This article is a list of diseases of bananas and plantains ( Musa spp.).
Contents
- Bacterial diseases
- Fungal diseases
- Viral diseases
- Nematodes, parasitic
- Miscellaneous diseases and disorders
- References
This article is a list of diseases of bananas and plantains ( Musa spp.).
| Bacterial diseases | |
|---|---|
| Bacterial wilt | Pseudomonas solanacearum (race 1) |
| Blood disease | Ralstonia syzigii subsp. celebensis [1] |
| Bugtok | Ralstonia solanacearum (race 2) |
| Finger tip rot (gumming) | Burkholderia cenocepacia (syn. Pseudomonas cenocepacia) [2] Pseudomonas spp.[ citation needed ] |
| Moko | Ralstonia solanacearum (race 2) |
| Rhizome rot | Erwinia carotovora (syn. Pectobacterium carotovorum) Erwinia chrysanthemi (syn. Dickeya dadantii) |
| Javanese vascular wilt | Pseudomonas spp. |
| Xanthomonas wilt (BXW), Banana bacterial wilt, enset wilt | Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum |
| Fungal diseases | |
|---|---|
| Anthracnose | |
| Armillaria corn rot | |
| Black cross | |
| Black leaf streak (BLS) or Black Sigatoka |
|
| Black root rot | Rosellinia bunodes |
| Brown blotch | Pestalotiopsis leprogena |
| Brown spot | Cercospora hayi |
| Ceratocystis fruit rot | |
| Cigar-end | |
| Cladosporium speckle | Cladosporium musae |
| Corm dry rot | Junghuhnia vincta |
| Cordana leaf spot | |
| Crown rot | Fusarium pallidoroseum |
| Cylindrocladium root rot | Cylindrocladium spp. |
| Damping-off | Deightoniella torulosa |
| Deightoniella fruit speckle, leaf spot and tip rot | Deightoniella torulosa |
| Diamond spot | Cercospora hayi Fusarium spp. |
| Dwarf Cavendish tip rot | |
| Eyespot | Drechslera gigantea |
| Fruit freckle (freckle) | |
| Fruit rot | Botryosphaeria ribis |
| Fungal root-rot | Fusarium solani |
| Fungal scald | Colletotrichum musae |
| Leaf rust | |
| Leaf speckle | Acrodontium simplex |
| Leaf spot | Curvularia eragrostidis |
| Leaf spot | Drechslera musae-sapientum |
| Leaf spot | Leptosphaeria musarum |
| Leaf spot | Pestalotiopsis disseminata |
| Main stalk rot | Ceratocystis paradoxa |
| Malayan leaf spot | Haplobasidion musae |
| Marasmiellus rot | |
| Panama disease (Fusarium wilt) | Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense Races 1, 2 and 4 - inc.Tropical Race 4 (TR4) and Subtropical Race 4 |
| Peduncle rot | Lasiodiplodia theobromae |
| Pestalotiopsis leaf spot | Pestalotiopsis palmarum |
| Phaeoseptoria leaf spot | Phaeoseptoria musae |
| Pitting | Pyricularia grisea |
| Pseudostem heart rot | |
| Root & rhizome rot | Cylindrocarpon musae |
| Sclerotinia fruit rot | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum |
| Septoria leaf spot | Mycosphaerella eumusae [ sexual stage ] |
| Sheath rot | Nectria foliicola |
| Sooty mold | Limacinula tenuis |
| Speckle | Mycosphaerella musae |
| Squirter (black end disease) | Nigrospora sphaerica |
| Stem-end rot | Colletotrichum musae |
| Trachysphaera finger rot | Trachysphaera fructigena |
| Tropical speckle | |
| Verticillium tip rot | Verticillium theobromae |
| Yellow Sigatoka | Mycosphaerella musicola |
| Viral diseases | |
|---|---|
| Disease | Viruses |
| Bract mosaic | Banana bract mosaic virus |
| Bunchy top | Banana bunchy top virus |
| Mosaic | Cucumber mosaic virus |
| Streak | Banana streak virus |
| Banana mild mosaic | Banana mild mosaic virus |
| Banana virus X | Banana virus X |
| Nematodes, parasitic | |
|---|---|
| Nematode root rot (burrowing nematode) | |
| Root-knot | Meloidogyne arenaria |
| Root-lesion | Pratylenchus coffeae |
| Spiral nematode root damage | |
| Miscellaneous diseases and disorders | |
|---|---|
| Alligator skin | Light abrasions on fruit peel caused by leaves or bracts |
| Blue disease | Magnesium deficiency |
| Choke | Low winter temperatures |
| Dwarfism | Genetic mutation |
| Elephantiasis | Unknown cause |
| Fruit chimera | Genetic mutation |
| Fused fingers | Genetic defect |
| Giantism | Genetic mutation |
| Heart leaf unfurling disorder | Unknown cause |
| High mat | Unknown cause |
| Leaf edge chlorosis | Unknown cause |
| Maturity bronzing | Unknown cause |
| Rayadilla | Zinc deficiency |
| Rosetting | Nitrogen deficiency |
| Roxana | Unknown cause |
| Spike leaf | Low winter temperatures |
| Split peel | Rapid filling of pulp of fruit |
| Taiwan marginal scorch | Unknown cause |
| "Segmented Banana" | Chilling injury to fruit One of the less common plantain diseases is exostentialis clittellus referred to by most plantain and banana farmers as "segmented banana". This is a result of the peel forming tiny inter-fruit membranes which cause the banana to appear as though it has been sliced before it is peeled. This is generally a result of freezing the fruit, and occurs most commonly in fruit that is sold in large stores or supermarkets. |
| Yellow mat | Unknown cause |
| Yellow pulp | Delay in fruit filling, drought, excessive shading, magnesium deficiency, poor nutrition |
| Yellows | Lack of water |
