Leader of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia

Leader of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Emblems of the LCY
Longest serving Josip Broz Tito 5 January 1939 – 4 May 1980
Seat	Palace of Socio-Political Organisations, Belgrade (1964–91) [1] Marx and Engels Square, Belgrade (1945–1964) [1]
Appointer	Presidency (1980–90) Central Committee (1919–80)
Constituting instrument	Statute of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Formation	23 April 1919
First holder	Filip Filipović
Final holder	Miroslav Ivanović
Abolished	22 January 1991

The office of leader of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) was first established on 23 April 1919 under the name "Secretary of the Central Committee" (later renamed "Political Secretary of the Central Committee" at the 3rd Congress in 1926). However, in reality, power in this period was shared in a collective leadership with the "Technical Secretary of the Central Committee" (later renamed "Organisational Secretary of the Central Committee" in 1926). When the office of political secretary changed its name on 8 December 1936 to "General Secretary of the Central Committee", the position became more powerful. It kept that name until its abolishment on 4 October 1966, when it was replaced by the "President of the Central Committee". This office lasted until 15 March 1969, when it was replaced by the office of the president of the LCY. Upon the death of Josip Broz Tito, the office of president of the LCY Central Committee was replaced with the "President of the Presidency of the LCY Central Committee". This office lasted a decade. With several branches having already left the LCY, the remaining members of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress established the office of "Coordinator of the Presidency of the Central Committee" on 23 May 1990. Three days later, on 26 May, the 14th Congress reconvened and elected a provisional leadership, with the leader holding the office of "Chairman of the Committee for the Preparation of the Congress of Democratic and Programmatic Renewal of the Central Committee". For most of its existence, the officeholder was the de facto leader of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Institutional history

With the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes on 1 December 1918, the socialist movements of the different provinces, chiefly the Serbian Social Democratic Party and the Social Democratic Party of Bosnia–Herzegovina, sought to unify the movement by creating an all-Yugoslav party. ^[2] The LCY's founding congress, held on 20–23 April 1919, established this party and named it the Socialist Labour Party of Yugoslavia (Communists). The party organisation was led by the offices of secretary and technical secretary of the Central Council. ^[3] The congress elected two secretaries; Filip Filipović and Živko Topalović. Of the two, Filipović was of the highest rank and acted informally as the party's first secretary, that is, party leader. Vladimir Ćopić, the elected technical secretary, was third-ranked in the leadership. ^[4]

The 2nd Congress, convened on 20–25 June 1920, renamed the party the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY). It also established the office of president of the Central Council, which existed alongside the offices of secretary and technical secretary until the party's banning in 1921. ^[4] The ban forced the party underground, and a new leadership headed by Triša Kaclerović was established by the 2nd Session of the Central Council of the 2nd Congress, held on 2–3 June 1921. ^[5] An indirect consequence of the ban was that the offices of president and technical secretary were abolished. At the 3rd CPY Congress, held on 17–22 May 1926, the secretaryship was named political secretary while the Central Council was renamed the Central Committee. From then on, the party leader's formal title was political secretary of the party Central Committee. With the party facing fierce troubles during the 1920s and early 1930s, the leadership was continually reorganised by the Communist International (Comintern). On 8 December 1936, the Executive Committee of the Comintern decided to designate the incumbent political secretary, Milan Gorkić, as general secretary of the CPY Central Committee. ^[6] The name change informally consolidated Gorkić's powers, in part because the Soviet communist party was headed by a general secretary. Gorkić held the post for less than a year due to being recalled to the Soviet Union in the middle of 1937, where he was accused of counter-revolutionary activities and executed by state authorities. ^[7]

The general secretary presided over the work of the Politburo, the party's political organ, and led the work of the Secretariat, the party's executive organ. The most powerful members of the Politburo concurrently served as members of the Secretariat. ^[8] The four secretaries that made up the Secretariat (Tito, Aleksandar Ranković, Edvard Kardelj and Milovan Djilas) had considerable informal influence on the Politburo. They would often decide on policies before meetings and get the Politburo to rubber stamp them. ^[9] Tito, as general secretary, had considerable influence over the selection of the composition of the central committee and its Politburo. ^[10]

