Leader of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia

Last updated
Leader of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Emblem of the LCY.svg Emblem of the LCY inverted.svg
Emblems of the LCY
Josip Broz Tito uniform portrait.jpg
Longest serving
Josip Broz Tito

5 January 1939 – 4 May 1980
Seat Palace of Socio-Political Organisations, Belgrade
(1964–91) [1]
Marx and Engels Square, Belgrade
(1945–1964) [1]
Appointer Presidency (1980–90)
Central Committee (1919–80)
Constituting instrument Statute of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Formation23 April 1919
First holder Filip Filipović
Final holder Miroslav Ivanović
Abolished22 January 1991

The office of leader of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) was first established on 23 April 1919 under the name "Secretary of the Central Committee" (later renamed "Political Secretary of the Central Committee" at the 3rd Congress in 1926). However, in reality, power in this period was shared in a collective leadership with the "Technical Secretary of the Central Committee" (later renamed "Organisational Secretary of the Central Committee" in 1926). When the office of political secretary changed its name on 8 December 1936 to "General Secretary of the Central Committee", the position became more powerful. It kept that name until its abolishment on 4 October 1966, when it was replaced by the "President of the Central Committee". This office lasted until 15 March 1969, when it was replaced by the office of the president of the LCY. Upon the death of Josip Broz Tito, the office of president of the LCY Central Committee was replaced with the "President of the Presidency of the LCY Central Committee". This office lasted a decade. With several branches having already left the LCY, the remaining members of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress established the office of "Coordinator of the Presidency of the Central Committee" on 23 May 1990. Three days later, on 26 May, the 14th Congress reconvened and elected a provisional leadership, with the leader holding the office of "Chairman of the Committee for the Preparation of the Congress of Democratic and Programmatic Renewal of the Central Committee". For most of its existence, the officeholder was the de facto leader of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Contents

Institutional history

With the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes on 1 December 1918, the socialist movements of the different provinces, chiefly the Serbian Social Democratic Party and the Social Democratic Party of Bosnia–Herzegovina, sought to unify the movement by creating an all-Yugoslav party. [2] The LCY's founding congress, held on 20–23 April 1919, established this party and named it the Socialist Labour Party of Yugoslavia (Communists). The party organisation was led by the offices of secretary and technical secretary of the Central Council. [3] The congress elected two secretaries; Filip Filipović and Živko Topalović. Of the two, Filipović was of the highest rank and acted informally as the party's first secretary, that is, party leader. Vladimir Ćopić, the elected technical secretary, was third-ranked in the leadership. [4]

The 2nd Congress, convened on 20–25 June 1920, renamed the party the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY). It also established the office of president of the Central Council, which existed alongside the offices of secretary and technical secretary until the party's banning in 1921. [4] The ban forced the party underground, and a new leadership headed by Triša Kaclerović was established by the 2nd Session of the Central Council of the 2nd Congress, held on 2–3 June 1921. [5] An indirect consequence of the ban was that the offices of president and technical secretary were abolished. At the 3rd CPY Congress, held on 17–22 May 1926, the secretaryship was named political secretary while the Central Council was renamed the Central Committee. From then on, the party leader's formal title was political secretary of the party Central Committee. With the party facing fierce troubles during the 1920s and early 1930s, the leadership was continually reorganised by the Communist International (Comintern). On 8 December 1936, the Executive Committee of the Comintern decided to designate the incumbent political secretary, Milan Gorkić, as general secretary of the CPY Central Committee. [6] The name change informally consolidated Gorkić's powers, in part because the Soviet communist party was headed by a general secretary. Gorkić held the post for less than a year due to being recalled to the Soviet Union in the middle of 1937, where he was accused of counter-revolutionary activities and executed by state authorities. [7]

The general secretary presided over the work of the Politburo, the party's political organ, and led the work of the Secretariat, the party's executive organ. The most powerful members of the Politburo concurrently served as members of the Secretariat. [8] The four secretaries that made up the Secretariat (Tito, Aleksandar Ranković, Edvard Kardelj and Milovan Djilas) had considerable informal influence on the Politburo. They would often decide on policies before meetings and get the Politburo to rubber stamp them. [9] Tito, as general secretary, had considerable influence over the selection of the composition of the central committee and its Politburo. [10]

