English: Three Glorious Days | |
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National anthem of the People's Republic of Congo | |
Lyrics | Jacques Tondra and Georges Kibanghi |
Music | Jean Royer and Joseph Spadilière |
Adopted | January 1, 1970 |
Relinquished | 1990 |
Preceded by | "La Congolaise" |
Succeeded by | "La Congolaise" |
"Les Trois Glorieuses" was the anthem of the People's Republic of the Congo from January 1, 1970, through 1991, when the original anthem, "La Congolaise", was restored.
The anthem was named after a three-day uprising in 1963 that resulted in the overthrow of the first President, Fulbert Youlou. [1]
The lyrics were written by Henri Lopès, and the music was composed by Philippe Mockouamy. Mockouamy was at the time a colonel in the Congolese Army and served in its main military band from 1970 to 1990. [2]
French original [3] [4] | Lingala translation | English translation |
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I | I | I |
The Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo, also less formally denoted as the Forces armées congolaises or its acronym FAC, are the military forces of the Republic of the Congo. They consist of the Congolese Army, the Congolese Air Force, the Congolese Marine (Navy), and the Congolese National Gendarmerie. The dissolution of French Equatorial Africa in 1958, and France's impending military withdrawal from the Congo in August 1960, provided the impetus for the formation of the FAC. The FAC and state paramilitary agencies are headed by an Armed Forces Chief of General Staff, usually appointed by the President of the Republic of the Congo. Major General Guy Blanchard Okoï has served as chief of staff since 2012.
Brazzaville is the capital and largest city of the Republic of the Congo. Administratively, it is a department and a commune. Constituting the financial and administrative centre of the country, it is located on the north side of the Congo River, opposite Kinshasa, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
"La Congolaise" is the national anthem of the Republic of the Congo. It was adopted upon independence from France in 1959, replaced in 1969 by "Les Trois Glorieuses" but reinstated in 1991. The lyrics were written by Jacques Tondra and Georges Kibanghi, and the music was composed by Jean Royer and Joseph Spadilière.
AbbéFulbert Youlou was a laicized Brazzaville-Congolese Roman Catholic priest, nationalist leader and politician, who became the first President of the Republic of the Congo on its independence.
The Republic of the Congo is an African nation with close musical ties to its neighbor, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Democratic Republic of the Congo's homegrown pop music, soukous, is popular across the border, and musicians from both countries have fluidly travelled throughout the region playing similarly styled music, including Nino Malapet and Jean Serge Essous. Brazzaville had a major music scene until unrest in the late 1990s, and produced popular bands like Extra Musica and Bantous de la Capitale that played an integral role in the development of soukous and other styles of Congolese popular music. The Hip-Hop group "Bisso na Bisso" also hails from Congo-Brazzaville.
Pointe-Noire is the second largest city in the Republic of the Congo, following the capital of Brazzaville, and an autonomous department and a commune since the 2002 Constitution. Before this date it was the capital of the Kouilou region. It is situated on a headland between Pointe-Noire Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. Pointe-Noire is the main commercial centre of the country and has a population of 1,420,612 inhabitants in 2023.
Mambou Aimée Gnali is a Congolese former politician. In 1963 she became one of the first group of women elected to the National Assembly. She subsequently served as Minister of Culture and the Arts from January 1999 to August 2002.
Kituba is a widely used lingua franca in Central Africa. It is a creole language based on Kikongo, a Bantu language. It is a national language in Republic of the Congo and Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Jean-Pierre Thystère Tchicaya was a Congolese politician. He was briefly acting head of state of Congo-Brazzaville in February 1979 and was President of the National Assembly from 2002 to 2007. He also led a political party, the Rally for Democracy and Social Progress (RDPS), from 1990 to 2008.
Jean-Baptiste Tati Loutard was a Congolese politician and poet. Having previously served as Minister of Higher Education and Minister of Arts and Culture, he was Minister of Hydrocarbons in the government of Congo-Brazzaville from 1997 to 2009; he was also the founder and President of the Action Movement for Renewal (MAR), a political party. Aside from politics, Tati Loutard published numerous books of his own poetry and literature in general.
Henri Lopes was a Congolese writer, diplomat, and politician. He was Prime Minister of Congo-Brazzaville from 1973 to 1975, and became Congo-Brazzaville's Ambassador to France in 1998.
The Union Zaïroise de Banques (UZB), known before 1971 as the Banque Belge d'Afrique and after 2005 as the Union des Banques Congolaises, was a bank based in Kinshasa. It was established in 1929 by Belgium's Banque de Bruxelles as its main African banking affiliate, and remained majority-owned by European banks until nationalization in 1995. Its activities were liquidated in the early 2010s.
The official language of the Republic of Congo is French. Other languages are mainly Bantu languages, and the two national languages in the country are Kituba and Lingala, followed by Kongo languages, Téké languages, and more than forty other languages, including languages spoken by Pygmies, which are not Bantu languages.
The Trois Glorieuses was an uprising in Congo-Brazzaville which occurred from August 13 to 15, 1963. The uprising ended the rule of the first Congolese President, Fulbert Youlou, as the opposition trade union movement and Congolese Youth Union struck an alliance with the army.
Patrice Yengo is a francophone Congolese political anthropologist living and teaching in Paris, France. He is a specialist of the Congolese Civil War (1993–2002), otherwise known as the Republic of the Congo Civil War. He is originally from Pointe-Noire, Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville).
Mass media in the Republic of the Congo are severely restricted by many factors, including widespread illiteracy and economic underdevelopment.
Anatole Collinet Makosso has served as the prime minister of the Republic of the Congo since 2021. He has also served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of Primary and Secondary Education from 2015 to 2021, and as the Minister of Youth and Civic Instruction from 2011 to 2016.
Agathe Félicie Lélo Pembellot was the first female judge of Republic of the Congo Brazzaville. She has held several positions in the Senior Congolese Judiciary.
François Luc Macosso was a Congolese politician.
Jean-Pierre Makouta-Mboukou was a Congolese politician, academic, novelist and playwright. For his abundant and eclectic work his biographers have called him the “Congolese Victor Hugo” and the “baobab of Congolese literature”.