During the 1940s, Tito, the sitting general secretary, began abrogating the responsibilities of the Politburo and centralising power in his own hands. According to Ranković, a member of both the Politburo and the Secretariat, exchanges between the Yugoslav party and its Soviet counterpart were hidden from the Politburo. Upon asking Tito at a Politburo session to publicise this information to the gathered attendees, Tito responded, "I am the [general secretary] of the party. I have the right to decide what to tell you and the others." ^[11] During World War II, Tito, as general secretary, was also elected the chairman of the Military Committee of the CPY Central Committee on 10 April 1940. ^[12] This institution was later transformed into the Supreme Headquarters of the People's Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia, which was transformed into a state institution with the establishment of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY) on 31 January 1946. The FPRY was established as a people's democratic state and adopted a communist form of government where the communist party had seized a monopoly on state power by having a two-thirds majority in the highest state organ of power, that is, the National Assembly. ^[13] These power relations between the general secretary and the remainder of the party leadership remained intact until the dissolution of the Secretariat in 1966. ^[14]

The 5th Session of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress, held on 4 October 1966, abolished the general secretary and the executive committee and replaced them with the office of president of the LCY Central Committee and the LCY Presidency. ^[14] The 9th LCY Congress, held on 11–15 March 1969, adopted a statute that abolished the LCY Central Committee and replaced it with an annually convened conference. That meant that, by extension, the office of president of the LCY Central Committee was abolished and replaced by the office of president of the LCY. It was the responsibility of the president of the LCY to direct the work of the presidency as well as to convene and preside over its meetings. During sessions of the presidency, the conference and at the congress, the LCY president had the right to raise questions. Up until the election of the working presidency, the LCY president was responsible for inaugurating and presiding over the congress and conference. It was the incumbent's responsibility to maintain communication with the LCY republican branches, to represent the LCY abroad, and to present and defend the LCY's policies and practices. ^[15] The statute adopted at the 9th LCY Congress stated that the president was elected by the congress and was accountable to it, the conference, and the presidency. ^[16]

At the 10th Congress of the LCY, held on 27–30 May 1974, the Central Committee was reestablished. Tito was elected to serve an unlimited term as the president of the LCY by the 10th Congress. This decision was later reconfirmed by the 11th LCY Congress, held on 20–23 June 1978, and the decision was incorporated into the party statute. ^[17] Despite serving an unlimited term, Tito as president of the LCY remained accountable to the LCY Central Committee. ^[18] Earlier, at the 2nd Conference on 25–27 January 1972, the office of "Secretary of the Executive Bureau of the Presidency of the Central Committee" was established, with the Slovene Stane Dolanc as its first officeholder, and two years before Tito's death, on 19 October 1978, the presidency established the office of "Chairman of the Presidency of the Central Committee". ^[19] The president of the LCY functioned as the primus inter pares of these three offices. ^[20] After Tito's death, the LCY Central Committee opted to abolish the office of president of the LCY and rename the chairmanship the president of the presidency. ^[21] The president of the presidency was limited to a one-year term, and the secretary of the presidency to a two-year term limit. ^[20]

The LCY Presidency elected the president of the presidency from among its members. The elected president of the presidency had to be from a different republic or autonomous province than the secretary of the presidency. ^[22] The president of the presidency was to preside over the sessions of the presidency, and in conjunction with the presidency secretary, the relevant presidency member in charge of the specific policy area in question and the executive secretaries could set the agenda for sessions of the presidency. ^[23] Per party rules, the officeholder had to maintain contact with individual presidency members and the presidency as a whole alongside the secretary of the presidency. Only after consulting with individual members and the secretary could the incumbent implement the work programme and decisions adopted by the LCY Central Committee and the presidency. ^[24] The officeholder was an ex officio member of the state presidency until the party backed constitutional amendments that removed this right. ^[25] By right of office, the president of the presidency was also a member of the LCY Central Committee delegation to the Conference of the Socialist Alliance of Working People. ^[26]