During the 1940s, Tito, the sitting general secretary, began abrogating the responsibilities of the Politburo and centralising power in his own hands. According to Ranković, a member of both the Politburo and the Secretariat, exchanges between the Yugoslav party and its Soviet counterpart were hidden from the Politburo. Upon asking Tito at a Politburo session to publicise this information to the gathered attendees, Tito responded, "I am the [general secretary] of the party. I have the right to decide what to tell you and the others." [11] During World War II, Tito, as general secretary, was also elected the chairman of the Military Committee of the CPY Central Committee on 10 April 1940. [12] This institution was later transformed into the Supreme Headquarters of the People's Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia, which was transformed into a state institution with the establishment of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY) on 31 January 1946. The FPRY was established as a people's democratic state and adopted a communist form of government where the communist party had seized a monopoly on state power by having a two-thirds majority in the highest state organ of power, that is, the National Assembly. [13] These power relations between the general secretary and the remainder of the party leadership remained intact until the dissolution of the Secretariat in 1966. [14]

The 5th Session of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress, held on 4 October 1966, abolished the general secretary and the executive committee and replaced them with the office of president of the LCY Central Committee and the LCY Presidency. [14] The 9th LCY Congress, held on 11–15 March 1969, adopted a statute that abolished the LCY Central Committee and replaced it with an annually convened conference. That meant that, by extension, the office of president of the LCY Central Committee was abolished and replaced by the office of president of the LCY. It was the responsibility of the president of the LCY to direct the work of the presidency as well as to convene and preside over its meetings. During sessions of the presidency, the conference and at the congress, the LCY president had the right to raise questions. Up until the election of the working presidency, the LCY president was responsible for inaugurating and presiding over the congress and conference. It was the incumbent's responsibility to maintain communication with the LCY republican branches, to represent the LCY abroad, and to present and defend the LCY's policies and practices. [15] The statute adopted at the 9th LCY Congress stated that the president was elected by the congress and was accountable to it, the conference, and the presidency. [16]

At the 10th Congress of the LCY, held on 27–30 May 1974, the Central Committee was reestablished. Tito was elected to serve an unlimited term as the president of the LCY by the 10th Congress. This decision was later reconfirmed by the 11th LCY Congress, held on 20–23 June 1978, and the decision was incorporated into the party statute. [17] Despite serving an unlimited term, Tito as president of the LCY remained accountable to the LCY Central Committee. [18] Earlier, at the 2nd Conference on 25–27 January 1972, the office of "Secretary of the Executive Bureau of the Presidency of the Central Committee" was established, with the Slovene Stane Dolanc as its first officeholder, and two years before Tito's death, on 19 October 1978, the presidency established the office of "Chairman of the Presidency of the Central Committee". [19] The president of the LCY functioned as the primus inter pares of these three offices. [20] After Tito's death, the LCY Central Committee opted to abolish the office of president of the LCY and rename the chairmanship the president of the presidency. [21] The president of the presidency was limited to a one-year term, and the secretary of the presidency to a two-year term limit. [20]

The LCY Presidency elected the president of the presidency from among its members. The elected president of the presidency had to be from a different republic or autonomous province than the secretary of the presidency. [22] The president of the presidency was to preside over the sessions of the presidency, and in conjunction with the presidency secretary, the relevant presidency member in charge of the specific policy area in question and the executive secretaries could set the agenda for sessions of the presidency. [23] Per party rules, the officeholder had to maintain contact with individual presidency members and the presidency as a whole alongside the secretary of the presidency. Only after consulting with individual members and the secretary could the incumbent implement the work programme and decisions adopted by the LCY Central Committee and the presidency. [24] The officeholder was an ex officio member of the state presidency until the party backed constitutional amendments that removed this right. [25] By right of office, the president of the presidency was also a member of the LCY Central Committee delegation to the Conference of the Socialist Alliance of Working People. [26]

