Lake Mendota

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Lake Mendota
Sailboats on Lake Mendota.JPG
Boats headed toward south shore in Madison
USA Wisconsin relief location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Lake Mendota
Location Dane County, Wisconsin, U.S.
Coordinates 43°06′24″N89°25′29″W / 43.10667°N 89.42472°W / 43.10667; -89.42472
Type Natural freshwater lake
Primary inflows Yahara River
Primary outflows Yahara River
Catchment area 562 km2 (217 sq mi)
Basin  countriesUnited States
Max. length5.62 mi (9.04 km)
Max. width4.11 mi (6.61 km)
Surface area9,740 acres (3,940 ha) (39.4 sq. km)
Average depth12.8 m (42 ft) [1]
Max. depth25.3 m (83 ft) [1]
Water volume500 million cubic metres (18×10^9 cu ft)
Residence time 4.5 years
Shore length121.6 mi (34.8 km)
Surface elevation259 m (850 ft)
FrozenDecember 20 (average freezing date)
Settlements Madison, Middleton, Shorewood Hills, Maple Bluff, Westport
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

Lake Mendota is a freshwater eutrophic lake that is the northernmost and largest of the four lakes in Madison, Wisconsin. [2] The lake borders Madison on the north, east, and south, Middleton on the west, Shorewood Hills on the southwest, Maple Bluff on the northeast, and Westport on the northwest. [3] Lake Mendota acquired its present name in 1849 following a proposal by a surveyor named Frank Hudson, who claimed to be familiar with local Native American languages; Lyman C. Draper, the first corresponding secretary of the Wisconsin Historical Society, proposed that 'Mendota' could have been a Chippewa word meaning 'large' or 'great.' [4]

Contents

Early history

Lake Mendota originated after the Wisconsin glaciation, which occurred approximately 15,000 years ago. Glacial ice, which had covered the Madison lakes (Lakes Mendota, Monona, Kegonsa, and Waubesa) [5] at a thickness of over 300 meters, began to retreat northwest about 14,000 years ago, damming a glacial lake near the City of Middleton that now serves as the source of water for Pheasant Branch, a creek that drains from the east into Lake Mendota. Water left behind by the retreating glaciers eventually filled the current lake bed of Lake Mendota. Although a large lake that stretched from the northern part of Lake Mendota down to Stoughton did exist for about 1,000 years, falling water levels caused this large lake to separate into the four current Madison lakes about 10,000 years ago, leaving numerous shallow-water marshes between those lakes. [6]

Lake Mendota, Madison, Wisconsin, a painting by Joseph Rusling Meeker, c. 1870-71 Brooklyn Museum - Lake Mendota, Madison, Wisconsin - Joseph Rusling Meeker - overall.jpg
Lake Mendota, Madison, Wisconsin, a painting by Joseph Rusling Meeker, c. 1870-71

According to reports from European settlers in the early nineteenth century, Lake Mendota once had white sand beaches and clear water, with the sand being calcium carbonate, which continually entered the lake from its gypsum-rich watershed. However, after American settlers began to populate Madison, the physical characteristics of the once-mesotrophic lake [2] began to rapidly change. This was largely due to the Tenney Locks, which were constructed in 1849 to regulate shipping through the Madison Isthmus and led to a four-foot increase in the water level in Lake Mendota, submerging the beaches. Additionally, due to the growth of the Wisconsin dairy industry in the late nineteenth century, Lake Mendota was repeatedly inundated with runoff from nearby farms that caused the lake bed to become dark black, the color of prairie soil. The resulting spikes in the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus turned Lake Mendota into a eutrophic lake. The degree of eutrophication was so high that in 1882, Edward Asahel Birge, a young zoologist and future president of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, documented Lake Mendota's first known toxic cyanobacterial blooms in conjunction with his collaborator Chancey Juday, marking the first step toward long-term studies of Lake Mendota. [7]