At the 26th Session of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress, held on 11 September 1989, Bosnian Croat Ivan Brigić, who led the work on formulating amendments to the party statute at the upcoming 14th Congress, proposed abolishing the presidency and replacing it with a new executive body and abolishing the office of president of the presidency and reintroducing the post of president of the LCY Central Committee, who could serve for a two-year term. ^[27] The 14th Congress, when it first convened on 20–22 January, failed to elect an LCY Central Committee, adopt a new programme and party statute. The sitting president of the presidency, Milan Pančevski, who was originally going to step down at the congress, continued to serve until his term expired on 17 May, but no successor was elected to replace him. When the 32nd Session of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress convened on 23 May, it elected Montenegrin presidency member Miomir Grbović as coordinator instead of acting president of the presidency. ^[28] Three days later, on 26 May, the 14th Congress elected a provisional leadership to convene the 15th LCY Congress. It failed in its task, and on 22 January 1991, it—the last federal organ of the LCY—self-dissolved. ^[29]

Institutional history of the highest-standing office of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia

Title	Established	Abolished	Established by	Ref.
Secretary of the Central Council of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia Serbo-Croatian: Sekretar Centralnog saveta Komunističke partije Jugoslavije	23 April 1919	22 May 1926	1st Congress	[30]
Technical Secretary of the Central Council of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia Serbo-Croatian: Tehnički sekretar Centralnog saveta Komunističke partije Jugoslavije	23 April 1919	3 June 1921		[31]
President of the Central Council of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia Serbo-Croatian: Predsednik Centralnog saveta Komunističke partije Jugoslavije	24 June 1920	3 June 1921	2nd Congress	[31]
Political Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia Serbo-Croatian: Politički sekretar Centralnog komiteta Komunističke partije Jugoslavije	22 May 1926	8 December 1936	3rd Congress	[30]
Organisational Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia Serbo-Croatian: Organizacioni sekretar Centralnog komiteta Komunističke partije Jugoslavije	22 May 1926	8 December 1936		[32]
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia Serbo-Croatian: Generalni sekretar Centralnog komiteta Saveza komunista Jugoslavije	8 December 1936	4 October 1966	Communist International	[6]
President of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia Serbo-Croatian: Predsednik Centralnog komiteta Saveza komunista Jugoslavije	4 October 1966	15 March 1969	5th Session of the 8th Central Committee	[14]
President of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia Serbo-Croatian: Predsednik Saveza komunista Jugoslavije	15 March 1969	29 June 1982	9th Congress	[33]
President of the Presidency of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia Serbo-Croatian: Predsednik Predsedništva Centralnog komiteta Saveza komunista Jugoslavije	4 May 1980	23 May 1990	11th Session of the 11th Central Committee	[34]
Coordinator of the Presidency of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia Serbo-Croatian: Koordinator Predsedništva Centralnog komiteta Saveza komunista Jugoslavije	23 May 1990	26 May 1990	32nd Session of the 13th Central Committee	[35]
Chairman of the Committee for the Preparation of the Congress of Democratic and Programmatic Renewal of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia Serbo-Croatian: Predsednik Odbora za pripremu kongresa demokratske i programske obnove Centralnog komiteta Saveza komunista Jugoslavije	26 May 1990	22 January 1991	14th Extraordinary Congress	[36]

Collective leadership (1919–36)