At the 26th Session of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress, held on 11 September 1989, Bosnian Croat Ivan Brigić, who led the work on formulating amendments to the party statute at the upcoming 14th Congress, proposed abolishing the presidency and replacing it with a new executive body and abolishing the office of president of the presidency and reintroducing the post of president of the LCY Central Committee, who could serve for a two-year term. [27] The 14th Congress, when it first convened on 20–22 January, failed to elect an LCY Central Committee, adopt a new programme and party statute. The sitting president of the presidency, Milan Pančevski, who was originally going to step down at the congress, continued to serve until his term expired on 17 May, but no successor was elected to replace him. When the 32nd Session of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress convened on 23 May, it elected Montenegrin presidency member Miomir Grbović as coordinator instead of acting president of the presidency. [28] Three days later, on 26 May, the 14th Congress elected a provisional leadership to convene the 15th LCY Congress. It failed in its task, and on 22 January 1991, it—the last federal organ of the LCY—self-dissolved. [29]

Institutional history of the highest-standing office of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
TitleEstablishedAbolishedEstablished byRef.
Secretary of the Central Council of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia
Serbo-Croatian: Sekretar Centralnog saveta Komunističke partije Jugoslavije
23 April 191922 May 1926 1st Congress [30]
Technical Secretary of the Central Council of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia
Serbo-Croatian: Tehnički sekretar Centralnog saveta Komunističke partije Jugoslavije
23 April 19193 June 1921 [31]
President of the Central Council of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia
Serbo-Croatian: Predsednik Centralnog saveta Komunističke partije Jugoslavije
24 June 19203 June 1921 2nd Congress [31]
Political Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia
Serbo-Croatian: Politički sekretar Centralnog komiteta Komunističke partije Jugoslavije
22 May 19268 December 1936 3rd Congress [30]
Organisational Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia
Serbo-Croatian: Organizacioni sekretar Centralnog komiteta Komunističke partije Jugoslavije
22 May 19268 December 1936 [32]
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Serbo-Croatian: Generalni sekretar Centralnog komiteta Saveza komunista Jugoslavije
8 December 19364 October 1966 Communist International [6]
President of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Serbo-Croatian: Predsednik Centralnog komiteta Saveza komunista Jugoslavije
4 October 196615 March 19695th Session of the 8th Central Committee [14]
President of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Serbo-Croatian: Predsednik Saveza komunista Jugoslavije
15 March 196929 June 1982 9th Congress [33]
President of the Presidency of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Serbo-Croatian: Predsednik Predsedništva Centralnog komiteta Saveza komunista Jugoslavije
4 May 198023 May 199011th Session of the 11th Central Committee [34]
Coordinator of the Presidency of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Serbo-Croatian: Koordinator Predsedništva Centralnog komiteta Saveza komunista Jugoslavije
23 May 199026 May 199032nd Session of the 13th Central Committee [35]
Chairman of the Committee for the Preparation of the Congress of Democratic and Programmatic Renewal of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Serbo-Croatian: Predsednik Odbora za pripremu kongresa demokratske i programske obnove Centralnog komiteta Saveza komunista Jugoslavije
26 May 199022 January 1991 14th Extraordinary Congress [36]

Collective leadership (1919–36)

Political Secretary

Political secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia
No.OfficeholderTook officeLeft officeTenure Term BirthPMDeathEthnicityRef.
1 Filip Filipovic.jpg Filip Filipović 23 April 19193 June 19212 years, 41 days 1st2nd
(1919–26)
187819191938 Serb [37]
1 Zivko Topalovic.jpg Živko Topalović 23 April 191924 June 19201 year, 62 days 1st
(1919–20)
188619191972 Serb [3]
2 Sima Markovic 1938.jpg Sima Marković 24 June 19203 June 1921344 days 2nd
(1920–26)
188819191939 Serb [38]
3 Trisa Kaclerovic (1).jpg Triša Kaclerović 3 June 192117 July 19221 year, 45 days 2nd
(1920–26)
187919191964 Serb [39]
2 Sima Markovic 1938.jpg Sima Marković 17 July 192212 May 1923299 days 2nd
(1920–26)
188819191939 Serb [40]
3 Trisa Kaclerovic (1).jpg Triša Kaclerović 12 May 192322 May 19263 years, 10 days 2nd
(1920–26)
187919191964 Serb [41]
2 Sima Markovic 1938.jpg Sima Marković 22 May 19261 December 19271 year, 193 days 3rd
(1926–28)
188819191939 Serb [42]
4 Duro Cvijic.jpg Đuro Cvijić 1 December 192713 April 1928134 days 3rd
(1926–28)
189619191938 Croat [43]
1 Filip Filipovic.jpg Filip Filipović 13 April 192827 November 1928228 days 3rd
(1926–28)
187819191938 Serb [44]
5 Jovan malisic.jpg Jovan Mališić 27 November 192811 August 19301 year, 257 days 4th
(1928–48)
190219191939 Montenegrin [45]
1 Filip Filipovic.jpg Filip Filipović 6 September 19302 April 19321 year, 209 days 4th
(1928–48)
187819191938 Serb [46]
6 Milan Gorkic.jpg Milan Gorkić 27 April 19328 December 19364 years, 225 days 4th
(1928–48)
190419191937 Czech [47]