Geography

Lake Mendota and Lake Monona are separated by an isthmus known as the Madison Isthmus, on which the majority of Madison, WI, is located. [8] While the lakes are separated by dry ground, they are connected by the Yahara River. Navigation along this portion of the Yahara River is controlled by the Tenney Park Lock and Dam, which was constructed to allow shallow drafting boats to cross this dredged section of river through what was once wetlands. Today, the Tenney Park Locks also help to maintain water levels in the Madison lakes, as under normal conditions, the water level in Lake Mendota is kept five feet above that in Lake Monona. By contrast, when water levels are too high, the Tenney Park Dam is closed to minimize flow from Lake Mendota into Lake Monona and Lake Waubesa, while when water levels are too low, all the dams along the Yahara River are opened to maximize water flow. [9] [10] In early 2021, Dane County obtained an Ellicott 'Dragon Dredge' as a means of reducing the consequences of flooding from the Yahara River and the Madison lakes by removing silt and muck deposits that have accumulated for decades at choke points between the lakes. This acquisition was part of a multi-million dollar flood mitigation effort led by Dane County Executive Joe Parisi dating back to 2019, when historic rains inundated creeks and caused the waters of Lake Monona to rise to their highest levels in over a century, that would allow Dane County to more efficiently move large volumes of water between the Madison lakes to avoid similar catastrophic impacts from flooding. [11]

The banks of the lake largely contain expensive luxury homes and condominiums, but they also contain protected natural areas and parks, including James Madison Park, as well as UW-Madison housing, the Memorial Union, and a handful of hotels and restaurants. [12] [13] There are at least 25 boat launching sites and several major marinas serving the Yahara chain of lakes. [14] The city of Madison maintains five beaches on Lake Mendota, three of which are staffed with lifeguards. [15] On a typical summer day, the lake is filled with those engaging in water sports, including boating, fishing, water skiing, wakeboarding, tubing, canoeing, windsurfing, kayaking, and sailing. [16] [17] With an average freeze date of December 20, Lake Mendota is used in the winter by sports enthusiasts for ice boating, ice skating, ice fishing, cross-country skiing, ice hockey and snowkiting. [18]

The Wisconsin State Capitol and much of the state government is located on the narrow Madison Isthmus, and the University of Wisconsin–Madison campus is situated along the southern shore of Lake Mendota. [19] [20] In the early 20th century, Chancey Juday and Edward A. Birge founded an influential school of limnology there as a component of the university, which was reorganized and expanded into the Center for Limnology in July 1982. [21] The university's Hoofer Sailing Club operates at the Memorial Union. [17]

Lake study

Lake Mendota has been called "the most studied lake in the world," with the UW–Madison Center for Limnology resting on its southern bank. [22] The lake has a remote sensor buoy, affectionately known as 'David Buoy,' that is part of the Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network. The buoy was first anchored in Lake Mendota in 2008 and has collected data in each subsequent year from early spring until late fall, when it is removed before the lake freezes in the winter. Several of the lake and atmospheric data collected by the buoy include wind direction, wind speed, air temperature, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll. [23] In March 2021, researchers from the Center for Limnology concluded that climate change and the associated lengthening of summer weather have driven the annual formation of dead zones in Lake Mendota, which are oxygen-deficient layers deep in the water column. These dead zones have been shown to remain in the lake for up to two months in the summer and have the potential to devastate the habitats of benthic fish. The increasing eutrophication of Lake Mendota has led to an increased frequency of harmful algal blooms, which sink to the bottom of the lake when they die. Once at the bottom, they are broken down by decomposers via a process that requires oxygen, thus depleting the benthic supply of oxygen and forming dead zones. In the absence of programs designed to mitigate climate change locally, the researchers indicated that the only way to reduce the frequency and severity of the dead zones is to limit the amount of fertilizer and nutrients that flow into Lake Mendota. [24] [25]

On September 11, 2009, the invasive spiny water flea was discovered by the limnology class at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, making it the third known inland lake to harbor this species in Wisconsin. [26] Scientists from the Long Term Ecological Research Network had initially believed that Lake Mendota was an unsuitable habitat for the spiny water flea, which prefers cold lakes, as limnologists from the North Temperate Lakes site of the LTER had conducted over three decades of sampling trips into the lake and had never found a single spiny water flea. However, after extracting sediment cores from Lake Mendota and analyzing them at the UW–Madison Zoological Museum, researchers found evidence that spiny water fleas had been present in low concentrations in the lake for at least a decade before their sudden population increase in 2009. This conforms with recent research proposing that invasive species can spend years or decades as "sleeper populations," remaining at low population densities until environmental conditions become favorable for explosive population growth, at which point they are detected by researchers. [27] [28] In 2015, a reproducing population of invasive zebra mussels was found in Lake Mendota, which generated concern among ecologists because the mussels have been linked to increases in the frequency of cyanobacteria blooms and beach closures. [29]