Political Secretary

Political secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia

No.	Officeholder		Took office	Left office	Tenure	Term	Birth	PM	Death	Ethnicity	Ref.
1		Filip Filipović	23 April 1919	3 June 1921	2 years, 41 days	1st–2nd (1919–26)	1878	1919	1938	Serb	[37]
1		Živko Topalović	23 April 1919	24 June 1920	1 year, 62 days	1st (1919–20)	1886	1919	1972	Serb	[3]
2		Sima Marković	24 June 1920	3 June 1921	344 days	2nd (1920–26)	1888	1919	1939	Serb	[38]
3		Triša Kaclerović	3 June 1921	17 July 1922	1 year, 45 days	2nd (1920–26)	1879	1919	1964	Serb	[39]
2		Sima Marković	17 July 1922	12 May 1923	299 days	2nd (1920–26)	1888	1919	1939	Serb	[40]
3		Triša Kaclerović	12 May 1923	22 May 1926	3 years, 10 days	2nd (1920–26)	1879	1919	1964	Serb	[41]
2		Sima Marković	22 May 1926	1 December 1927	1 year, 193 days	3rd (1926–28)	1888	1919	1939	Serb	[42]
4		Đuro Cvijić	1 December 1927	13 April 1928	134 days	3rd (1926–28)	1896	1919	1938	Croat	[43]
1		Filip Filipović	13 April 1928	27 November 1928	228 days	3rd (1926–28)	1878	1919	1938	Serb	[44]
5		Jovan Mališić	27 November 1928	11 August 1930	1 year, 257 days	4th (1928–48)	1902	1919	1939	Montenegrin	[45]
1		Filip Filipović	6 September 1930	2 April 1932	1 year, 209 days	4th (1928–48)	1878	1919	1938	Serb	[46]
6		Milan Gorkić	27 April 1932	8 December 1936	4 years, 225 days	4th (1928–48)	1904	1919	1937	Czech	[47]

Organisational Secretary

Organisational secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia

No.	Officeholder		Took office	Left office	Tenure	Term	Birth	PM	Death	Ethnicity	Ref.
1		Vladimir Ćopić	23 April 1919	2 August 1921	2 years, 101 days	1st–2nd (1919–26)	1891	1919	1939	Serb	[48]
2		Radomir Vujović	22 May 1926	1 December 1927	1 year, 193 days	3rd (1926–28)	1895	1925	1938	Serb	[49]
3		Jakob Žorga	1 December 1927	13 April 1928	134 days	3rd (1926–28)	1888	1919	1942	Slovene	[50]
4		Đuro Đaković	17 June 1928	25 April 1929	312 days	3rd–4th (1926–48)	1886	1919	1929	Croat	[51]
5		Antun Mavrak	6 September 1930	December 1931	Unclear	4th (1928–48)	1899	1924	1938	Croat	[52]
6		Josip Broz Tito	September 1936	8 December 1936	Unclear	4th (1928–48)	1892	1920	1980	Croat	[53]

President

Presidents of the Central Council of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia

No.	Officeholder		Took office	Left office	Tenure	Term	Birth	PM	Death	Ethnicity	Ref.
1		Pavle Pavlović	24 June 1920	2 August 1921	1 year, 39 days	2nd (1920–26)	1888	1919	1971	Serb	[54]
1		Jakov Lastrić	24 June 1920	2 August 1921	1 year, 39 days	2nd (1920–26)	1885	1919	1938	Croat	[55]

Officeholders (1936–91)