Organisational Secretary

Organisational secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia
No.OfficeholderTook officeLeft officeTenure Term BirthPMDeathEthnicityRef.
1 Vladimir Copic.jpg Vladimir Ćopić 23 April 19192 August 19212 years, 101 days 1st2nd
(1919–26)
189119191939 Serb [48]
2 Radomir Vujovic (1895 - 1938), from the Monument to the Vujovic brothers in Pozarevac.jpg Radomir Vujović 22 May 19261 December 19271 year, 193 days 3rd
(1926–28)
189519251938 Serb [49]
3 Profile placeholder.png Jakob Žorga 1 December 192713 April 1928134 days 3rd
(1926–28)
188819191942 Slovene [50]
4 Duro Dakovic.JPG Đuro Đaković 17 June 192825 April 1929312 days 3rd4th
(1926–48)
188619191929 Croat [51]
5 Mavrak.jpg Antun Mavrak 6 September 1930December 1931Unclear 4th
(1928–48)
189919241938 Croat [52]
6 Josip Broz Tito Bihac 1942.jpg Josip Broz Tito September 19368 December 1936Unclear 4th
(1928–48)
189219201980 Croat [53]

President

Presidents of the Central Council of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia
No.OfficeholderTook officeLeft officeTenure Term BirthPMDeathEthnicityRef.
1 Pavlovic, Pavle.png Pavle Pavlović 24 June 19202 August 19211 year,
39 days
2nd
(1920–26)
188819191971 Serb [54]
1 Profile placeholder.png Jakov Lastrić 24 June 19202 August 19211 year,
39 days
2nd
(1920–26)
188519191938 Croat [55]

Officeholders (1936–91)

Leaders of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
No.OfficeholderTook officeLeft officeTenure Term BirthPMDeathBranchEthnicityRef.
1 Milan Gorkic.jpg Milan Gorkić 8 December 193623 October 1937319 days 4th
(1928–48)
190419191937No branch Czech [47]
2 Josip Broz Tito uniform portrait.jpg Josip Broz Tito 5 January 19394 May 198041 years,
120 days
4th11th
(1928–82)
189219201980No branch Croat [56]
3 Stevan Doronjski.jpg Stevan Doronjski 4 May 198020 October 1980169 days 11th
(1978–82)
191919391981 Vojvodina Serb [57]
4 Lazar Mojsov (1977 UN photo).jpg Lazar Mojsov 20 October 198020 October 19811 year 11th
(1978–82)
192019402011 Macedonia Macedonian [58]
5 Profile placeholder.png Dušan Dragosavac 20 October 198129 June 1982252 days 11th
(1978–82)
191919402014 Croatia Serb [59]
6 Stevan Kragujevic, Mitja Ribicic, Savezna skupstina, 1983 (cropped).jpg Mitja Ribičič 29 June 198230 June 19831 year,
1 day
12th
(1982–86)
191919412013 Slovenia Slovene [60]
7 Draza Markovic crop.jpg Dragoslav Marković 30 June 198326 June 1984362 days 12th
(1982–86)
192019392005 Serbia Serb [61]
8 Profile placeholder.png Ali Šukrija 26 June 198425 June 1985364 days 12th
(1982–86)
191919392005 Kosovo Albanian [62]
9 Vidoje Zarkovic.jpg Vidoje Žarković 25 June 198528 June 19861 year,
3 days
12th
(1982–86)
192719432000 Montenegro Montenegrin [63]
10 Profile placeholder.png Milanko Renovica 28 June 198630 June 19871 year,
2 days
13th
(1986–90)
192819472013 Bosnia-Herzegovina Serb [64]
11 Bosko Krunic (politicar).jpg Boško Krunić 28 June 198730 June 19881 year,
2 days
13th
(1986–90)
192919462017 Vojvodina Serb [65]
12 Profile placeholder.png Stipe Šuvar 30 June 198817 May 1989321 days 13th
(1986–90)
193619552004 Croatia Croat [66]
13 Profile placeholder.png Milan Pančevski 17 May 198917 May 19901 year 13th
(1986–90)
193519572019 Macedonia Macedonian [67]
14 Profile placeholder.png Miomir Grbović 17 May 199026 May 19909 days 13th
(1986–90)
19511973Alive Montenegro Montenegrin [68]
15 Profile placeholder.png Miroslav Ivanović
(as chairman)
26 May 199022 January 1991241 days PROV
(1990–91)
1955 ?Alive Montenegro Montenegrin [69]

