Musa acuminata

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Musa acuminata
Musa acuminata in india01.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Zingiberales
Family: Musaceae
Genus: Musa
Section: Musa sect. Musa
Species:
M. acuminata
Binomial name
Musa acuminata
Subspecies

See § Subspecies

Banana ancestors (Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana) original range.png
Original native ranges of the ancestors of modern edible bananas. M. acuminata is shown in green and M. balbisiana in orange. [3]
Synonyms [4]
  • Musa cavendishii Lamb.
  • Musa chinensis Sweet, nom. nud.
  • Musa corniculata Kurz
  • Musa nana Lour.
  • Musa × sapientum var. suaveolens (Blanco) Malag.
  • Musa rumphiana Kurz
  • Musa simiarum Kurz
  • Musa sinensis Sagot ex Baker
  • And see text

Musa acuminata is a species of banana native to Southern Asia, its range comprising the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Many of the modern edible dessert bananas are from this species, although some are hybrids with Musa balbisiana . [5] First cultivated by humans around 10 kya (8000 BCE), [6] [7] it is one of the early examples of domesticated plants.

Contents

Fruit in West Bengal, India. Musa acuminata, Burdwan, West Bengal, India 29 09 2012.JPG
Fruit in West Bengal, India.

Description

Musa acuminata is classified by botanists as an herbaceous plant and an evergreen and a perennial, but not as a tree. The trunk (known as the pseudostem) is made of tightly packed layers of leaf sheaths emerging from completely or partially buried corms. [8] The leaves are at the top of the leaf sheaths, or petioles and in the subspecies M. a. truncata the blade or lamina is up to 22 feet (6.7 m) in length and 39 inches (0.99 m) wide.

The inflorescence grows horizontally or obliquely from the trunk. The individual flowers are white to yellowish-white in color and are negatively geotropic (that is, growing upwards and away from the ground). [8] [9] Both male and female flowers are present in a single inflorescence. Female flowers are located near the base (and develop into fruit), and the male flowers located at the tipmost top-shaped bud in between leathery bracts. [8]

The rather slender fruits are berries, the size of each depends on the number of seeds they contain. Each fruit can have 15 to 62 seeds. [10] Each fruit bunch can have an average of 161.76 ± 60.62 fingers with each finger around 2.4 by 9 cm (1 by 3+1⁄2 in) in size. [11]

The seeds of wild M. acuminata are around 5 to 6 mm (3⁄16 to 1⁄4 in) in diameter. [8] They are subglobose or angular in shape and very hard. The tiny embryo is located at the end of the micropyle. [10] Each seed of M. acuminata typically produces around four times its size in edible starchy pulp (the parenchyma, the portion of the bananas eaten), around 0.23 cm3 (230 mm3; 0.014 cu in). [8] [12] Wild M. acuminata is diploid with 2n=2x=22 chromosomes, while cultivated varieties (cultivars) are mostly triploid (2n=3x=33) and parthenocarpic, meaning producing fruit without seeds. The most familiar dessert banana cultivars belong to the Cavendish subgroup. These high yielding cultivars were produced through selection of the natural mutations resulting from the normal vegetative propagation of banana farming. [13] The ratio of pulp to seeds increases dramatically in "seedless" edible cultivars: the small and largely sterile seeds are now surrounded by 23 times their size in edible pulp. [12] The seeds themselves are reduced to tiny black specks along the central axis of the fruit. [8]

Taxonomy

Musa acuminata belongs to section Musa (formerly Eumusa) of the genus Musa . It belongs to the Family Musaceae of the Order Zingiberales. [4] It is divided into several subspecies (see § Subspecies section below). [14]

M. acuminata was first described by the Italian botanist Luigi Aloysius Colla in the book Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino (1820). [2] [15] Although other authorities have published various names for this species and its hybrids mistaken for different species (notably Musa sapientum by Linnaeus which is now known to be a hybrid of M. acuminata and Musa balbisiana ), Colla's publication is the oldest name for the species and thus has precedence over the others from the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. [16] Colla also was the first authority to recognize that both Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana were wild ancestral species, even though the specimen he described was a naturally occurring seedless polyploid like cultivated bananas. [15]

Subspecies

Musa acuminata is highly variable and the number of subspecies accepted can vary from six to nine between different authorities. The following are the most commonly accepted subspecies: [14]

= Musa acuminata subsp. burmannicoides De Langhe
Found in Burma, southern India, and Sri Lanka.
= Musa errans Teodoro, Musa troglodyatarum L. var. errans, Musa errans Teodoro var. botoan
Known as saging matsing and saging chonggo (both meaning 'monkey banana'), [17] saging na ligao ('wild banana'), and agutay in Filipino. Found in the Philippines. It is a significant maternal ancestor of many modern dessert bananas (AA and AAA groups). It is an attractive subspecies with blue-violet inflorescence and very pale green unripe fruits.
= Musa malaccensis Ridley
Found in peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. It is the paternal parent of the latundan banana.
= Musa microcarpa Beccari
Found in Borneo. It is the ancestor of the cultivar 'Viente Cohol'
Found in Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand.
Commonly known as blood bananas. Native to Java. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant for the dark red patches of color on their predominantly dark green leaves. It has very slender pseudostems with fruits containing seeds like those of grapes. It is one of the earliest bananas spread eastwards to the Pacific and westward towards Africa, where it became the paternal parent of the East African Highland bananas (the Mutika/Lujugira subgroup of the AAA group). In Hawaii it is known as the mai'a 'oa', and is of cultural and folk medicinal significance as the only seeded banana to be introduced to the islands before European contact. [14]

