List of acanthodian genera

Last updated

Various primitive acanthodians from Early Devonian England and Scotland, Mesacanthus pusillus, Parexus falcatus, Ishnacanthus gracilis. Mesacanthus Parexus Ischnacanthus.JPG
Various primitive acanthodians from Early Devonian England and Scotland, Mesacanthus pusillus , Parexus falcatus , Ishnacanthus gracilis.

This list of acanthodian genera is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all genera that have ever been included in the subclass Acanthodii, excluding purely vernacular terms. The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful ( nomina dubia ), or were not formally published ( nomina nuda ), as well as junior synonyms of more established names, and genera that are no longer considered acanthodians. Not counting their descendants, the modern chondricthyans, all acanthodians are extinct. Extinct genera are marked with a dagger (†)

Contents

Naming conventions and terminology

Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Technical terms used include:

The List

GenusStatusAgeLocationNotesImages
† Acanthacanthus [1] Valid.Early Lochkovian (earliest Devonian). [1] Severnaya Zemlya, Russia. [1] A vesperaliid based on scales. [2]
† Acanthodopsis Valid. Carboniferous. [3] Europe, Australia. [3] An unusual acanthodid with tooth-like ossifications on its jaws. [3]
† Acanthopora [1] Valid.Early Lochkovian (earliest Devonian). [1] Severnaya Zemlya, Russia. [1] A small ischnacanthid similar to Poracanthodes . [1]
† Acanthospina [1] Valid.Early Lochkovian (earliest Devonian). [1] Severnaya Zemlya, Russia. [1] A probable ischnacanthiform with scales similar to hybodontiform sharks. [1] [3]
† Acanthodes Valid. Devonian? to Cisuralian (Early Permian). [4] Europe, North America, China?One of the most well-known acanthodians, a filter-feeding acanthodid acanthodiform. Acanthodes lopatini.png
† Acritolepis [1] Valid.Early Lochkovian (earliest Devonian). [1] Severnaya Zemlya, Russia. [1] Namesake of the ischnacanthiform family Acritolepidae. [2] [5]
† Aganacanthus Valid or junior synonym. Mississippian / Early Carboniferous. Scotland.A possible gyracanthid known from a single worn fin spine, may be an indeterminate gnathostome or a junior synonym of Gyracanthus . [6]
† Ankylacanthus [7] Valid. Emsian (Early Devonian). [7] Canada. [7] An acanthodian based on fin spines, possibly one of the oldest gyracanthids.
† Antacanthus Nomen dubium? Mississippian / Early Carboniferous. [8] Belgium. [8] A possible gyracanthid known from a single fin spine. [9] [6]
† Antarctonchus [10] Valid. Givetian (Middle Devonian). [10] Antarctica. [10] An Antarctic acanthodian based on fin spine casts. [10]
† Apateacanthus Valid. Late Devonian. [3] New York, U.S.A. [3] Based on a fin spine with large denticles, sometimes mistaken for an ischnacanthiform jaw. [3]
† Archaeacanthus Valid. Eifelian to Givetian (Middle Devonian). [11] Europe. [11] Based on fin spines common in Middle Devonian strata of Siberia and Northeastern Europe. [11]
† Arcticacanthus [1] Valid.Early Lochkovian to Emsian (Early Devonian). [1] Severnaya Zemlya, Russia. [1] A possible ischnacanthid based on scales. [1]
† Arenaceacanthus [12] Valid. Wenlock to early Pridoli (Silurian). [13] [12] Lithuania. [12] A probable ischnacanthid based on scales, common in Lithuania. [12]
† Atopacanthus Valid. Eifelian to Early Famennian (Middle Devonian to Late Devonian). [14] [15] North America, Europe, [14] Iran. [15] A widespread and long-lived ischnacanthid. [14]
† Brachyacanthus Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [16] Scotland. [17] A small climatiid [16] from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. [17]
† Bracteatacanthus [12] Valid.Latest Pridoli (latest Silurian). [13] [12] Lithuania. [12] A probable ischnacanthid based on scales. [12]
† Brochoadmones Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [18] Canada. [18] A deep-bodied and well-preserved "climatiiform" from the Man-On-The-Hill (MOTH) locality in the MacKenzie Mountains of Canada. [18] BrochoadmonesDB15.jpg
† Bryantonchus [19] Valid. Emsian (Early Devonian). [19] U.S.A. [19] A probable diplacanthiform based on fin spines. [19]
† Byssacanthoides Valid. Givetian (Middle Devonian). [10] Antarctica. [10] An Antarctic acanthodian based on fin spine casts. [10]
† Cacheacanthus [19] Valid. Emsian (Early Devonian). [19] U.S.A. [19] Based on ischnacanthid jaw fragments from the western United States. [19]
† Campylodus Nomen dubium? Ludlow [20] to Lochkovian? [21] (late Silurian to earliest Devonian)? Europe. [20] [21] Jaw fragments probably belonging to indeterminate ischnacanthiforms. [20] [21]
† Canadalepis Valid. Lochkovian? [22] to Emsian (Early Devonian). [23] [24] Asia, [23] Australia, [24] Canada. [22] A possible climatiid based on scales. [23] [24] [22]
† Carycinacanthus Junior synonym. [4] Tournaisian (earliest Mississippian / Carboniferous). [4] Russia. [4] A junior synonym of Acanthodes lopatini . [4]
† Cassidiceps [25] Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [25] Canada. [25] A toothless, deep-bodied MOTH locality acanthodian with complex head armor. [25] Probably closely related to the acanthodiforms. [26]
† Cheiracanthoides Valid. Pridoli to Frasnian (latest Silurian to Late Devonian). [13] [27] Worldwide.A widespread and long-lasting possible climatiid based on scales. [27]
† Cheiracanthus Valid. Middle Devonian. [28] Europe. [28] The fairly common namesake of the acanthodiform family Cheiracanthidae. [28] Cheiracanthus murchisoni life restoration.jpg
† Climatius Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [29] U.K., [29] [30] Portugal. [21] The namesake of the family Climatiidae. [29] Climatius BW.jpg
† Culmacanthus Valid. Givetian to Frasnian (Middle Devonian to Late Devonian). [31] [32] Australia, [31] [32] Antarctica. [10] A distinctive diplacanthiform with reduced intermediate spines and large cheek plates. [31] [32]
† Devononchus Valid. Givetian [11] to Famennian [33] (Middle Devonian to Late Devonian). Europe.Based on fin spines and scales common in the areas corresponding to Baltica.
† Diplacanthus Valid. Middle Devonian [34] to Late Devonian. [35] Scotland, [34] Russia, [1] South Africa, [35] Canada? [34] The widespread, long-lasting, and fairly common namesake of the family Diplacanthidae and order Diplacanthiformes. [34] Diplacanthus.png
† Doliodus Valid (non-acanthodian). Emsian (Early Devonian). [36] Canada. [37] [36] A spiny stem-chondrichthyan which acts as a transitional form between acanthodians and non-acanthodian traditional chondrichthyans. [37] [38] Doliodus22DB.jpg
† Eifellepis Valid. Emsian to Eifelian (Early Devonian to Middle Devonian). [22] Germany, Belgium. [22] An indeterminate acanthodian based on scales. [2]
† Erriwacanthus Valid. Pragian (Early Devonian). [39] U.K., Ukraine. [40] A climatiid with large and complex spines on its shoulder girdle. [40]
† Endemolepis Valid. Pridoli to Lochkovian (latest Silurian to Early Devonian). [12] Europe. [12] A possible climatiid based on scales. [12]
† Erymnacanthus [41] Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [41] Canada. [41] A medium-sized MOTH locality ischnacanthid. [41] Erymnacanthus clivus jaw cast.jpg

Erymnacanthus clivus jaw cast

† Eupleurogmus Nomen dubium. [42] Mississippian / Early Carboniferous? [42] Australia. [42] A dubious taxon based on Acanthodes -like scales. [42]
† Euryacanthus [41] Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [41] Canada. [41] A medium-sized MOTH locality ischnacanthid. [41]
† Euthacanthus Valid.Early Lochkovian (earliest Devonian). [30] U.K. [30] A slender acanthodian of uncertain affinities, despite its well-described anatomy. [43] Euthacanthus spp.jpg
† Fallodentus [44] Valid. Givetian (Middle Devonian). [44] Scotland. [44] A cheiracanthid acanthodiform closely related to Homalacanthus . [44]
† Fanjingshania [45] Valid. Aeronian (Early Silurian, Llandovery Epoch). [45] China. [45] A climatiiform, one of the earliest known acanthodean genus. [45] Fanjingshania.jpg