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References

Archives

  • Staff writer (30 May 1990). "Odbor za pripremu" [Preparation Committee]. Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  • Staff writer (January 1974). "Adoption of New Constitution.-Election of New Assembly of Federal Republic. - Marshal Tito elected President of Federal Republic for Unlimited Term, - New Collective Presidency and Federal Executive Council. - 10th Congress of League of Communists of Yugoslavia. - Related Developments". Keesing's Record of World Events. 20 (1). Keesing’s Record of World Events.
  • Staff writer (October 1978). "Elections to Federal Assembly - Appointment of New Vice-President of Collective Presidency - New Federal Executive Council - 11th Congress of League of Communists". Keesing's Record of World Events. 24 (1). Keesing’s Record of World Events.
  • Staff writer (May 1990). "New state President–Warning on country's disintegration–Non-communist governments in Slovenia and Croatia". Keesing's Record of World Events. 36 (5). Keesing’s Record of World Events.
  • Torov, Ivan (1990). "Pancevski Replaced by Grbovic as LCY Chief". Daily Report: East Europe. Vol. 101–110. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 46.
  • Vojinović, M. (10 March 2001). "Kako su se socijalisti dočepali ogromne imovine početkom devedesetih: Leva ruka, desni džep" [How socialists got hold of huge assets in the early nineties: Left hand, right pocket]. Glas javnosti (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  • Trgo, Fabijan (1966). "Survey of the People's Liberation War". Marxists.org. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013.