Leaders of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia

No.	Officeholder		Took office	Left office	Tenure	Term	Birth	PM	Death	Branch	Ethnicity	Ref.
1		Milan Gorkić	8 December 1936	23 October 1937	319 days	4th (1928–48)	1904	1919	1937	No branch	Czech	[47]
2		Josip Broz Tito	5 January 1939	4 May 1980	41 years, 120 days	4th–11th (1928–82)	1892	1920	1980	No branch	Croat	[56]
3		Stevan Doronjski	4 May 1980	20 October 1980	169 days	11th (1978–82)	1919	1939	1981	Vojvodina	Serb	[57]
4		Lazar Mojsov	20 October 1980	20 October 1981	1 year	11th (1978–82)	1920	1940	2011	Macedonia	Macedonian	[58]
5		Dušan Dragosavac	20 October 1981	29 June 1982	252 days	11th (1978–82)	1919	1940	2014	Croatia	Serb	[59]
6		Mitja Ribičič	29 June 1982	30 June 1983	1 year, 1 day	12th (1982–86)	1919	1941	2013	Slovenia	Slovene	[60]
7		Dragoslav Marković	30 June 1983	26 June 1984	362 days	12th (1982–86)	1920	1939	2005	Serbia	Serb	[61]
8		Ali Šukrija	26 June 1984	25 June 1985	364 days	12th (1982–86)	1919	1939	2005	Kosovo	Albanian	[62]
9		Vidoje Žarković	25 June 1985	28 June 1986	1 year, 3 days	12th (1982–86)	1927	1943	2000	Montenegro	Montenegrin	[63]
10		Milanko Renovica	28 June 1986	30 June 1987	1 year, 2 days	13th (1986–90)	1928	1947	2013	Bosnia-Herzegovina	Serb	[64]
11		Boško Krunić	28 June 1987	30 June 1988	1 year, 2 days	13th (1986–90)	1929	1946	2017	Vojvodina	Serb	[65]
12		Stipe Šuvar	30 June 1988	17 May 1989	321 days	13th (1986–90)	1936	1955	2004	Croatia	Croat	[66]
13		Milan Pančevski	17 May 1989	17 May 1990	1 year	13th (1986–90)	1935	1957	2019	Macedonia	Macedonian	[67]
14		Miomir Grbović	17 May 1990	26 May 1990	9 days	13th (1986–90)	1951	1973	Alive	Montenegro	Montenegrin	[68]
15		Miroslav Ivanović (as chairman)	26 May 1990	22 January 1991	241 days	PROV (1990–91)	1955	?	Alive	Montenegro	Montenegrin	[69]

References

Archives

• Staff writer (30 May 1990). "Odbor za pripremu" [Preparation Committee]. Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
• Staff writer (January 1974). "Adoption of New Constitution.-Election of New Assembly of Federal Republic. - Marshal Tito elected President of Federal Republic for Unlimited Term, - New Collective Presidency and Federal Executive Council. - 10th Congress of League of Communists of Yugoslavia. - Related Developments". Keesing's Record of World Events. 20 (1). Keesing’s Record of World Events.
• Staff writer (October 1978). "Elections to Federal Assembly - Appointment of New Vice-President of Collective Presidency - New Federal Executive Council - 11th Congress of League of Communists". Keesing's Record of World Events. 24 (1). Keesing’s Record of World Events.
• Staff writer (May 1990). "New state President–Warning on country's disintegration–Non-communist governments in Slovenia and Croatia". Keesing's Record of World Events. 36 (5). Keesing’s Record of World Events.
• Torov, Ivan (1990). "Pancevski Replaced by Grbovic as LCY Chief". Daily Report: East Europe. Vol. 101–110. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 46.
• Vojinović, M. (10 March 2001). "Kako su se socijalisti dočepali ogromne imovine početkom devedesetih: Leva ruka, desni džep" [How socialists got hold of huge assets in the early nineties: Left hand, right pocket]. Glas javnosti (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
• Trgo, Fabijan (1966). "Survey of the People's Liberation War". Marxists.org. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013.