Fanjingshania fin spine

† Fecundosquama [12] Valid. Pridoli (late Silurian). [13] Lithuania. [12] A tchunacanthid [2] based on scales. [12]
† Florestacanthus [46] Valid.Late Frasnian to early Famennian (Late Devonian). [46] Colombia. [46] A diplacanthid diplacanthiform and one of the few acanthodians endemic to northwestern Gondwana (now South America). [46]
† Gemuendolepis Valid? Early Devonian. [47] Germany. [48] A poorly-described taxon based on scales.
† Ginkgolepis [49] Valid. Eifelian to Famennian? (Middle Devonian to Late Devonian). [49] Estonia, Russia. [49] A cheiracanthid acanthodiform based on scales. [49]
† Gladbachus Valid (non-acanthodian?). Givetian (Middle Devonian). [50] Germany. [50] A large filter-feeding stem-chondrichthyan, sometimes positioned among acanthodians despite its very dissimilar anatomy. [50] Gladbachus adentatus.jpg
† Gladiobranchus Junior synonym? [51] Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [52] Canada. [52] A well-preserved diplacanthiform which may be synonymous with Uraniacanthus curtus . [51]
† Gomphacanthus [53] Nomen dubium? Carboniferous. England. [53] A possible gyracanthid based on a worn fin spine. [54]
† Gomphonchoporus Valid. Pridoli to Lochkovian (late Silurian to Early Devonian). [55] Europe, [55] Australia, [56] Canada, [57] Greenland. [39] A widespread poracanthodid based on scales. [55]
† Gomphonchus Valid. Ludlow to Emsian? (late Silurian to Early Devonian). [55] [58] Europe, [55] Australia?, China? [58] A widespread ischnacanthid primarily based on scales. [55]
† Granulacanthus [59] Valid.Late Wenlock or early Ludlow (Silurian). [59] Canada. [59] A possible ischnacanthiform [20] based on distinctive fin spines. [59]
† Grenfellacanthus [60] Valid.Latest Famennian (latest Devonian). [60] Australia. [60] One of the youngest and largest ischnacanthids, nearly a meter in length. [60]
† Gyracanthides Valid. Pragian to Visean (Early Devonian to Mississippian). [6] Worldwide. [6] A long-lasting and widespread gyracanthid with flattened fin spines. [9] [6] Gyracanthides murrayi.png
† Gyracanthus Valid. Lochkovian to Moscovian (Early Devonian to Pennsylvanian) [6] Europe, North America, Bolivia? [6] The long-lasting namesake of the family Gyracanthidae. [6] Gyracanthus NT small cropped.png
† Hanilepis Valid.Late Ludlow (late Silurian). [61] China. [61] An indeterminate acanthodian based on scales. [61]
† Halimacanthodes [62] Valid. Frasnian (Late Devonian). [62] Australia. [62] A howittacanthid acanthodiform, the only acanthodian known from the Gogo Formation lagerstätte. [62]
† Haplacanthus Valid. Eifelian to early Famennian (Middle Devonian to Late Devonian). [11] [33] Europe, Greenland. [11] A cheiracanthid [44] acanthodiform based on fin spines common in the areas corresponding to Baltica. [11]
† Helenacanthus Valid? (non-acanthodian) [3] Emsian (Early Devonian). [19] Wyoming, U.S.A. [3] Has historically been considered acanthodian material, but probably armor from an actinolepid placoderm instead. [3]
† Helolepis Junior synonym. Emsian to Eifelian (Early Devonian to Middle Devonian). [24] Ohio, U.S.A. [24] A junior synonym of Cheiracanthoides comptus . [63]
† Homacanthus Junior synonym? Eifelian (Middle Devonian) [11] to Pennsylvanian? [37] Europe, [11] North America? [37] An acanthodian based on fin spines, though many of its species and specimens have been reassigned to other taxa. [34] [37]
† Homalacanthus Valid. Frasnian (Late Devonian). [64] Canada. [64] A cheiracanthid [44] acanthodiform known to have played a large role in the food chain of the Miguasha Lagerstätte. [64]
† Howittacanthus [42] Valid. Frasnian (Late Devonian). [42] Australia. [42] The abundant namesake of the acanthodiform family Howittacanthidae. [65] [62]
† Iranolepis [66] Valid.Early Frasnian (Late Devonian). [66] Iran. [66] A possible climatiid based on scales. [66]
† Ischnacanthus Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [67] U.K., [30] [67] Portugal. [21] The abundant namesake of the ischnacanthiforms. [67] Ischnacanthus gracilis.png
† Kathemacanthus [25] Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [25] Canada. [25] A Brochoadmones -like acanthodian from the MOTH locality, with a "necklace" of artichoke-shaped scales similar to those of chondrichthyans. [25] [68]
† Laliacanthus Valid. Emsian to Eifelian (Early Devonian to Middle Devonian). [22] [11] Europe, [11] Saudi Arabia. [22] A possible climatiid based on scales. [22]
† Latviacanthus [69] Valid."upper Lower Devonian" [69] Latvia. [69] A possible climatiid with large ischnacanthiform-like jaw plates. [69] [18]
† Lenacanthus Valid.Early Llandovery (earliest Silurian). [2] Russia. [2] A tchunacanthid based on scales, one of the earliest acanthodians. [2]
† Lijiangichthys Valid. Pragian (Early Devonian). [23] China. [23] An indeterminate acanthodian based on scales. [23]
† Lodeacanthus Valid. Frasnian (Late Devonian). [70] Latvia. [70] A mesacanthid acanthodiform known from a complete growth series. [70] [71]
† Lupopsyrus Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [26] Canada. [26] A MOTH locality acanthodian with two rows of enlarged scales on either side of its body. [26]
† Machaeracanthus Valid.Late Silurian to Eifelian (Middle Devonian). [72] Worldwide. [72] A widespread possible ischnacanthiform which occupies its own monotypic family. [72] An examination of the Devonian fishes of Michigan fig-11-full.png