Biodiversity

Lake Mendota, like the other lakes in the Yahara River chain, contains many native aquatic plant species, which are the primary producers of the lake and serve as the foundation for aquatic food webs as well as shelter for northern pike and yellow perch, both of which are native fish species. A 2017 ecological survey of the Yahara lakes conducted by the Dane County Land & Water Resources Department found 24 aquatic plant species, including the coontail, muskgrass, common waterweed, small duckweed, American lotus, variable pondweed, wild celery, and common bladderwort. These native plant species play a role in partially mitigating the increasing eutrophication of Lake Mendota, as they absorb phosphorus and produce dissolved oxygen, and they aid in preserving the physical structure of the lake via their root systems, which stabilize sediment and limit shoreline erosion. [30] The draining and damming of the wetlands that once surrounded Lake Mendota caused extensive losses of fish spawning areas, though about 34 fish species are still common in the lake, including the northern pike, white bass, walleye, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, and musky. [2] [31] Starting in 2006, the University of Wisconsin-Madison Lakeshore Nature Preserve began to catalogue the bird species found in and around Lake Mendota, and, so far, over 255 bird species, most of which regularly occur in southern Wisconsin, have been spotted during their annual migrations. Some of the bird species found in the Nature Preserve include the blue jay, American goldfinch, Baltimore oriole, bald eagle, great horned owl, marsh wren, and common loon. [32]

However, in recent decades, Lake Mendota has become increasingly eutrophic, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources has documented the presence of numerous invasive species of both plants and animals in the lake. Eutrophication has caused a rapid increase in the abundance of aquatic plants and in the frequency of harmful algal blooms, with the latter being attributable to cyanobacteria. [2] The dominant genera of cyanobacteria in Lake Mendota include Aphanizomenon , Anabaena , and Microcystis , [33] with yearly cyanobacterial blooms occurring in almost every Madison lake since 2017. [34] [35] There are various invasive species in Lake Mendota, including the curly-leaf pondweed, Eurasian water-milfoil, freshwater jellyfish, spiny water flea, water lettuce, and zebra mussel. [36] The spiny water flea in particular has led to devastating ecological consequences in Lake Mendota, as it consumes the native zooplankton Daphnia pulicaria , which has led to marked decreases in water clarity due to increases in the population size of phytoplankton, which are the preferred prey of D. pulicaria. [37]

Pan of Lake Lake Mendota in Fall.jpg
Lake Mendota as seen from the University Bay landing in the fall of 2008

Artifacts

On November 2, 2021, a team from the Wisconsin Historical Society raised a dugout canoe to the surface of Lake Mendota. It was discovered by marine archeologist Tamara Thomsen and SCUBA assistant Mallory Dragt while joyriding on their scooters in June of 2021. At 1200 years old, it was the oldest known sunken boat/shipwreck in Wisconsin at that time. [38]

On September 22, 2022, a team from the Wisconsin Historical Society raised a dugout canoe to the surface of Lake Mendota. At 3000 years old, it is now the oldest known sunken boat/shipwreck in Wisconsin [39]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eutrophication</span> Excessive plant growth in response to excess nutrient availability

Eutrophication is the "explosive growth of microorganisms, to the extent that dissolved oxygen is depleted". Other definitions emphasize the role of excessive nutrient supply: "excessive plant growth resulting from nutrient enrichment". and phosphorus. It has also been defined as "nutrient-induced increase in phytoplankton productivity".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madison, Wisconsin</span> Capital of Wisconsin, United States

Madison is the capital city of the state of Wisconsin and the county seat of Dane County. As of the 2020 census the population was 269,840, making it the second most populous city in Wisconsin after Milwaukee, and the 80th most populous in the United States. Madison is named for American Founding Father and President James Madison.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dane County, Wisconsin</span> County in Wisconsin, United States

Dane County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 561,504, making it the second-most populous county in Wisconsin after Milwaukee. The county seat is Madison, which is also the state capital.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monona Terrace</span> Convention centre in Madison, WI, USA

Monona Terrace is a convention center on the shores of Lake Monona in Madison, Wisconsin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Monona</span>

Lake Monona is a freshwater drainage lake in Dane County, Wisconsin, surrounded on three sides by the city of Madison, Wisconsin, and on the south east side by the city of Monona, Wisconsin. It is the second-largest of a chain of four lakes along the Yahara River in the area and forms the south shore of the isthmus that forms downtown Madison. The name 'Monona' is a word believed to mean 'beautiful', although the lake was originally named by the Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) 'Tchee-ho-bo-kee-xa-te-la' or 'Teepee Lake'.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Wingra</span>