Books

• League of Communists of Croatia (1978). "Osmi kongres Savez komunista Hrvatske" [8th Congress of the League of Communists of Croatia]. Stenografske bilješke. 4 (8). League of Communists of Croatia.
• Историја Савеза комуниста Југославије[History of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia] (in Serbo-Croatian). Publishing Center "Komunist"; Narodna knjiga; Rad. 1985. COBISS   68649479
• Andrejevich, Milan (1989). "Yugoslav Views on Pluralism and Poland". Situation Report (18 September 1989). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research: 3–10.
• Banac, Ivo (2018). With Stalin against Tito: Cominformist Splits in Yugoslav Communism. Cornell University Press. ISBN   978-1-5017-2083-3.
• Bilandžić, Dušan; Cetinić, Marin; Damjanović, Pero; Gardašević, Milena; Hardi, Ali; Hadžirović, Ahmed; Končar, Ranko; Kresal; Radoje, Pajović; Vidak, Perić; Popivoda, Krsto; Radovanović, Milija; Stankovski, Boško; Stojanović, Stanislav; Šarac, Džemil; Živković, Dušan (1980). Hronologija radničkog pokreta i SKJ: 1919–1979[Chronology of the Labour Movement and the LCY: 1919–1979] (in Serbo-Croatian). Vol. 1: 1919–1941. Narodna Knjiga / Institutt za Savremenu Istoriju.
• Burg, Steven L. (1983). Conflict and Cohesion in Socialist Yugoslavia: Political Decision Making since 1966. Princeton University Press. ISBN   0-691-07651-0.
• Calic, Marie-Janine (2019). A History of Yugoslavia. Purdue University Press. ISBN   978-1-55753-838-3.
• Carter, April (1982). Democratic Reform in Yugoslavia: The Changing Role of the Party. Frances Pinter Publishers. ISBN   0-903804-88-3.
• Dedijer, Vladimir (1981). A Novi prilozi za biografiju Josipa Broza Tita[New Contributions to the Biography of Josip Broz Tito]. Liburnija.
• Djokić, Dejan (2023). A Concise History of Serbia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9781107028388.
• Drachkovitch, Milorad (1973). Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern. Hoover Institution Press. ISBN   9780817984038.
• Đurašković, Đuro (1982). Osam Sekretara Partije[The Eighth Secretaries of the Party] (in Serbo-Croatian). Privredni pregled.
• Filipović, Filip; Kesić, Stojan (1987). Sabrana dela: Avgust 1916-Sredina Novembra 1919. godine[Collected Works: August 1916-Mid-November 1919] (in Serbo-Croatian). Institut za savremenu istoriju.
• Johnson, A. Ross (1983). "Political Leadership in Yugoslavia: Evolution of the League of Communists" (PDF). Rand Publications Series: The Report . United States Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
• Klemenčič, Matjaž; Žagar, Mitja (2004). The Former Yugoslavia's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. ISBN   978-1-57607-294-3.
• Kravchenko, Leonid Petrovich (1990). Кто есть кто в мировой политике[Who's Who in World Politics] (in Russian). Publishing House of Political Literature. ISBN   9785250005135.
• Lampe, John R. (2000). Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-77357-1.
• League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1969). "The Statute of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia". Ninth Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. Aktuelna Pitanja Socijalizma. pp. 207–229. ISBN   90-247-2975-0.