Machaeracanthus fin spines

† Machaeraporus [57] Valid. Pridoli to Lochkovian (late Silurian to Early Devonian). [57] Canada, Europe. [73] [57] A poracanthodid ischnacanthiform based on scales. [57]
† Markacanthus Valid. Eifelian to Givetian (Middle Devonian). [44] Belarus, Scotland. [44] A fairly typical cheiracanthid acanthodiform. [44]
† Marsdenius Valid.Mississippian / Early Carboniferous. [3] England. [3] An obscure possible ischnacanthid based on a specimen which is now lost. [3] [59]
† Melanoacanthus [71] Valid. Emsian (Early Devonian). [71] Canada. [71] A small mesacanthid acanthodiform with broad head plates. [71]
† Mesacanthus Valid. Early Devonian to Middle Devonian. [74] Scotland. [74] The small but fairly common namesake of the acanthodiform family Mesacanthidae. [74] Mesacanthus.jpg
† Milesacanthus [10] Valid. Pragian to Frasnian (Early Devonian to Late Devonian). [10] [66] Worldwide. [22] A widespread diplacanthid diplacanthiform. [10] [22]
† Minioracanthus Valid. Eifelian to Givetian (Middle Devonian). [11] Europe. [11] An indeterminate acanthodian based on scales. [2]
† Monopleurodus Valid. Pridoli (late Silurian). Estonia. [75] Poorly-known.
† Monospina Valid.Late Pridoli (latest Silurian). [13] Latvia, Lithuania. [13] An acritolepid ischnacanthiform based on scales. [2]
† Nerepisacanthus [20] Valid. Ludlow to late Pridoli (late Silurian). [20] [5] Canada. [5] An acritolepid ischnacanthiform and one of the most well-preserved Silurian acanthodians. [5] Nerepisacanthus.png
† Nobilesquama [2] Valid. Lochkovian to Emsian (Early Devonian). [2] Russia. [2] An indeterminate acanthodian based on scales. [2]
† Nodocosta Valid. Emsian to Frasnian (Early Devonian to Late Devonian). [19] Europe, U.S.A. [19] A possible climatiid based on fin spines. [19]
† Nodonchus Junior synonym? Lochkovian (Early Devonian). England, [30] Saudi Arabia? [22] Based on fin spines, but may be a junior synonym of Parexus . [30]
† Nostolepis Valid. Wenlock to early Frasnian (mid-Silurian to Late Devonian). [13] [33] Worldwide. [2] One of the most widespread, long-lasting, and abundant acanthodians based primarily on scales. [2]
† Nostovicina [2] Valid. Pridoli to Emsian (late Silurian to Early Devonian). [2] Worldwide. [2] A widespread indeterminate acanthodian based on scales and fin spines. [2]
† Obruchevacanthus [76] Valid.Late Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [76] Spain. [76] A poracanthodid ischnacanthiform closely related to Trundlelepis . [76]
† Obtusacanthus Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [77] Canada. [77] An unusual MOTH locality gnathostome, likely an acanthodian closely related to true chondrichthyans. Despite lacking teeth, it was a predator with specialized lip scales. [77]
† Onchus Valid.Late Llandovery? [78] to Famennian (early Silurian to Late Devonian). [79] Europe, North America.A possible ischnacanthiform based on fin spines; may be one of the oldest known acanthodians. [3]
† Oracanthus Valid? Mississippian. Europe, North America.A poorly-known gyracanthid based on fin spines. [9] [6]
† Orcadacanthus [80] Valid. Middle Devonian. Scotland.A small mesacanthid based on species formerly placed in Acanthodes and Mesacanthus . [80]
† Paranostolepis Valid. Late Devonian. Canada.A poorly-known indeterminate acanthodian based on scales. [2]
† Parexus Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [16] U.K. [16] A climatiid with a massive first dorsal fin spine. [16] Parexus sp.png
† Paucicanthus [81] Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [81] Canada. [81] A MOTH locality acanthodian lacking spines on the pectoral and pelvic fins. [81]
† Pechoralepis [2] Valid. Pridoli to Givetian (late Silurian to Middle Devonian). [2] [82] Russia, [2] Antarctica. [82] An acritolepid ischnacanthiform based on scales. [2] [82]
† Peregrinosquama [2] Valid.Lower Emsian (Early Devonian). [2] Russia. [2] An indeterminate acanthodian based on scales. [2]
† Persacanthus Valid. Frasnian (Late Devonian). [15] Iran, Russia, North America. [15] An ischnacanthid very closely related to Atopacanthus . [15]
† Pinnacanthus Valid. Emsian (Early Devonian). [19] Wyoming, U.S.A. [19] An acanthodian based on fin spines. [19]
† Plectrodus Valid. Ludlow (late Silurian). [30] England. [30] An ischnacanthid commonly confused with Ischnacanthus . [21] [30]
† Protodus Valid (non-acanthodian).Late Pragian to Emsian (Early Devonian). [83] Canada. [83] Chondrichthyan teeth originally misidentified as belonging to acanthodiians, due to their similarity to the teeth of a Nostolepis specimen from Scotland. [83] [84]
† Podoliacanthus [39] Valid. Pridoli? to Lochkovian (late Silurian? to Early Devonian). [39] Greenland, Ukraine. [39] A small ischnacanthid. [39]
† Poracanthodes Valid. Ludlow? to Pragian (late Silurian to Early Devonian). [85] Europe, North America. [85] Namesake of the ischnacanthiform family Poracanthodidae. [85] [3]
† Promesacanthus [86] Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [86] Canada. [86] A mesacanthid acanthodiform from the MOTH locality, with small prepectoral spines similar to "climatiiforms". [86]
† Protogonacanthus Valid. Frasnian (Late Devonian). [42] Germany. [42] A cheiracanthid acanthodiform preferring a marine environment. [42]
† Pruemolepis Valid? Emsian to Eifelian (Early Devonian to Middle Devonian). [22] [11] Europe. [22] [11] A possible climatiid based on scales similar to some species of Nostolepis . [22]
† Pseudacanthodes Valid or junior synonym. Moscovian (Pennsylvanian / Late Carboniferous). [87] Czechia. [87] An eel-like acanthodid acanthodiform, possibly a junior synonym of Traquairichthys . [81] [65] Pseudacanthodes pinnatus.png
† Ptomacanthus Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [88] England, [88] Ukraine. [89] One of the few non- Acanthodes acanthodians with a well-described braincase and gill system, helping to clarify the group's relations with other fishes. [88] [89] Ptomacanthus anglicus.jpg
† Ptychodictyon Valid. Emsian to Givetian (Early Devonian to Middle Devonian). [19] Europe, U.S.A. [19] A diplacanthid [10] diplacanthiform based on scales. [19]
† Pucapampella Valid (non-acanthodian?). Eifelian to Givetian (Middle Devonian). Bolivia.A chondrichthyan-like braincase sometimes positioned among acanthodians. [50]
† Radioporacanthodes Valid. Ludlow to Emsian (late Silurian to Early Devonian). [73] [23] Worldwide. [73] [90] [23] [91] A widespread poracanthodid ischnacanthiform primarily based on scales. [91]
† Rhadinacanthus Valid. Emsian to Famennian? (Early Devonian to Late Devonian). [34] [11] [33] Europe, China, Canada. [34] [11] A diplacanthid diplacanthiform similar to, but distinct from, Diplacanthus . [34]
† Rockycampacanthus [92] Valid.Late Emsian (Early Devonian). [92] Australia. [92] A distinctive marine ischnacanthid. [92]
† Rohonilepis [12] Valid. Ludlow to Pridoli (late Silurian). [12] Lithuania, [12] Latvia.A possible ischnacanthid based on scales. [12]
† Sabrinacanthus Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [30] England. [30] A climatiid with a large shoulder girdle. [21]
† Serradentus [93] Valid.Late Givetian (Middle Devonian). [93] Spitsbergen. [93] A medium-sized ischnacanthiform. [93]
† Sevyacanthus [19] Valid. Emsian (Early Devonian). [19] U.S.A. [19] A climatiid with complex spine plates. [19]
† Sinacanthus Valid (non-acanthodian). Silurian to Early Devonian. Asia. [94] Namesake of the sinacanthids, a group of spined gnathostomes which are likely chondrichthyans. [94]
† Striacanthus Valid. Pragian to Frasnian (Early Devonian to Late Devonian). [95] Europe, [95] Australia. [32] A diplacanthiform based on elongated fin spines. [95]
† Taemasacanthus [92] Valid.Late Emsian (Early Devonian). [92] Australia. [92] A moderately large marine ischnacanthid. [92]
† Taimyrolepis Valid. Pridoli to Lochkovian (late Silurian to Early Devonian). [55] Russia. [55] A possible poracanthodid ischnacanthiform based on scales. [55]
† Tareyacanthus Valid. Pragian to Emsian (Early Devonian). [24] [12] Europe, [12] Australia. [24] A possible climatiid based on scales. [24]
† Tchunacanthus Valid.Late Llandovery (early Silurian). [2] Russia. [2] A tchunacanthid based on scales. [2]
† Teneracanthus [96] Valid.Late Emsian to Famennian (Early Devonian to Late Devonian). [96] [79] Australia, [96] Belgium. [79] A mesacanthid acanthodiform closely related to Lodeacanthus . [96]
† Tetanopsyrus [97] Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [97] Canada. [97] A distinctive diplacanthiform from the MOTH locality. [97] Tetanopsyrus lindoei.png
† Traquairia Junior synonym. Moscovian (Pennsylvanian / Late Carboniferous). [87] Czechia.Junior synonym of Traquiairichthys . [98]
† Traquairichthys Valid. Moscovian to Leonardian? (Pennsylvanian / Late Carboniferous to Early Permian). [87] [98] Czechia, [87] Greenland?, Texas, U.S.A.? [98] An eel-like acanthodid acanthodiform. [65]
† Triazeugacanthus Valid. Frasnian (Late Devonian). [99] Canada. [99] A mesacanthid acanthodiform from the Miguasha Lagerstätte, with one of the best-known ontogenetic series of all acanthodians. [99]
† Tricuspicanthus [41] Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [41] Canada. [41] A small MOTH locality ischnacanthid. [41]
† Trundlelepis [24] Valid. Lochkovian to Pragian (Early Devonian). [24] Australia, [24] Nevada, U.S.A.? [90] A poracanthodid ischnacanthiform based on scales. [39]
† Uraniacanthus Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [51] U.K., Canada? [51] A long-spined gladiobranchid diplacanthiform, sometimes misidentified as an ischnacanthiform. [51]
† Utahacanthus [100] Valid. Namurian (early Pennsylvanian / Late Carboniferous). [100] Utah, U.S.A. [100] An acanthodid acanthodiform with three prominent otoliths. [100]
† Vernicomacanthus Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [30] U.K. [30] A rare climatiid with denticulated fin spines. [16]
† Vesperalia [12] Valid.Late Pridoli (late Silurian). [13] Lithuania. [12] A vesperaliid based on scales. [2]
† Watsonacanthus Valid. Emsian to Eifelian (Early Devonian to Middle Devonian). [1] Europe, [1] Australia. [101] A possible climatiid based on scales. [1]
† Westrichus [102] Valid.Carboniferous - Permian boundary Germany An acanthodiform. Westrichus kraetschmeri.jpg
† Wetteldorfia Valid. Lochkovian to Eifelian (Early Devonian to Middle Devonian). [22] Germany, Spain, Australia, Saudi Arabia. [22] A possible climatiid based on scales. [22]
† Xylacanthus Valid.Late Wenlock (mid-Silurian) to Pragian (Early Devonian). [59] Spitsbergen, Canada. [59] An ischnacanthid containing both the largest species of acanthodians (X. grandis at 2.5 meters long) and one of the oldest species (X. kenstewarti). [3] [59]
† Yealepis [103] Valid. Ludlow (late Silurian). [103] Australia. [103] A large but indeterminate acanthodian which seems to lack fin spines. [103] [81]
† Zemlyacanthus Valid. Lochkovian (Early Devonian). [67] Severnaya Zemlya, Russia. [3] One of the few poracanthodid ischnacanthiforms known from articulated skeletons. [3]


