Rhipidistia

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Rhipidistians
Temporal range:
Early Devonian - Present, 416–0  Ma
Rhipidistia.png
Diversity of Rhipidistia
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Sarcopterygii
Clade: Rhipidistia
Subgroups

Rhipidistia, also known as Dipnotetrapodomorpha, [1] is a clade of lobe-finned fishes which includes the tetrapods and lungfishes. Rhipidistia formerly referred to a subgroup of Sarcopterygii consisting of the Porolepiformes and Osteolepiformes, a definition that is now obsolete. [2] However, as cladistic understanding of the vertebrates has improved over the last few decades, a monophyletic Rhipidistia is now understood to include the whole of Tetrapoda and the lungfishes.

Contents

Rhipidistia includes Porolepiformes and Dipnoi. Extensive fossilization of lungfishes has contributed to many evolutionary studies of this group. Evolution of autostylic jaw suspension, in which the palatoquadrate bone fuses to the cranium, and the lymph pumping "lymph heart" (later lost in mammals and flying birds), are unique to this group. Another feature shared by lungfish and tetrapods is the divided atrium. [3]

The precise time at which the choana of tetrapods evolved is debated, with some considering early rhipidistians as the first choanates. The feature is also present in modern lungfish but is probably a case of convergent evolution. The basal stem-lungfish Diabolepis did not possess it. Instead, it had four nostrils (two anterior and two posterior) like most fish. However, its posterior nares are very close to the lip, meaning a ventral 'displacement' of the posterior nostril can be considered a synapomorphy of the lungfish-tetrapod clade. The complete choana then seems to have developed independently in the two surviving clades. [4]

Etymology

The word "Rhipidistia" is from Ancient Greek : ῥιπίδιον, romanized: rhipídion, lit.  'small bellows '.

The word "Dipnotetrapodomorpha" is from Greek : δίπνοος, romanized: dipnoos, lit.  'with two breathing structures' (from δι- meaning "twice", and πνοή meaning "breathing, breath"); from Ancient Greek: τετρα-, romanized: tetra-, lit. 'four', the combining form of the numeral τέτταρες (tettares); from Ancient Greek: -ποδ-, romanized: -pod-, the combining form of πούς (pous) meaning "foot"; and from Ancient Greek: -μορφος, romanized: -morphos, the combining form of μορφή (morph) meaning "physical shape".

Phylogeny

The cladogram presented below is based on studies compiled by Philippe Janvier and others for the Tree of Life Web Project, [5] and Swartz 2012. [6]

Sarcopterygii

References

  1. ↑ Joseph S., Nelson (19 May 2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 461. ISBN   978-0-471-75644-6 . Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  2. ↑ "Encyclopædia Britannica" . Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  3. ↑ Pough, F. Harvey (2018). Vertebrate Life. Christine M. Janis, Sergi López-Torres (10th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 123. ISBN   978-1-60535-607-5. OCLC   1022979490.
  4. ↑ Zhu, Min; Ahlberg, Per E. (2004). "The origin of the internal nostril of tetrapods" . Nature. 432 (7013): 94–97. Bibcode:2004Natur.432...94Z. doi:10.1038/nature02843. ISSN   0028-0836. PMID   15525987. S2CID   4422813.
  5. ↑ Janvier, Philippe. 1997. Vertebrata. Animals with backbones. Version 01 January 1997 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Vertebrata/14829/1997.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/
  6. ↑ Swartz, B. (2012). "A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e33683. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...733683S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033683 . PMC   3308997 . PMID   22448265.


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