Lake Wingra is a small lake located inside the city limits of the U.S. city of Madison, Wisconsin. The smallest of the five major lakes drained by the Yahara River in Dane County, Lake Wingra is bordered by the University of Wisconsin–Madison Arboretum on the south and west and the City of Madison on the remaining shoreline. The lake is considered an important fishery and is known for spring runs of large muskellunge. Henry Vilas Zoo, Wingra Boats, Wingra Park, and Edgewood College are located on the Lake's northern shoreline. The majority of the shoreline is publicly owned.

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Governor Nelson State Park is a 422-acre (171 ha) Wisconsin state park located outside of Waunakee, Wisconsin in the town of Westport on the north shore of Lake Mendota. It is named for former Wisconsin Governor Gaylord Nelson. On most days the Wisconsin State Capitol building can be seen in nearby Madison. Common activities include boating, fishing, picnicking and swimming. There is also a boat launch and a swimming area for pets. Away from the lake one can find restored prairie and savanna, effigy mounds, hiking trails and ski trails. Governor Nelson State Park is one of the few Wisconsin state parks that does not allow overnight camping.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yahara River</span> River in Wisconsin, United States

The Yahara River is a tributary of the Rock River in southern Wisconsin. It is about 62 miles (100 km) long, and drains an area of 536 square miles (1,390 km2). Via the Rock River, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River. The Yahara River links the lakes around which the city of Madison was built.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flag of Madison, Wisconsin</span> Municipal flag

The flag of Madison, Wisconsin, includes a sky blue background with a diagonal white stripe that goes from the bottom left corner to the top right which symbolizes Lake Mendota, Lake Monona and the isthmus between them. At the center of the flag is a black cross, which symbolizes the four lakes, as well as the cross shape of the Wisconsin State Capitol. The gold circle in the middle represents the Wisconsin State Capitol's dome.

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Monomictic lakes are holomictic lakes that mix from top to bottom during one mixing period each year. Monomictic lakes may be subdivided into cold and warm types.

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The University of Wisconsin–Madison Lakeshore Nature Preserve is a 300-acre (1.2 km2) nature reserve along 4 miles (6.4 km) of the southern shore of Lake Mendota. The preserve's primary goals are to protect native plant and animal communities, as well as to uphold the campus's signature natural landscapes, all while providing an educational facility for the university.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bernard-Hoover Boathouse</span> United States historic place

The Bernard-Hoover Boathouse was built in 1915 on the shore of Lake Mendota on the isthmus in Madison, Wisconsin. Today it sits in James Madison Park - the oldest standing boathouse on Lake Mendota, a remnant of an era when commercial boating thrived in the "city of the four lakes." In 1981 the boathouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tenney Park – Yahara River Parkway</span> United States historic place

The Tenney Park – Yahara River Parkway is a path located in Madison, Wisconsin.