Books

Journals

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 Calic 2019, pp. 195–197.
  2. Engelsfeld 1972, p. 187.
  3. 1 2 Pleterski et al. 1985, p. 64.
  4. 1 2 Dedijer 1981, p. 336.
  5. Đurašković 1982, p. 75.
  6. 1 2 Vinterhalter 1972, pp. 147–148; Burg 1983, p. 33; McCrea 1969, p. 172; Johnson 1983, p. 15; Carter 1982, p. 43; Tito 1980, p. 589.
  7. Drachkovitch 1973, p. 127.
  8. History of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia 1985, pp. 104–106.
  9. Pirjevec 2018, p. 153.
  10. Pirjevec 2018, p. 59.
  11. Pirjevec 2018, pp. 63–64.
  12. Trgo 1966.
  13. Trgo 1966; Lampe 2000, pp. 226–240.
  14. 1 2 3 Burg 1983, p. 33; McCrea 1969, p. 172; Johnson 1983, p. 15; Carter 1982, p. 43.
  15. 1969, Article 66 of the "Statute of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia" of the 9th Congress.
  16. 1969, Article 67 of the "Statute of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia" of the 9th Congress.
  17. Staff writer 1974, p. 26655; Staff writer 1978, p. 29236.
  18. Staff writer 1974, p. 26655.
  19. Johnson 1983, p. 21; Stanković 1981, p. 74.
  20. 1 2 Burg 1983, p. 317; Stanković 1981, p. 74.
  21. Burg 1983, p. 327.
  22. 1982, Article 83 of the "Statute of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia" of the 12th Congress.
  23. Stanković 1981, p. 74.
  24. Stanković 1981, p. 75.
  25. Klemenčič & Žagar 2004, pp. 281–282.
  26. 1982, Article 84 of the "Statute of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia" of the 12th Congress.
  27. Andrejevich 1989, p. 9.
  28. Torov 1990, p. 46.
  29. Vojinović 2001.
  30. 1 2 Pleterski et al. 1985, p. 64; Vinterhalter 1972, pp. 147–148; Tito 1980, p. 589.
  31. 1 2 Tito 1980, p. 589; Đurašković 1982, p. 75; Pleterski et al. 1985, p. 64.
  32. Pleterski et al. 1985, p. 64; Tito 1980, p. 589.
  33. 1969, Article 66 of the "Statute of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia" of the 9th Congress; Burg 1983, p. 33; McCrea 1969, p. 172; Johnson 1983, p. 15; Carter 1982, p. 43.
  34. Johnson 1983, p. 21; Stanković 1981, pp. 74–75.
  35. Staff writer 1990, p. 37463; Torov 1990, p. 46.
  36. Staff writer 1990, p. 37463; Slobodna Dalmacija 1990; Vojinović 2001.
  37. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 99–100; Morača, Bilandžić & Stojanović 1977, pp. 22–23; Đurašković 1982, p. 75.
  38. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 259–260; Morača, Bilandžić & Stojanović 1977, p. 22; Đurašković 1982, p. 75.
  39. Drachkovitch 1973, p. 174; Đurašković 1982, p. 75; Banac 2018, p. 52.
  40. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 259–260.
  41. Banac 2018, p. 52; Drachkovitch 1973, p. 174.
  42. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 259–260; Tito 1981, p. 239.
  43. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 69–70; Tito 1981, p. 239.
  44. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 99–100.
  45. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 250–251; Bilandžić et al. 1980, p. 173; Đurašković 1982, p. 184.
  46. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 99–100; Đurašković 1982, pp. 39–41.
  47. 1 2 Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 126–127; Tito 1980, p. 147.
  48. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 67–68.
  49. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 431–432.
  50. Tito 1982, p. 325; Drachkovitch 1973, p. 457; Tito 1981, p. 239.
  51. Tito 1980, p. 147; Bilandžić et al. 1980, p. 173; Đurašković 1982, p. 129.
  52. Drachkovitch 1973, p. 265; Đurašković 1982, pp. 39–40.
  53. Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 41–42; Burg 1983, p. 20.
  54. Filipović & Kesić 1987, p. 579.
  55. Pijade 1964, p. 831.
  56. Rajović 1970, pp. 126–128; Drachkovitch 1973, pp. 41–42; Stanković 1981, p. 131; Singleton 1985, p. 271; Pirjevec 2018, p. 46.
  57. Rajović 1970, pp. 217–218; Lewytzkyj & Stroynowski 1978, p. 132; Singleton 1985, p. 271.
  58. Rajović 1970, pp. 688–689; Lewytzkyj & Stroynowski 1978, pp. 413–414; Singleton 1985, p. 271; Stroynowski 1989b, p. 796.
  59. Rajović 1970, p. 221; Stroynowski 1989a, p. 257.
  60. Rajović 1970, p. 898; Lewytzkyj & Stroynowski 1978, p. 513; Stroynowski 1989c, p. 989; Plut-Pregelj et al. 2018, pp. 476–477.
  61. Rajović 1970, pp. 609–610; Stroynowski 1989b, p. 739.
  62. Lewytzkyj & Stroynowski 1978, p. 597; Stroynowski 1989c, p. 1143.
  63. Rajović 1970, pp. 1197–1198; Lewytzkyj & Stroynowski 1978, p. 696; Stroynowski 1989c, p. 1342.
  64. Rajović 1970, p. 896; Stroynowski 1989c, p. 986.
  65. Rajović 1970, pp. 526–527; Stroynowski 1989b, p. 632.
  66. Rajović 1970, p. 1058; League of Communists of Croatia 1978, p. 25; Djokić 2023, p. 462.
  67. Rajović 1970, p. 754; Stroynowski 1989c, pp. 887–888.
  68. Staff writer 1990, p. 37463; Torov 1990, p. 46; Kravchenko 1990, p. 124.
  69. Slobodna Dalmacija 1990; Vojinović 2001.