See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chondrichthyes</span> Class of jawed cartilaginous fishes

Chondrichthyes is a class of jawed fish that contains the cartilaginous fish or chondrichthyans, which all have skeletons primarily composed of cartilage. They can be contrasted with the Osteichthyes or bony fish, which have skeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. Chondrichthyes are aquatic vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, placoid scales, conus arteriosus in the heart, and a lack of opercula and swim bladders. Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata, cartilaginous fishes are distinct from all other jawed vertebrates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gnathostomata</span> Infraphylum of vertebrates

Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates. Gnathostome diversity comprises roughly 60,000 species, which accounts for 99% of all living vertebrates, including humans. In addition to opposing jaws, living gnathostomes have true teeth, paired appendages, the elastomeric protein of elastin, and a horizontal semicircular canal of the inner ear, along with physiological and cellular anatomical characters such as the myelin sheaths of neurons, and an adaptive immune system that has the discrete lymphoid organs of spleen and thymus, and uses V(D)J recombination to create antigen recognition sites, rather than using genetic recombination in the variable lymphocyte receptor gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acanthodii</span> Class of fishes (fossil)

Acanthodii or acanthodians is an extinct class of gnathostomes. They are currently considered to represent a paraphyletic grade of various fish lineages basal to extant Chondrichthyes, which includes living sharks, rays, and chimaeras. Acanthodians possess a mosaic of features shared with both osteichthyans and chondrichthyans. In general body shape, they were similar to modern sharks, but their epidermis was covered with tiny rhomboid platelets like the scales of holosteians.

<i>Climatius</i> Extinct genus of cartilaginous fishes

Climatius is an extinct genus of spiny shark. This genus is known from the Early Devonian (Lochkovian) of Europe, previously considered Silurian remains actually belong to Nostolepis instead.

The Climatiiformes is an order of extinct fish belonging to the class Acanthodii. Like most other "spiny sharks", the Climatiiformes had sharp spines. These animals were often fairly small in size and lived from the Late Silurian to the Early Carboniferous period. The type genus is Climatius. The order used to be subdivided into the suborders Climatiida and Diplacanthida, but subsequently Diplacanthida has been elevated to a separate order, the Diplacanthiformes. The Diplacanthiformes take their name from Diplacanthus, first described by Agassiz in 1843. Family Gyracanthidae is sometimes rejected from this order.

<i>Psarolepis</i> Extinct genus of fishes

Psarolepis is a genus of extinct bony fish which lived around 397 to 418 million years ago. Fossils of Psarolepis have been found mainly in South China and described by paleontologist Xiaobo Yu in 1998. It is not known certainly in which group Psarolepis belongs, but paleontologists agree that it probably is a basal genus and seems to be close to the common ancestor of lobe-finned and ray-finned fishes. In 2001, paleontologist John A. Long compared Psarolepis with onychodontiform fishes and refer to their relationships.

The Xitun Formation is a palaeontological formation which is named after Xitun village in Qujing, a location in South China. This formation includes many remains of fossilized fish and plants of the Early Devonian period. It was originally referred to as the Xitun Member of the Cuifengshan Formation.

<i>Barameda</i> Extinct genus of tetrapodomorphs

Barameda is a genus of rhizodont lobe-finned fishes which lived during the Tournaisian stage near the start of the Carboniferous period in Australia; fossils of the genus have been reported from the Snowy Plains Formation. The largest member of this genus, Barameda decipiens, reached an estimated length of around 3–4 metres (9.8–13.1 ft), while smallest species, B. mitchelli is estimated to have had a length of about 35 centimetres (14 in).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paleontology in Oklahoma</span>

Paleontology in Oklahoma refers to paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Oklahoma has a rich fossil record spanning all three eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. Oklahoma is the best source of Pennsylvanian fossils in the United States due to having an exceptionally complete geologic record of the epoch. From the Cambrian to the Devonian, all of Oklahoma was covered by a sea that would come to be home to creatures like brachiopods, bryozoans, graptolites and trilobites. During the Carboniferous, an expanse of coastal deltaic swamps formed in areas of the state where early tetrapods would leave behind footprints that would later fossilize. The sea withdrew altogether during the Permian period. Oklahoma was home a variety of insects as well as early amphibians and reptiles. Oklahoma stayed dry for most of the Mesozoic. During the Late Triassic, carnivorous dinosaurs left behind footprints that would later fossilize. During the Cretaceous, however, the state was mostly covered by the Western Interior Seaway, which was home to huge ammonites and other marine invertebrates. During the Cenozoic, Oklahoma became home to creatures like bison, camels, creodonts, and horses. During the Ice Age, the state was home to mammoths and mastodons. Local Native Americans are known to have used fossils for medicinal purposes. The Jurassic dinosaur Saurophaganax maximus is the Oklahoma state fossil.

<i>Brochoadmones</i> Extinct genus of cartilaginous fishes

Brochoadmones is an extinct genus of acanthodian from the Devonian of what is now Canada. It is the only genus in the suborder Brochoadmonoidei, whose relationship to other acanthodian orders remains currently in flux.

<i>Tetanopsyrus</i> Extinct genus of cartilaginous fishes

Tetanopsyrus is a genus of Acanthodii. There are two species of this genus that lived through the lower Devonian (Lochkovian), some 416 to 359 million years ago.

The Wood Bay Series is a geologic formation found on the island of Spitsbergen, Svalbard in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Pragian–Emsian stages of the Devonian period.

<i>Gyracanthides</i> Extinct genus of cartilaginous fishes

Gyracanthides is an extinct genus of acanthodian gnathostome, known from Devonian to Early Carboniferous.

<i>Diplacanthus</i> Extinct genus of Devonian spiny sharks.