References

  1. 1 2 "North Temperate Lakes: Long-term ecological research network". North Temperate Lakes. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Lake Mendota" (PDF). Yahara Waterways. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 19, 2022. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  3. ↑ "Lake Mendota – Dane County, Wisconsin DNR Lake Map" (PDF). Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. July 1981. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  4. ↑ Hart, John (July 29, 2018). "How did the lakes get their names?". Wisconsin State Journal. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  5. ↑ Patenaude, Joel (July 19, 2017). "The 5 lakes of Madison". WISC-TV. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  6. ↑ Brock, Thomas D. (1985). "Chapter 1: Introduction". A Eutrophic Lake: Lake Mendota, Wisconsin. New York City: Springer-Verlag. pp. 6–7. ISBN   978-1-4612-6451-4 . Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  7. ↑ Eyck, Masarah Van (August 29, 2016). "Lake Mendota: a scientific biography". University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  8. ↑ "Madison Wisconsin on an isthmus between Lakes Mendota and Monona in Dane County". Wisconsin Historical Society. 2009. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  9. ↑ "Tenney Park Lock and Dam". Dane County Parks. 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  10. ↑ "Lake Water Levels". Clean Lakes Alliance. 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
  11. ↑ Hubbuch, Chris (March 23, 2021). "Dane County buys dredge in effort to prevent flooding on Yahara Chain of Lakes". Wisconsin State Journal. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  12. ↑ "Lake Mendota Real Estate Guide". Lauer Reality Group. April 9, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  13. ↑ "Lake Mendota – Dane County Parks" (PDF). Dane County Parks. 2003. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  14. ↑ "Boating and Lake Access". Dane County Parks. 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  15. ↑ "Beaches". City of Madison Parks Division. 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  16. ↑ "Wisconsin Hoofers Outing Club". Archived from the original on December 27, 2008. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
  17. 1 2 "Hoofer Sailing Club". Sailing Club: Wisconsin Hoofers. 2008. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
  18. ↑ White, Laurel (March 14, 2015). "'It's just pure joy': Snow kiting becoming popular in Madison". The Capital Times. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  19. ↑ "Wisconsin State Capitol Exterior". Wisconsin State Capitol Tour. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  20. ↑ "Lake Mendota". University of Wisconsin-Madison Lakeshore Nature Preserve. 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  21. ↑ "Limnology at the University of Wisconsin". University of Wisconsin Regents. 2009. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
  22. ↑ "About the Center for Limnology". University of Wisconsin Regents. 2009. Retrieved September 22, 2009.
  23. ↑ "The Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (GLEON)" (PDF). North American Lake Management Society. 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  24. ↑ Chester, Jonah (March 17, 2021). "Climate Change Prolonging 'Dead Zones' In Lake Mendota". WORT. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  25. ↑ Ladwig, Robert; Hanson, Paul C.; Dugan, Hilary A.; Carey, Cayelan C.; Zhang, Yu; Shu, Lele; Duffy, Christopher J.; Cobourn, Kelly M. (February 25, 2021). "Lake thermal structure drives interannual variability in summer anoxia dynamics in a eutrophic lake over 37 years". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 25 (2): 1009–1032. Bibcode:2021HESS...25.1009L. doi: 10.5194/hess-25-1009-2021 . Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  26. ↑ Tenenbaum, Dave (September 16, 2009). "UW–Madison undergraduates make unwelcome discovery in Lake Mendota". Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. Retrieved September 22, 2009.
  27. ↑ Hinterthuer, Adam (February 25, 2021). "Invasive species often start as undetected "sleeper populations"". University of Wisconsin-Madison News. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  28. ↑ Spear, Michael J.; Walsh, Jake R.; Ricciardi, Anthony; Zanden, M. Jake Vander (January 27, 2021). "The Invasion Ecology of Sleeper Populations: Prevalence, Persistence, and Abrupt Shifts". BioScience. 71 (4): 357–369. doi: 10.1093/biosci/biaa168 . hdl: 10019.1/120912 . ISSN   0006-3568 . Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  29. ↑ "Lake Mendota". Clean Lakes Alliance. 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
  30. ↑ "Aquatic Plants". Clean Lakes Alliance. 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  31. ↑ "Lake Mendota". Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  32. ↑ "Birds of the Lakeshore Nature Preserve". University of Wisconsin-Madison Lakeshore Nature Preserve. 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  33. ↑ Fallon, R. D.; Brock, T. D. (July 11, 1979). "Lytic Organisms and Photooxidative Effects: Influence on Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) in Lake Mendota, Wisconsin" (PDF). Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 38 (3): 499–505. Bibcode:1979ApEnM..38..499F. doi:10.1128/aem.38.3.499-505.1979. PMC   243523 . PMID   16345436 . Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  34. ↑ "Massive Blue-Green Algae Bloom Stretches Across Lake Mendota". University of Wisconsin-Madison Water Blogged: The Science & Stories of the Center for Limnology. June 7, 2018. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  35. ↑ McCoy, Mary Kate (June 16, 2020). "First Blue-Green Algae Blooms Appear On Madison Area Lakes". Wisconsin Public Radio. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  36. ↑ "Aquatic Invasive Species – Dane County". Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  37. ↑ Gillis, Michael K.; Walsh, Matthew R. (May 7, 2017). "Rapid evolution mitigates the ecological consequences of an invasive species (Bythotrephes longimanus) in lakes in Wisconsin". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 284 (1858). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0814 . PMC   5524501 . PMID   28679729.
  38. ↑ Villarreal Scuba divingfirst=Alexandra (November 7, 2021). "'Extraordinarily rare': intact 1,200-year-old canoe recovered from Wisconsin lake".
  39. ↑ "Archaeologists recover second ancient canoe in Wisconsin Lake". September 22, 2022.
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