| Neer Vazhai | Unknown etiology |
| Kottai Vazhai or seediness in Parthenocarpic Poovan banana | Unknown etiology, probably due to BSV infection |
Coronary artery disease (CAD), also called coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), myocardial ischemia, or simply heart disease, involves the reduction of blood flow to the cardiac muscle due to build-up of atherosclerotic plaque in the arteries of the heart. It is the most common of the cardiovascular diseases. Types include stable angina, unstable angina, and myocardial infarction.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national public health agency of the United States. It is a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Services, and is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia.
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific signs and symptoms. A disease may be caused by external factors such as pathogens or by internal dysfunctions. For example, internal dysfunctions of the immune system can produce a variety of different diseases, including various forms of immunodeficiency, hypersensitivity, allergies, and autoimmune disorders.
A prion is a misfolded protein that can induce misfolding of normal variants of the same protein and trigger cellular death. Prions cause prion diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) that are transmissible, fatal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals. The proteins may misfold sporadically, due to genetic mutations, or by exposure to an already misfolded protein. The consequent abnormal three-dimensional structure confers on them the ability to cause misfolding of other proteins.
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. The signs and symptoms of syphilis vary depending in which of the four stages it presents. The primary stage classically presents with a single chancre though there may be multiple sores. In secondary syphilis, a diffuse rash occurs, which frequently involves the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. There may also be sores in the mouth or vagina. In latent syphilis, which can last for years, there are few or no symptoms. In tertiary syphilis, there are gummas, neurological problems, or heart symptoms. Syphilis has been known as "the great imitator" as it may cause symptoms similar to many other diseases.
Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis. Around 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kill about half of those affected. Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic cough with blood-containing mucus, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.
An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease, is an illness resulting from an infection.
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Infection can lead to damage of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. This nerve damage may result in a lack of ability to feel pain, which can lead to the loss of parts of a person's extremities from repeated injuries or infection through unnoticed wounds. An infected person may also experience muscle weakness and poor eyesight. Leprosy symptoms may begin within one year, but, for some people, symptoms may take 20 years or more to occur.
Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that is mostly inherited. The earliest symptoms are often subtle problems with mood or mental/psychiatric abilities. A general lack of coordination and an unsteady gait often follow. It is also a basal ganglia disease causing a hyperkinetic movement disorder known as chorea. As the disease advances, uncoordinated, involuntary body movements of chorea become more apparent. Physical abilities gradually worsen until coordinated movement becomes difficult and the person is unable to talk. Mental abilities generally decline into dementia, depression, apathy, and impulsivity at times. The specific symptoms vary somewhat between people. Symptoms usually begin between 30 and 50 years of age, and can start at any age but are usually seen around the age of 40. The disease may develop earlier in each successive generation. About eight percent of cases start before the age of 20 years, and are known as juvenile HD, which typically present with the slow movement symptoms of Parkinson's disease rather than those of chorea.
Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any segment of the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms often include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, abdominal distension, and weight loss. Complications outside of the gastrointestinal tract may include anemia, skin rashes, arthritis, inflammation of the eye, and fatigue. The skin rashes may be due to infections as well as pyoderma gangrenosum or erythema nodosum. Bowel obstruction may occur as a complication of chronic inflammation, and those with the disease are at greater risk of colon cancer and small bowel cancer.