Diplacanthus is an extinct genus of Mid to Late Devonian fish in the class Acanthodii, known as spiny sharks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diplacanthiformes</span> Extinct order of cartilaginous fishes

Diplacanthiformes is an order of "acanthodian" stem-chondrichthyans which lived during the Devonian Period.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acanthodiformes</span> Extinct order of fishes

Acanthodiformes is an order of acanthodian fishes which lived from the Early Devonian to Early Permian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gyracanthidae</span> Extinct family of acanthodian

Gyracanthidae is an family of extinct fish belonging to the class Acanthodii, known from early Devonian to late Carboniferous. Members are characterized by large, broad-based, paired fin spines with the pectoral fin spines having a distinct longitudinal curvature. Although it is originally classified in order Climatiiformes, but later study questioned this.

<i>Qianodus</i> Extinct Silurian chondrichthyan genus

Qianodus is a jawed vertebrate genus that is based on disarticulated teeth from the lower Silurian of China. The type and only species of Qianodus, Q. duplicis, is known from compound dental elements called tooth whorls, each consisting of multiple tooth generations carried by a spiral-shaped base. The tooth whorls of Qianodus represent the oldest unequivocal remains of a toothed vertebrate, predating previously recorded occurrences by about 14 million years. The specimens attributed to the genus come from limestone conglomerate beds of the Rongxi Formation exposed near the village of Leijiatun, Guizhou Province, China. These horizons have been interpreted as tidal deposits1 that form part of the shallow marine sequences of the Rongxi Formation.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Valiukevicius, Juozas (2003). "Devonian acanthodians from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)". Geodiversitas. 25 (1): 131–204.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Valiukevičius, Juozas; Burrow, Carole J. (2005). "Diversity of tissues in acanthodians with Nostolepis-type histological structure". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (3): 635–649.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Burrow, Carole J. (2004). "Acanthodian fishes with dentigerous jaw bones: the Ischnacanthiformes and Acanthodopsis". Fossils and Strata. 50: 8–22. doi:10.18261/9781405169868-2004-02. ISBN   9781405169868.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Beznosov, Pavel (2009). "A redescription of the Early Carboniferous acanthodian Acanthodes lopatini Rohon, 1889". Acta Zoologica. 90 (s1): 183–193. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00352.x . ISSN   1463-6395.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Burrow, Carole J.; Rudkin, David (2014-08-05). "Oldest Near-Complete Acanthodian: The First Vertebrate from the Silurian Bertie Formation Konservat-Lagerstätte, Ontario". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e104171. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j4171B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104171 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   4122448 . PMID   25093877.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Turner, Susan; Burrow, Carole J.; Warren, Anne (2005). "Gyracanthides hawkinsi sp. nov. (Acanthodii, Gyracanthidae) from the Lower Carboniferous of Queensland, Australia, with a review of gyracanthid taxa". Palaeontology. 48 (5): 963–1006. Bibcode:2005Palgy..48..963T. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00479.x . ISSN   1475-4983. S2CID   84735724.
  7. 1 2 3 Burrow, Carole J.; Turner, Susan; Desbiens, Sylvain; Miller, Randall F. (2008-08-01). "Early Devonian putative gyracanthid acanthodians from eastern Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 45 (8): 897–908. Bibcode:2008CaJES..45..897B. doi:10.1139/E08-033. ISSN   0008-4077.
  8. 1 2 Derycke, Claire; Cloutier, Richard; Candilier, Anne-Marie (1995). "Palaeozoic vertebrates of northern France and Belgium: Part II. Chondrichthyes; Acanthodii; Actinopterygii (uppermost Silurian to Carboniferous)". Geobios. 28 (2): 343–350. Bibcode:1995Geobi..28..343D. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(95)80136-7.
  9. 1 2 3 Warren, Anne; Currie, Bryan P.; Burrow, Carole; Turner, Susan (2000-06-27). "A redescription and reinterpretation of Gyracanthides murrayi Woodward 1906 (Acanthodii, Gyracanthidae) from the Lower Carboniferous of the Mansfield Basin, Victoria, Australia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20 (2): 225–242. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0225:ARAROG]2.0.CO;2. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   130940413.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Young, Gavin C.; Burrow, Carole J. (2004). "Diplacanthid acanthodians from the Aztec Siltstone (late Middle Devonian) of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica". Fossils and Strata. 50: 23–43. doi:10.18261/9781405169868-2004-03. ISBN   9781405169868.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Lukševičs, E.; Lebedev, O. A.; Zakharenko, G. V. (2010-03-01). "Palaeozoogeographical connections of the Devonian vertebrate communities of the Baltica Province. Part I. Eifelian–Givetian". Palaeoworld. Middle Palaeozoic vertebrate biogeography, palaeogeography and climate (IGCP Project 491). 19 (1): 94–107. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2010.02.001. ISSN   1871-174X.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Valiukevičius, Juozas (2004). "New Wenlock–Pridoli (Silurian) acanthodian fishes from Lithuania" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 49 (1): 147–160.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Valiukevičius, Juozas (2005). "Silurian acanthodian biostratigraphy of Lithuania" (PDF). Geodiversitas. 27 (3): 349–380.
  14. 1 2 3 Burrow, Carole J. (2004-06-11). "A redescription of Atopacanthus dentatus Hussakof and Bryant, 1918 (Acanthodii, Ischnacanthidae)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (2): 257–267. Bibcode:2004JVPal..24..257B. doi:10.1671/1928. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   84291666.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Hairapetian, Vachik; Burrow, Carole J. (2016-07-01). "A new ischnacanthiform (Acanthodii) from the latest Devonian of Iran and the palaeogeography of Late Devonian ischnacanthiforms". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 124: 227–232. Bibcode:2016JAESc.124..227H. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.05.007. ISSN   1367-9120.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Burrow, Carole J.; Newman, Michael J.; Davidson, Robert G.; Blaauwen, Jan L. den (2013-09-01). "Redescription of Parexus recurvus, an Early Devonian acanthodian from the Midland Valley of Scotland". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 37 (3): 392–414. doi:10.1080/03115518.2013.765656. ISSN   0311-5518. S2CID   84927480.
  17. 1 2 Watson, David Meredith Seares (1937-10-15). "II - The Acanthodian fishes". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 228 (549): 49–146. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1937.0009 .