• Lewytzkyj, Borys; Stroynowski, Juliusz, eds. (1978). Who's Who in the Socialist Countries. K. G. Saur Verlag. ISBN   3-7940-3017-6.
• McCrea, Barbara P. (1969). The Yugoslav Communist Party: Decentralization and Reorganization (Thesis). Western Michigan University. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
• Morača, Pero; Bilandžić, Dušan; Stojanović, Stanislav (1977). Istorija Saveza Komunista Jugoslavije[History of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia] (in Serbo-Croatian). Izdavačko preduzeće Rad knjige.
• Pijade, Moša (1964). Izabrani spisi[Selected Writings] (in Serbo-Croatian). Vol. 1. Institut za izučavanje radničkog pokreta.
• Pirjevec, Jože (2018). Tito and His Comrades. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN   9780299317706.
• Pleterski, Janko; Kecić, Danilo; Vasić, Miroljub; Damjanović, Pero; Trgo, Fabijan; Morača, Pero; Petranović, Branko; Bilandžić, Dušan; Stojanović, Stanislav (1985). Povijest Saveza komunista Jugoslavije[History of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia] (in Serbo-Croatian). Izdavački Centar Komunist / Narodna Knjiga / Rad.
• Plut-Pregelj, Leopoldina; Kranjc, Gregor; Lazarević, Žarko; Rogel, Carole (2018). Historical Dictionary of Slovenia. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN   9781538111062.
• Rajović, Radošin, ed. (1970). Jugoslovenski savremenici: Ko je ko u Jugoslaviji[Yugoslav Contemporaries: Who's Who in Yugoslavia] (in Serbo-Croatian). Hronometar.
• Simons, Williams B.; White, Stephen, eds. (1984). "The Statute of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia". The Party Statutes of the Communist World. Law in Eastern Europe. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 485–533. ISBN   90-247-2975-0.
• Singleton, Frederick Bernard (1985). A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521274852.
• Stanković, Slobodan (1981). Staar, Richard F. (ed.). The End of the Tito Era: Yugoslavia's Dilemmas. Hoover International Studies. Hoover Institution Press. ISBN   9780817973629.
• Stroynowski, Juliusz, ed. (1989a). Who's Who in the Socialist Countries of Europe: A–H. K. G. Saur Verlag. ISBN   3-598-10719-6.
• Stroynowski, Juliusz, ed. (1989b). Who's Who in the Socialist Countries of Europe: I–O. K. G. Saur Verlag. ISBN   3-598-10719-6.
• Stroynowski, Juliusz, ed. (1989c). Who's Who in the Socialist Countries of Europe: P–Z. K. G. Saur Verlag. ISBN   3-598-10719-6.
• Tito, Josip Broz (1980). The Party of the Revolution: Fifth Conference of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, 1940. Socialist Thought and Practice.
• Tito, Josip Broz (1981). Damjanović, Pero (ed.). Sabrana Djela: Maj 1926 – Avgust 1928[Collected Works: May 1926 – August 1928]. Belgrade, SFR Yugoslavia: Beogradski izdavačko-grafički zavod.
• Tito, Josip Broz (1982). Damjanović, Pero; Vujošević, Ubavka (eds.). Sabrana djela: Oktobar 1940-April 1941[Selected Works: 1940 – April 1941] (in Serbo-Croatian). Institut za savremenu istoriju.
• Vinterhalter, Vilko (1972). In the Path of Tito. Abacus Press. ISBN   9780856260117.