Coeliac disease or celiac disease is a long-term autoimmune disorder, primarily affecting the small intestine, where individuals develop intolerance to gluten, present in foods such as wheat, rye and barley. Classic symptoms include gastrointestinal problems such as chronic diarrhoea, abdominal distention, malabsorption, loss of appetite, and among children failure to grow normally. Non-classic symptoms are more common, especially in people older than two years. There may be mild or absent gastrointestinal symptoms, a wide number of symptoms involving any part of the body, or no obvious symptoms. Coeliac disease was first described in childhood; however, it may develop at any age. It is associated with other autoimmune diseases, such as Type 1 diabetes mellitus and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, among others.
Lyme disease, also known as Lyme borreliosis, is a tick-borne disease caused by species of Borrelia bacteria, transmitted by blood-feeding ticks in the genus Ixodes. The most common sign of infection is an expanding red rash, known as erythema migrans (EM), which appears at the site of the tick bite about a week afterwards. The rash is typically neither itchy nor painful. Approximately 70–80% of infected people develop a rash. Early diagnosis can be difficult. Other early symptoms may include fever, headaches and tiredness. If untreated, symptoms may include loss of the ability to move one or both sides of the face, joint pains, severe headaches with neck stiffness or heart palpitations. Months to years later, repeated episodes of joint pain and swelling may occur. Occasionally, shooting pains or tingling in the arms and legs may develop. Despite appropriate treatment, about 10 to 20% of those affected develop joint pains, memory problems, and tiredness for at least six months.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is any disease involving the heart or blood vessels. CVDs constitute a class of diseases that includes: coronary artery diseases, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, and venous thrombosis.
Enteritis is inflammation of the small intestine. It is most commonly caused by food or drink contaminated with pathogenic microbes, such as Serratia, but may have other causes such as NSAIDs, radiation therapy as well as autoimmune conditions like coeliac disease. Symptoms include abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhoea, dehydration, and fever. Related diseases of the gastrointestinal system involve inflammation of the stomach and large intestine.
Rabies is a viral disease that causes encephalitis in humans and other mammals. It was historically referred to as hydrophobia due to the symptom of panic when presented with liquids to drink. Early symptoms can include fever and abnormal sensations at the site of exposure. These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms: nausea, vomiting, violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Once symptoms appear, the result is virtually always death. The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months but can vary from less than one week to more than one year. The time depends on the distance the virus must travel along peripheral nerves to reach the central nervous system.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens, and is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems with language, disorientation, mood swings, loss of motivation, self-neglect, and behavioral issues. As a person's condition declines, they often withdraw from family and society. Gradually, bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death. Although the speed of progression can vary, the average life expectancy following diagnosis is three to twelve years.
Sickle cell disease (SCD), also simply called sickle cell, is a group of hemoglobin-related blood disorders typically inherited. The most common type is known as sickle cell anemia. It results in an abnormality in the oxygen-carrying protein haemoglobin found in red blood cells. This leads to a rigid, sickle-like shape under certain circumstances. Problems in sickle cell disease typically begin around 5 to 6 months of age. A number of health problems may develop, such as attacks of pain in joints, anemia, swelling in the hands and feet, bacterial infections, dizziness and stroke. Long-term pain may develop as people get older. The average life expectancy in the developed world is 40 to 60 years. It often gets worse within age. All the major organs are affected by sickle cell disease. The liver, heart, kidneys, gallbladder, eyes, bones, and joints also can suffer damage from the abnormal functions of the sickle cells, and their inability to flow through the small blood vessels correctly.
Parkinson's disease (PD), or simply Parkinson's, is a long-term neurodegenerative disease of mainly the central nervous system that affects both the motor system and non-motor systems. The symptoms usually emerge slowly, and as the disease progresses, non-motor symptoms become more common. Usual symptoms are tremor, slowness of movement, rigidity, and difficulty with balance, collectively known as parkinsonism. Parkinson's disease dementia, falls and neuropsychiatric problems such as sleep abnormalities, psychosis, mood swings, or behavioral changes may arise in advanced stages.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by long-term respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. GOLD 2024 defined COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms due to abnormalities of the airways and/or alveoli (emphysema) that cause persistent, often progressive, airflow obstruction.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The first known case was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Most scientists believe the SARS-CoV-2 virus entered into human populations through natural zoonosis, similar to the SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV outbreaks, and consistent with other pandemics in human history. Social and environmental factors including climate change, natural ecosystem destruction and wildlife trade increased the likelihood of such zoonotic spillover. The disease quickly spread worldwide, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic.