  18. 1 2 3 4 Hanke, Gavin F.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2006-09-11). "Anatomy of the early Devonian acanthodian Brochoadmones milesi based on nearly complete body fossils, with comments on the evolution and development of paired fins". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (3): 526–537. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[526:AOTEDA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   86378747.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Burrow, Carole J. (2007-09-01). "Early Devonian (Emsian) Acanthodian Faunas of the Western USA". Journal of Paleontology. 81 (5): 824–840. Bibcode:2007JPal...81..824B. doi:10.1666/pleo06-009.1. ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   131068412.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Burrow, Carole J. (2011). "A partial articulated acanthodian from the Silurian of New Brunswick, Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 48 (9): 1329–1341. Bibcode:2011CaJES..48.1329B. doi:10.1139/e11-023. ISSN   0008-4077.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Burrow, Carole J. (2017-03-01). "Reassessment of a mid-Palaeozoic vertebrate assemblage from Laúndos, Portugal". Journal of Iberian Geology. 43 (1): 97–110. doi:10.1007/s41513-017-0006-6. ISSN   1886-7995. S2CID   134844045.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Burrow, Carole J.; Lelièvre, Hervé; Janjou, Dominique (2006-05-01). "Gnathostome Microremains from the Lower Devonian Jawf Formation, Saudi Arabia". Journal of Paleontology. 80 (3): 537–560. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2006)80[537:GMFTLD]2.0.CO;2. ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   130447730.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Burrow, Carole J.; Ivanov, Alexander; Rodina, Olga (2010-03-01). "Emsian vertebrate microremains from the Zinzilban section, Uzbekistan". Palaeoworld. Middle Palaeozoic vertebrate biogeography, palaeogeography and climate (IGCP Project 491). 19 (1): 75–86. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2009.11.004. ISSN   1871-174X.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Burrow, Carole J. (2002). "Lower Devonian acanthodian faunas and biostratigraphy of south-eastern Australia". Memoirs of the Associate of Australian Palaeontologists. 27: 75–137.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Gagnier, Pierre-Yves; Wilson, Mark V.H. (1996). "Early Devonian acanthodians from northern Canada" (PDF). Palaeontology. 39 (2): 241–258.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Hanke, Gavin F.; Davis, Samuel P. (September 2012). "A re-examination of Lupopsyrus pygmaeus Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977 (Pisces, Acanthodii)" (PDF). Geodiversitas. 34 (3): 469–487. doi:10.5252/g2012n3a1. ISSN   1280-9659. S2CID   85622590.
  27. 1 2 De Pomeroy, Alison M. (1996). "Biostratigraphy of Devonian microvertebrates from Broken River, North Queensland" (PDF). Records of the Western Australian Museum. 17: 417–437.
  28. 1 2 3 Burrow, Carole; Blaauwen, Jan den; Newman, Michael (2020-04-01). "A redescription of the three longest-known species of the acanthodian Cheiracanthus from the Middle Devonian of Scotland". Palaeontologia Electronica. 23 (1): 1–43. doi: 10.26879/1035 . ISSN   1094-8074. S2CID   216263873.
  29. 1 2 3 Burrow, Carole J.; Davidson, Robert G.; Blaauwen, Jan L. Den; Newman, Michael J. (May 2015). "Revision of Climatius reticulatus Agassiz, 1844 (Acanthodii, Climatiidae), from the Lower Devonian of Scotland, Based on New Histological and Morphological Data". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (3): e913421. Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E3421B. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.913421. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   84156211.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Newman, Michael J.; Burrow, Carole J.; Davidson, Robert G.; den Blaauwen, Jan L.; Jones, Roger (2017-06-01). "Comparison of the vertebrate faunas of the Lower Old Red Sandstone of the Anglo-Welsh Basin with contemporary faunas in Scotland". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 128 (3): 447–459. Bibcode:2017PrGA..128..447N. doi: 10.1016/j.pgeola.2016.12.007 . ISSN   0016-7878.
  31. 1 2 3 Burrow, Carole J.; Young, Gavin C. (2012-06-25). "New Information on Culmacanthus (Acanthodii: Diplacanthiformes) from the ?Early–Middle Devonian of Southeastern Australia". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 134. ISSN   1839-7263.
  32. 1 2 3 4 Long, J.A. (1983). "A new diplacanthoid acanthodian from the Late Devonian of Victoria". Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists. 1: 51–65.
  33. 1 2 3 4 Lebedev, O. A.; Lukševičs, E.; Zakharenko, G. V. (2010-03-01). "Palaeozoogeographical connections of the Devonian vertebrate communities of the Baltica Province. Part II. Late Devonian". Palaeoworld. Middle Palaeozoic vertebrate biogeography, palaeogeography and climate (IGCP Project 491). 19 (1): 108–128. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2009.12.003. ISSN   1871-174X.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Burrow, Carole; Blaauwen, Jan den; Newman, Michael; Davidson, Robert (2016). "The diplacanthid fishes (Acanthodii, Diplacanthiformes, Diplacanthidae) from the Middle Devonian of Scotland". Palaeontologia Electronica. 19 (1): 1–83. doi: 10.26879/601 . ISSN   1094-8074.
  35. 1 2 Gees, Robert W. (2001-01-01). "A new species of Diplacanthus from the Late Devonian (Famennian) of South Africa". Annales de Paléontologie. 87 (1): 49–60. Bibcode:2001AnPal..87...49G. doi:10.1016/S0753-3969(01)88002-2. ISSN   0753-3969.
  36. 1 2 Miller, Randall F.; Cloutier, Richard; Turner, Susan (October 2003). "The oldest articulated chondrichthyan from the Early Devonian period". Nature. 425 (6957): 501–504. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..501M. doi:10.1038/nature02001. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   14523444. S2CID   4342877.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 Burrow, Carole J.; Turner, Susan; Maisey, John G.; Desbiens, Sylvain; Miller, Randall F. (2017). "Spines of the stem chondrichthyan Doliodus latispinosus (Whiteaves) comb. nov. from the Lower Devonian of eastern Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 54 (12): 1248–1262. Bibcode:2017CaJES..54.1248B. doi: 10.1139/cjes-2017-0059 . hdl: 1807/78890 . ISSN   0008-4077.
  38. ↑ Maisey, John G.; Miller, Randall; Pradel, Alan; Denton, John S.S.; Bronson, Allison; Janvier, Philippe (10 March 2017). "Pectoral Morphology in Doliodus: Bridging the 'Acanthodian'-Chondrichthyan Divide". American Museum Novitates (3875): 1–15. doi:10.1206/3875.1. S2CID   44127090.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Voichyshyn, Victor; Szaniawski, Hubert (2012). "Acanthodian Jaw Bones from Lower Devonian Marine Deposits of Podolia, Ukraine". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 57 (4): 879–896. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0079. ISSN   0567-7920. S2CID   54693307.
  40. 1 2 Ørvig, Tor (1967-10-01). "Some new acanthodian material from the Lower Devonian of Europe". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 47 (311): 131–153. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1967.tb01400.x. ISSN   0024-4082.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Blais, Stephanie A.; Hermus, Chelsea R.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2015). "Four New Early Devonian Ischnacanthid Acanthodians from the Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada: An Early Experiment in Dental Diversity". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (1): e948546. Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E8546B. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.948546. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   129673752.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Long, J.A. (1986). "A new Late Devonian acanthodian fish from Mt. Howitt, Victoria, Australia, with remarks on acanthodian biogeography". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. 98 (1): 1–17.
  43. ↑ Newman, Michael J.; Davidson, Robert G.; Blaauwen, Jan L. Den; Burrow, Carole J. (2011-11-01). "The Early Devonian Acanthodian Euthacanthus gracilis from the Midland Valley of Scotland". Scottish Journal of Geology. 47 (2): 101–111. Bibcode:2011ScJG...47..101N. doi:10.1144/0036-9276/01-436. ISSN   0036-9276. S2CID   129309618.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Newman, Michael J.; Blaauwen, Jan L. den; Burrow, Carole J. (2021-05-01). "Two newly identified cheiracanthid acanthodians from the Mey Flagstone Formation (Givetian, Middle Devonian) of the Orcadian Basin, Scotland". Scottish Journal of Geology. 57 (1). Bibcode:2021ScJG...57..009N. doi:10.1144/sjg2020-009. ISSN   0036-9276. S2CID   224879065.
  45. 1 2 3 4 Andreev, Plamen S.; Sansom, Ivan J.; Li, Qiang; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Wang, Chun-Chieh; Peng, Lijian; Jia, Liantao; Qiao, Tuo; Zhu, Min (September 2022). "Spiny chondrichthyan from the lower Silurian of South China". Nature. 609 (7929): 969–974. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..969A. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05233-8. PMID   36171377. S2CID   252570103.
