine metriorhynchid

Ornithischians

Indeterminate ankylosaur osteoderms have been found in Wiltshire, England. [18] Indeterminate stegosaurid remains have been found in Dorset and Wiltshire, England. [6]

GenusSpeciesLocationMemberAbundanceNotesImages

Cumnoria [6]

C. prestwichii [6]

  • Oxfordshire [6]

"Fragmentary skull and skeleton." [19]

Iguanodontian
Cumnoria Cumnoria NT.jpg
Cumnoria
Dacentrurus Dacentrurus armatus.png
Dacentrurus

Dacentrurus [6]

D. armatus [6]

vertebrae, a massive right femur (thigh bone), ribs and a near complete pelvis.

Stegosaur. Wiltshire remains include specimens previously referred to Omosaurus armatus and O. hastiger. [6]

Ornithopoda

Indeterminate [6]

Kimmeridge clay remains considered to represent a possible close relative of Bugenasaura [20] are now regarded as the remains of an indeterminate euornithopod. [6] (The specimen may have had its locality and horizon mislabelled.)

Omosaurus [6]

O.armatus [6]

Reclassified as Dacentrurus armatus because the generic name Omosaurus was preoccupied. [6]

O. hastiger [6]

Saurischians

Indeterminate ornithomimmid remains have been found in Dorset, England. [6] An undescribed theropod genus was found in Dorset. [6]

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic positionMaterialNotesImages

Bothriospondylus [6]

B. suffosus [6]

"[Seven] dorsal and sacral centra." [21]

Considered a nomen dubium.
Juratyrant Juratyrant signed.jpg
Juratyrant

Cetiosaurus [6]

C. humerocristatus [6]

Now Duriatitan . [22]

Indeterminate [6]

  • Oxfordshire [6]

Remains previously referred to an indeterminate species of Cetiosaurus are now regarded as indeterminate sauropod material. [6]

Duriatitan

D. humerocristatus

Humerus [23]

A titanosauriform [22]

Gigantosaurus [6]

G. megalonyx [6]

  • Cambridgeshire [6]

Remains previously referred to Gigantosaurus megalonyx are now regarded as indeterminate sauropod material. [6]

" Ischyrosaurus " [6]

I. manseli [6]

  • Oxfordshire [6]

"Humerus." [24]

Remains previously referred to Ischyrosaurus manseli are now regarded as indeterminate sauropod material. [6]

Juratyrant [25] [26]

J. langhami

  • Dorset

Partial skeleton

A primitive tyrannosaur

Torvosaurus [27] Indeterminate
  • Swindon, Dorset
Tibia (OUMNH J.29886) and maxilla fragment, collected separatelyA megalosaurid

Theropoda [6]

Indeterminate

A tooth from Foxhangers, Wiltshire (NHMUK 46388), phalanges from an unspecified locality in Wiltshire (DZSWS 3009), and a proximal caudal vertebra from Shotover, Oxfordshire (OUMNH J.47134). [27]

Remains previously referred to Megalosaurus are now regarded as indeterminate theropod material. [6]

Sauropoda [6]

Indeterminate [6]

  • Oxfordshire [6]
  • Cambridgeshire [6]
  • Norfolk [6]

Remains previously attributed to one or more indeterminate species of Ornithopsis (incl. O. leedsii) are now regarded as possible indeterminate sauropod material. [6]

Pterosaurs

GenusSpecieslocationMaterialNotesImages
Cuspicephalus [28] C. scarfi

Dorset

Partial SkullMissing Crest, lower jaw and dentition
Cuspicephalus Cuspicephalus NT.jpg
Cuspicephalus
Rhamphorhynchus Rhamphorhynchus DB.jpg
Rhamphorhynchus

Rhamphorhynchus

R.etchesi

Dorset

Ctenochasmatoidea

indeterminate [29]

Abingdon, Oxfordshire

Left first wing finger phalanx

Germanodactylus

indeterminate

Dorset

Plesiosaurs

GenusSpeciesLocationMemberAbundanceNotesImages

Bathyspondylus

B. swindoniensis

Plesiosaur of unknown affinities

Kimmerosaurus Kimmerosaurus.png
Kimmerosaurus
Pliosaurus brachydeirus PliosaurusDB12.jpg
Pliosaurus brachydeirus