Journals

• Engelsfeld, Neda (1972). "Rad kluba komunističkih poslanika u plenumu Ustavotvorne skupštine (u prosincu 1920. i u siječnju 1921.)" [Work of the Communist Delegates' Club in the Constitutional Assembly (in December 1920 and January 1921)]. Radovi: Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu (in Croatian). 2 (1). Zagreb, Croatia: University of Zagreb: 181–262. ISSN   0353-295X.

Footnotes

1. Calic 2019, pp. 195–197.
2. Engelsfeld 1972, p. 187.
3. Pleterski et al. 1985, p. 64.
4. Dedijer 1981, p. 336.
5. Đurašković 1982, p. 75.
6. Vinterhalter 1972, pp. 147–148; Burg 1983, p. 33; McCrea 1969, p. 172; Johnson 1983, p. 15; Carter 1982, p. 43; Tito 1980, p. 589.
7. Drachkovitch 1973, p. 127.
8. History of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia 1985, pp. 104–106.
9. Pirjevec 2018, p. 153.
10. Pirjevec 2018, p. 59.
11. Pirjevec 2018, pp. 63–64.
12. Trgo 1966.
13. Trgo 1966; Lampe 2000, pp. 226–240.
14. Burg 1983, p. 33; McCrea 1969, p. 172; Johnson 1983, p. 15; Carter 1982, p. 43.
15. 1969, Article 66 of the "Statute of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia" of the 9th Congress.
16. 1969, Article 67 of the "Statute of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia" of the 9th Congress.
17. Staff writer 1974, p. 26655; Staff writer 1978, p. 29236.
18. Staff writer 1974, p. 26655.
19. Johnson 1983, p. 21; Stanković 1981, p. 74.
20. Burg 1983, p. 317; Stanković 1981, p. 74.
21. Burg 1983, p. 327.
22. 1982, Article 83 of the "Statute of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia" of the 12th Congress.
23. Stanković 1981, p. 74.
24. Stanković 1981, p. 75.
25. Klemenčič & Žagar 2004, pp. 281–282.
26. 1982, Article 84 of the "Statute of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia" of the 12th Congress.
27. Andrejevich 1989, p. 9.
28. Torov 1990, p. 46.
29. Vojinović 2001.
30. Pleterski et al. 1985, p. 64; Vinterhalter 1972, pp. 147–148; Tito 1980, p. 589.
31. Tito 1980, p. 589; Đurašković 1982, p. 75; Pleterski et al. 1985, p. 64.
32. Pleterski et al. 1985, p. 64; Tito 1980, p. 589.
33. 1969, Article 66 of the "Statute of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia" of the 9th Congress; Burg 1983, p. 33; McCrea 1969, p. 172; Johnson 1983, p. 15; Carter 1982, p. 43.
34. Johnson 1983, p. 21; Stanković 1981, pp. 74–75.
35. Staff writer 1990, p. 37463; Torov 1990, p. 46.
36. Staff writer 1990, p. 37463; Slobodna Dalmacija 1990; Vojinović 2001.
37. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 99–100; Morača, Bilandžić & Stojanović 1977, pp. 22–23; Đurašković 1982, p. 75.
38. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 259–260; Morača, Bilandžić & Stojanović 1977, p. 22; Đurašković 1982, p. 75.
39. Drachkovitch 1973, p. 174; Đurašković 1982, p. 75; Banac 2018, p. 52.
40. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 259–260.
41. Banac 2018, p. 52; Drachkovitch 1973, p. 174.
42. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 259–260; Tito 1981, p. 239.
43. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 69–70; Tito 1981, p. 239.
44. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 99–100.
45. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 250–251; Bilandžić et al. 1980, p. 173; Đurašković 1982, p. 184.
46. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 99–100; Đurašković 1982, pp. 39–41.
47. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 126–127; Tito 1980, p. 147.
48. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 67–68.
49. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 431–432.
50. Tito 1982, p. 325; Drachkovitch 1973, p. 457; Tito 1981, p. 239.
51. Tito 1980, p. 147; Bilandžić et al. 1980, p. 173; Đurašković 1982, p. 129.
52. Drachkovitch 1973, p. 265; Đurašković 1982, pp. 39–40.
53. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 41–42; Burg 1983, p. 20.
54. Filipović & Kesić 1987, p. 579.
55. Pijade 1964, p. 831.
56. Rajović 1970, pp. 126–128; Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 41–42; Stanković 1981, p. 131; Singleton 1985, p. 271; Pirjevec 2018, p. 46.
57. Rajović 1970, pp. 217–218; Lewytzkyj & Stroynowski 1978, p. 132; Singleton 1985, p. 271.
58. Rajović 1970, pp. 688–689; Lewytzkyj & Stroynowski 1978, pp. 413–414; Singleton 1985, p. 271; Stroynowski 1989b, p. 796.
59. Rajović 1970, p. 221; Stroynowski 1989a, p. 257.
60. Rajović 1970, p. 898; Lewytzkyj & Stroynowski 1978, p. 513; Stroynowski 1989c, p. 989; Plut-Pregelj et al. 2018, pp. 476–477.
61. Rajović 1970, pp. 609–610; Stroynowski 1989b, p. 739.
62. Lewytzkyj & Stroynowski 1978, p. 597; Stroynowski 1989c, p. 1143.
63. Rajović 1970, pp. 1197–1198; Lewytzkyj & Stroynowski 1978, p. 696; Stroynowski 1989c, p. 1342.
64. Rajović 1970, p. 896; Stroynowski 1989c, p. 986.
65. Rajović 1970, pp. 526–527; Stroynowski 1989b, p. 632.
66. Rajović 1970, p. 1058; League of Communists of Croatia 1978, p. 25; Djokić 2023, p. 462.
67. Rajović 1970, p. 754; Stroynowski 1989c, pp. 887–888.
68. Staff writer 1990, p. 37463; Torov 1990, p. 46; Kravchenko 1990, p. 124.
69. Slobodna Dalmacija 1990; Vojinović 2001.