  46. 1 2 3 4 Burrow, Carole J; Janvier, Philippe; Villarroel, Carlos (2003-06-01). "Late Devonian acanthodians from Colombia". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 16 (2): 155–161. Bibcode:2003JSAES..16..155B. doi:10.1016/S0895-9811(03)00026-9. ISSN   0895-9811.
  47. ↑ Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (entry on Acanthodii)". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2004-10-14. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
  48. ↑ Poplin, Cecile; Wang, N.-C.; Richter, Martha; Smith, Moya (1991-09-01). "An enigmatic actinopterygian (Pisces: Osteichthyes) from the Upper Permian of China". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 103 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00895.x. ISSN   0024-4082.
  49. 1 2 3 4 Pinakhina, Darya V.; Märss, Tiiu (2018). "The Middle Devonian acanthodian assemblage of the Karksi outcrop in Estonia". Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences. 67 (1): 96–111. doi: 10.3176/earth.2018.07 .
  50. 1 2 3 4 Coates, Michael I.; Finarelli, John A.; Sansom, Ivan J.; Andreev, Plamen S.; Criswell, Katharine E.; Tietjen, Kristen; Rivers, Mark L.; La Riviere, Patrick J. (2018-01-10). "An early chondrichthyan and the evolutionary assembly of a shark body plan". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 285 (1870): 20172418. doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.2418. PMC   5784200 . PMID   29298937.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 Newman, Michael J.; Davidson, Robert G.; Blaauwen, Jan L. Den; Burrow, Carole J. (2012). "The Early Devonian Acanthodian Uraniacanthus curtus (Powrie, 1870) n. comb. from the Midland Valley of Scotland". Geodiversitas. 34 (4): 739–759. doi:10.5252/g2012n4a2. ISSN   1280-9659. S2CID   54811929.
  52. 1 2 Hanke, Gavin F.; Davis, Samuel P. (2008). "Redescription of the acanthodian Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek & Dineley, 1977, and comments on diplacanthid relationships" (PDF). Geodiversitas. 30 (2): 303–330.
  53. 1 2 Davis, James W. (1884-02-01). "On some Remains of Fossil Fishes from the Yoredale Series at Leyburn in Wensleydale". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 40 (1–4): 614–635. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1884.40.01-04.51. ISSN   0370-291X. S2CID   129175553.
  54. ↑ Snyder, Daniel; Turner, Susan; Burrow, Carole J.; Daeschler, Edward B. (2017). ""Gyracanthus" sherwoodi (Gnathostomata, Gyracanthidae) from the Late Devonian of North America". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 165 (1): 195–219. doi:10.1635/053.165.0111. ISSN   0097-3157. S2CID   90452353.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Burrow, Carole J.; Ivanov, Alexander O.; Ershova, Victoria B. (2018-07-03). "Acanthodians from the Silurian–Devonian boundary beds of Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, Russia". GFF. 140 (3): 241–248. doi:10.1080/11035897.2018.1474381. hdl: 11701/19293 . ISSN   1103-5897. S2CID   134132254.
  56. ↑ Burrow, Carole J. (2003). "Earliest Devonian gnathostome microremains from central New South Wales (Australia)". Geodiversitas. 25 (2): 273–288.
  57. 1 2 3 4 5 Burrow, Carole J.; Turner, Susan; Nowlan, Godfrey S.; Denison, Robert H. (2013-11-01). "Vertebrate Microremains from the Late Silurian of Arisaig, Nova Scotia, Canada". Journal of Paleontology. 87 (6): 1041–1059. Bibcode:2013JPal...87.1041B. doi:10.1666/12-154. ISSN   0022-3360. S2CID   130013136.
  58. 1 2 Burrow, C.J. (1997). "Microvertebrate assemblages from the Lower Devonian (pesavis/sulcatus zones) of central New South Wales, Australia". Modern Geology. 21 (1): 43–77.
  59. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hanke, Gavin F.; Wilson, Mark VH; Lindoe, L. Allan (2001). "New species of Silurian acanthodians from the Mackenzie Mountains, Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 38 (11): 1517–1529. doi:10.1139/e01-039.
  60. 1 2 3 4 Long, John A.; Burrow, Carole J.; Ritchie, Alex (2004-01-01). "A new Late Devonian acanthodian fish from the Hunter Formation near Grenfell, New South Wales". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 28 (1): 147–156. doi:10.1080/03115510408619279. ISSN   0311-5518. S2CID   128470483.
  61. 1 2 3 Zhao, Wen-Jin; Zhu, Min (2015-03-01). "A review of Silurian fishes from Yunnan, China and related biostratigraphy". Palaeoworld. Geologic and biotic events and their relationships during the Early to Middle Paleozoic. 24 (1): 243–250. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2015.02.004. ISSN   1871-174X.
  62. 1 2 3 4 5 Burrow, Carole J.; Trinajstic, Kate; Long, John (2012-08-01). "First acanthodian from the Upper Devonian (Frasnian) Gogo Formation, Western Australia". Historical Biology. 24 (4): 349–357. doi:10.1080/08912963.2012.660150. ISSN   0891-2963. S2CID   128481092.
  63. ↑ Haraamo, Mikko (2008-03-11). "†Climatiiformes" . Retrieved 2008-09-08.
  64. 1 2 3 Cloutier, Richard; Proust, Jean-Noël; Tessier, Bernadette (2011-12-01). "The Miguasha Fossil-Fish-Lagerstätte: a consequence of the Devonian land–sea interactions". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 91 (4): 293–323. doi:10.1007/s12549-011-0058-0. ISSN   1867-1608. S2CID   128971471.
  65. 1 2 3 Zajíc, Jaroslav (1995-01-01). "Some consequences of recentinvestigations on the family Acanthodidae Huxley; 1861". Geobios. Premiers Vertandébrandés et Vertandébrandés Infandérieurs. 28: 167–169. Bibcode:1995Geobi..28..167Z. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(95)80107-3. ISSN   0016-6995.
  66. 1 2 3 4 5 Hairapetian, Vachik; Valiukevičius, Juozas; Burrow, Carole J. (2005). "Early Frasnian acanthodians from central Iran" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 51 (3): 499–520.
  67. 1 2 3 4 Burrow, C. J.; Newman, M.; den Blaauwen, J.; Jones, R.; Davidson, R. (2018). "The Early Devonian ischnacanthiform acanthodian Ischnacanthus gracilis (Egerton, 1861) from the Midland Valley of Scotland". Acta Geologica Polonica. 68 (3). doi:10.1515/agp-2018-0008 (inactive 31 January 2024). ISSN   0001-5709.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  68. ↑ Hanke, Gavin F.; Wilson, Mark V.H. (2010). "The putative stem-group chondrichthyans Kathemacanthus and Seretolepis from the Lower Devonian MOTH locality, Mackenzie Mountains, Canada". Morphology, Phylogeny and Paleobiogeography of Fossil Fishes. Munich: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 159–182.
  69. 1 2 3 4 Lawrence, Hans-Peter Schultze; Norman, Jiri Zidek (1982-06-01). "Ein primitiver acanthodier (pisces) aus dem unterdevon lettlands". Paläontologische Zeitschrift (in German). 56 (1): 95–105. doi:10.1007/BF02988788. S2CID   128942905.
  70. 1 2 3 Upeniece, Ieva (2001). "The unique fossil assemblage from the Lode Quarry (Upper Devonian, Latvia)". Fossil Record. 4 (1): 101–119. doi: 10.1002/mmng.20010040108 . ISSN   1860-1014.
  71. 1 2 3 4 5 Cumbaa, Stephen L.; Schultze, Hans-Peter (2011-02-09). "An Early Devonian (Emsian) acanthodian from the Bear Rock Formation, Anderson River, Northwest Territories, Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 39 (10): 1457–1465. doi:10.1139/e02-047.
  72. 1 2 3 Botella, Héctor; Martínez-Pérez, Carlos; Soler-Gijón, Rodrigo (2012). "Machaeracanthus goujeti n. sp. (Acanthodii) from the Lower Devonian of Spain and northwest France, with special reference to spine histology". Geodiversitas. 34 (4): 761–783. doi:10.5252/g2012n4a3. ISSN   1280-9659. S2CID   55889993.
  73. 1 2 3 Turner, Susan; Burrow, Carole J.; Williams, Rod B.; Tarrant, Peter (2017-06-01). "Welsh Borderland bouillabaisse: Lower Old Red Sandstone fish microfossils and their significance". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 128 (3): 460–479. Bibcode:2017PrGA..128..460T. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2017.04.006. ISSN   0016-7878.
  74. 1 2 3 Baron, MG (2015). "An investigation of the genus Mesacanthus (Chordata: Acanthodii) from the Orcadian Basin and Midland Valley areas of Northern and Central Scotland using traditional morphometrics". PeerJ. 3: e1331. doi: 10.7717/peerj.1331 . PMC   4631467 . PMID   26539330.
  75. ↑ Mark-Kurik, Elga (1969). "Distribution of Vertebrates in the Silurian of Estonia". Lethaia. 2 (2): 145–152. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1969.tb01633.x. ISSN   1502-3931.