Colymbosaurus

C. megadeirus

A cryptoclidid

C. trochantericus

Nomen dubium

Kimmerosaurus

K. langhami

A cryptoclidid

Plesiosaurus

"P." manseli

Distinct from Colymbosaurus. [30]

Pliosaurus [31] [32]

P. brachydeirus

A thalassophonean pliosaurid

P. brachyspondylus [31]

Nomen dubium

P. carpenteri

A thalassophonean pliosaurid

P. kevani

A thalassophonean pliosaurid

P. portentificus [33]

A nomen dubium

P. ?rossicus

A thalassophonean pliosaurid; taxonomic identification of specimens tentative [31]

P. westburyensis

A thalassophonean pliosaurid

P. sp. 1

Partial skeleton, CAMSM J.35991

A thalassophonean pliosaurid; previously assigned to the nomen dubiumP. brachyspondylus [31] [32]

P. sp. 2

Mandible, NHMUK PV OR 39362

A thalassophonean pliosaurid; previously assigned to the nomen dubiumP. macromerus [31] [32]

Spitrasaurus

Indeterminate

Ichthyosaurs

GenusSpeciesLocationStratigraphic PositionAbundanceNotesImages

Brachypterygius

B.extremus

Dorset

Brachypterygius Brachypterygius NT small.jpg
Brachypterygius
Grendelius Otshevia2DB.jpg
Grendelius
Nannopterygius Yasikovia2.jpg
Nannopterygius
Thalassodraco Thalassodraco holotype.jpg
Thalassodraco
Ophthalmosaurus Ophthalmosaurus BW.jpg
Ophthalmosaurus

Grendelius

G.mordax

Dorset

Ichthyosauridae

Indeterminate

Dorset

Giant, near complete specimen. Proposed to have been 6 metres long when complete. Housed at the Etches collection in dorset.

Macropterygius

M.trigonus

Dorset

Nomen dubium - classified by a single vertebra

Nannopterygius

N.enthekiodon

Dorset

Thalassodraco

T. etchesi

Dorset

The Pectinatites pectinatus ammonite zone

Ophthalmosaurus

Indeterminate

Dorset

Invertebrates

An aptychus with the name Trigonellites latus, from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation Trigonellites latus.jpg
An aptychus with the name Trigonellites latus, from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation

The invertebrate fauna of the Kimmeridge Clay includes: [34] [35]

See also

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References

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  26. Brusatte, S.L.; Benson, R.B.J. (2013). "The systematics of Late Jurassic tyrannosauroids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Europe and North America". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 58 (1): 47–54. doi: 10.4202/app.2011.0141 . hdl: 20.500.11820/31f38145-54e7-48f8-819a-262601e93f2b .
  27. 1 2 Carrano, Matthew T.; Benson, Roger B. J.; Sampson, Scott D. (June 2012). "The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10 (2): 211–300. Bibcode:2012JSPal..10..211C. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.630927. ISSN   1477-2019. S2CID   85354215.
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  31. 1 2 3 4 5 Roger B. J. Benson; Mark Evans; Adam S. Smith; Judyth Sassoon; Scott Moore-Faye; Hilary F. Ketchum; Richard Forrest (2013). "A Giant Pliosaurid Skull from the Late Jurassic of England". PLOS ONE. 8 (5): e65989. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...865989B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065989 . PMC   3669260 . PMID   23741520.
  32. 1 2 3 Espen M. Knutsen (2012). "A taxonomic revision of the genus Pliosaurus (Owen, 1841a) Owen, 1841b". Norwegian Journal of Geology. 92 (2–3): 259–276. ISSN   0029-196X. Low resolution pdf Archived 2013-12-24 at the Wayback Machine High resolution pdf Archived 2013-12-24 at the Wayback Machine
  33. Noè, L. F.; Smith, D. T. J.; Walton, D. I. (2004). "A new species of Kimmeridgian pliosaur (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) and its bearing on the nomenclature of Liopleurodon macromerus". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 115 (1): 13–24. Bibcode:2004PrGA..115...13N. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(04)80031-2.
  34. http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Student-s-Elements-of-Geology7.html The Student's Elements of Geology by Sir Charles Lyell Part 7 out of 14 accessed 13 February 2009.
  35. Wignall, Paul B. (1990). "Benthic palaeoecology of the late Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay of England" (PDF). Special Papers in Palaeontology. 43. The Palaeontological Association, London. ISBN   978-0-901702-42-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2011.

Bibliography

Further reading