  76. 1 2 3 4 Botella, H.; Manzanares, E.; Ferrón, H. G.; Martínez-Pérez, C. (2014-12-01). "Obruchevacanthus ireneae gen. et sp. nov., a new ischnacanthiform (Acanthodii) from the Lower Devonian of Spain". Paleontological Journal. 48 (10): 1067–1076. doi:10.1134/S0031030114100025. hdl: 10550/85561 . ISSN   1555-6174. S2CID   85762279.
  77. 1 2 3 Blais, Stephanie A.; MacKenzie, Lindsay A.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2011). "Tooth-Like Scales in Early Devonian Eugnathostomes and the 'Outside-In' Hypothesis for the Origins of Teeth in Vertebrates". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (6): 1189–1199. doi:10.1080/039.031.0611 (inactive 31 January 2024). ISSN   0272-4634.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  78. ↑ Burrow, Carole J. (2003-01-01). "Redescription of the gnathostome fish fauna from the mid-Palaeozoic Silverband Formation, the Grampians, Victoria". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 27 (1): 37–49. doi:10.1080/03115510308619543. ISSN   0311-5518. S2CID   129081203.
  79. 1 2 3 Derycke, Claire; Clement, Gaël (2013-01-01). "First assemblage of Acanthodian scales and spines from the Famennian (Upper Devonian) of Durnal (Belgium), palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental implications". Geologica Belgica. ISSN   1374-8505.
  80. 1 2 Newman, Michael J.; Blaauwen, Jan L. den; Burrow, Carole J.; Jones, Roger; Davidson, Robert G. (2023-02-27). "The Middle Devonian acanthodian Orcadacanthus n. gen. from the Orcadian Basin of Scotland". Palaeontologia Electronica. 26 (1): 1–31. doi: 10.26879/1240 . ISSN   1094-8074. S2CID   257266871.
  81. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hanke, Gavin F. (2002). "Paucicanthus vanelsti gen. et sp. nov., an Early Devonian (Lochkovian) acanthodian that lacks paired fin-spines". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 39 (7): 1071–1083. Bibcode:2002CaJES..39.1071H. doi:10.1139/e02-023.
  82. 1 2 3 Burrow, Carole J.; Long, John A.; Trinajstic, Kate (2009). "Disarticulated acanthodian and chondrichthyan remains from the upper Middle Devonian Aztec Siltstone, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica". Antarctic Science. 21 (1): 71–88. Bibcode:2009AntSc..21...71B. doi:10.1017/S0954102008001521. S2CID   128761126.
  83. 1 2 3 Turner, Susan; Miller, Randall F. (2008). "Protodus jexi Woodward, 1892 (Chondrichthyes), from the Lower Devonian Campbellton Formation, New Brunswick, Canada". Acta Geologica Polonica. 58 (2): 133–141.
  84. ↑ Burrow, Carole J.; Turner, Susan (2010). "Reassessment of "Protodus" scoticus from the Early Devonian of Scotland". Morphology, Phylogeny and Paleobiogeography of Fossil Fishes. Munich: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 123–144.
  85. 1 2 3 Burrow, Carole J. (2003-09-12). "Poracanthodid acanthodian from the Upper Silurian (Pridoli) of Nevada". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23 (3): 489–493. Bibcode:2003JVPal..23..489B. doi:10.1671/1888. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   129843606.
  86. 1 2 3 4 Hanke, Gavin F. (2008). "Promesacanthus eppleri n. gen., n. sp., a mesacanthid (Acanthodii, Acanthodiformes) from the Lower Devonian of northern Canada" (PDF). Geodiversitas. 30 (2): 287–302.
  87. 1 2 3 4 5 Opluštil, Stanislav; Schmitz, Mark; Cleal, Christopher J.; Martínek, Karel (2016-03-01). "A review of the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian west European regional substages and floral biozones, and their correlation to the Geological Time Scale based on new U–Pb ages". Earth-Science Reviews. 154: 301–335. Bibcode:2016ESRv..154..301O. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.01.004. ISSN   0012-8252.
  88. 1 2 3 Brazeau, M.D. (2009). "The braincase and jaws of a Devonian 'acanthodian' and modern gnathostome origins" (PDF). Nature. 457 (7227): 111–213. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..305B. doi:10.1038/nature07436. hdl:10044/1/17971. PMID   19148098. S2CID   4321057.
  89. 1 2 Brazeau, M.D. (2012). "A revision of the anatomy of the Early Devonian jawed vertebrate Ptomacanthus anglicus Miles". Palaeontology. 55 (2): 355–367. Bibcode:2012Palgy..55..355B. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01130.x. S2CID   82111530.
  90. 1 2 Burrow, Carole J.; Turner, Susan; Young, Gavin C. (2010-03-01). "Middle Palaeozoic microvertebrate assemblages and biogeography of East Gondwana (Australasia, Antarctica)". Palaeoworld. Middle Palaeozoic vertebrate biogeography, palaeogeography and climate (IGCP Project 491). 19 (1): 37–54. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2009.11.001. ISSN   1871-174X.
  91. 1 2 Burrow, Carole J. (2013). "Reassessment of Ischnacanthus? scheii Spjeldnaes (Acanthodii, Ischnacanthiformes) from the latest Silurian or earliest Devonian of Ellesmere Island, arctic Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 50 (9): 945–954. Bibcode:2013CaJES..50..945B. doi:10.1139/cjes-2013-0068. ISSN   0008-4077.
  92. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Long, J.A. (1986). "New ischnacanthid acanthodians from the Early Devonian of Australia, with comments on acanthodian interrelationships". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 87 (4): 231–339. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1986.tb01339.x.
  93. 1 2 3 4 Newman, Michael J.; Burrow, Carole J.; den Blaauwen, Jan L. (2020). "A new species of ischnacanthiform acanthodian from the Givetian of Mimerdalen, Svalbard". Norwegian Journal of Geology. 99 (4). doi:10.17850/njg99-4-5 (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  94. 1 2 Sansom, Ivan J.; Wang, Nian-Zhong; Smith, Moya (2005-07-01). "The histology and affinities of sinacanthid fishes: primitive gnathostomes from the Silurian of China". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 144 (3): 379–386. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00171.x . ISSN   0024-4082.
  95. 1 2 3 Burrow, Carole J.; Szrek, Piotr (2018). "Acanthodians from the Lower Devonian (Emsian) 'Placoderm Sandstone', Holy Cross Mountains, Poland". Acta Geologica Polonica. 68 (3): 307–320. doi:10.1515/agp-2018-0019 (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  96. 1 2 3 4 Burrow, Carole J.; Young, Gavin C. (2005). "The Acanthodian Fauna of the Craven Peaks Beds (Early to Middle Devonian) western Queensland". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 51 (1): 3–25.
  97. 1 2 3 4 Hanke, Gavin F.; Davis, Samuel P.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2001-12-14). "New species of the acanthodian genus Tetanopsyrus from northern Canada, and comments on related taxa". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (4): 740–753. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0740:NSOTAG]2.0.CO;2. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   86098457.
  98. 1 2 3 Zidek, Jiri (1973). "Remarks on an Acanthodian Specimen from Texas" (PDF). Oklahoma Geology Notes. 33 (5): 201–202.
  99. 1 2 3 Chevrinais, Marion; Sire, Jean-Yves; Cloutier, Richard (2017-04-12). "From body scale ontogeny to species ontogeny: Histological and morphological assessment of the Late Devonian acanthodian Triazeugacanthus affinis from Miguasha, Canada". PLOS ONE. 12 (4): e0174655. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1274655C. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174655 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   5389634 . PMID   28403168.
  100. 1 2 3 4 Schultze, Hans-Peter (1990-03-29). "A new acanthodian from the Pennsylvanian of Utah, U.S.A., and the distribution of otoliths in gnathostomes". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 10 (1): 49–58. Bibcode:1990JVPal..10...49S. doi:10.1080/02724634.1990.10011789. ISSN   0272-4634.
  101. ↑ Burrow, Carole J.; Long, John A.; Turner, Susan (1998-01-01). "Lower Devonian microvertebrates from the Point Hibbs Formation, Tasmania". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 22 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1080/03115519808619236. ISSN   0311-5518.
  102. ↑ Heidtke, U.H.J., Revision der unterpermischen Acanthodier (Acanthodii: Pisces) des südwestdeutschen Saar-Nahe-Beckens, Mitt. Pollich., 2011, no. 95, pp. 15–41.
  103. 1 2 3 4 Burrow, Carole J.; Young, Gavin C. (1999). "An articulated teleostome fish from the Late Silurian (Ludlow) of Victoria, Australia". Records of the Western Australian Museum. supplement 57: 1–14.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.