Distribution

Planting Musa acuminata ajith2(1).jpg
Planting

Musa acuminata is native to the biogeographical region of Malesia and most of mainland Indochina. [14]

M. acuminata favors wet tropical climates in contrast to the hardier M. balbisiana , the species it hybridized extensively with to provide almost all modern cultivars of edible bananas. [18] Subsequent spread of the species outside of its native region is thought to be purely the result of human intervention. [19] Early farmers introduced M. acuminata into the native range of M. balbisiana resulting in hybridization and the development of modern edible clones. [20]

AAB cultivars were spread from somewhere around the Philippines about 4 kya (2000 BCE) and resulted in the distinct banana cultivars known as the Maia Maoli or Popoulo group bananas in the Pacific islands. They may have been introduced as well to South America during Precolumbian times from contact with early Polynesian sailors, although evidence of this is debatable. [19]

Westward spread included Africa which already had evidence of M. acuminata × M. balbisiana hybrid cultivation from as early as 1000 to 400 BCE. [19] They were probably introduced first to Madagascar from Indonesia. [20]

From West Africa, they were introduced to the Canary islands by the Portuguese in the 16th century, and from there were introduced to Hispaniola (modern Haiti and the Dominican Republic) in 1516. [20]

Ecology

Wild Musa acuminata is propagated sexually by seeds or asexually by suckers. Edible parthenocarpic cultivars are usually cultivated by suckers in plantations or cloned by tissue culture. [21] Seeds are also still used in research for developing new cultivars. [10]

M. acuminata is a pioneer species. It rapidly exploits newly disturbed areas, like areas recently subjected to forest fires. It is also considered a 'keystone species' in certain ecosystems, paving the way for greater wildlife diversity once they have established themselves in an area. It is particularly important as a food source for wildlife due to its rapid regeneration. [11]

M. acuminata bears flowers that by their very structure, makes it difficult to self-pollinate. It takes about four months for the flowers to develop into fruits, with the fruit clusters at the bases ripening sooner than those at the tip. [11]

A large variety of wildlife feeds on the fruits. These include frugivorous bats, birds, squirrels, tree shrews, civets, rats, mice, monkeys, and apes. [11] These animals are also important for seed dispersal. [22]

Mature seeds germinate readily 2 to 3 weeks after sowing. [21] Unsprouted, they can remain viable from a few months to two years of storage. [10] Nevertheless, studies show that clone plantlets are much more likely to survive than seedlings germinated from seeds. [11]

Domestication

Green bananas not yet ripe Green raw bananas.jpg
Green bananas not yet ripe

In 1955, Norman Simmonds and Ken Shepherd revised the classification of modern edible bananas based on their genetic origins. Their classification depends on how many of the characteristics of the two ancestral species (Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana) are exhibited by the cultivars. [16] Most banana cultivars which exhibit purely or mostly Musa acuminata genomes are dessert bananas, while hybrids of M. acuminata and M. balbisiana are mostly cooking bananas or plantains. [23]

Musa acuminata is one of the earliest plants to be domesticated by humans for agriculture, 7,000 years ago in New Guinea and Wallacea. [24] It has been suggested that M. acuminata may have originally been domesticated for parts other than the fruit. Either for fiber, for construction materials, or for its edible male bud. [25] They were selected early for parthenocarpy and seed sterility in their fruits, a process that might have taken thousands of years. This initially led to the first 'human-edible' banana diploid clones (modern AA cultivars). Diploid clones are still able to produce viable seeds when pollinated by wild species. This resulted in the development of triploid clones which were conserved for their larger fruit. [3]

M. acuminata was later introduced into mainland Indochina into the range of another ancestral wild banana species – Musa balbisiana , a hardier species of lesser genetic diversity than M. acuminata. Hybridization between the two resulted in drought-resistant edible cultivars. Modern edible banana and plantain cultivars are derived from permutations of hybridization and polyploidy of the two. [3]

Ornamental

M. acuminata is one of several banana species cultivated as an ornamental plant, for its striking shape and foliage. In temperate regions it requires protection in winter, as it does not tolerate temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F). The cultivar M. acuminata 'Dwarf Cavendish' (AAA Group) has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. [26] [27]

Genome

D'Hont et al., 2012 finds 3 whole genome duplications in the evolutionary history of this species. [28] Their analysis is consistent with timing in the evolution of the genus, prior to M. acuminata's speciation. [28]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banana</span> Tropical/subtropical edible staple, fruit

A banana is an elongated, edible fruit – botanically a berry – produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa. In some countries, cooking bananas are called plantains, distinguishing them from dessert bananas. The fruit is variable in size, color, and firmness, but is usually elongated and curved, with soft flesh rich in starch covered with a rind, which may have a variety of colors when ripe. The fruits grow upward in clusters near the top of the plant. Almost all modern edible seedless (parthenocarp) bananas come from two wild species – Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. Most cultivated bananas are M. acuminata, M. balbisiana, or hybrids of the two.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blood banana</span> Variety of fruit

The blood banana, is a variety of the wild banana Musa acuminata native to Sumatra, Indonesia. The blood banana is an ornamental plant, named for the dark red patches on its leaves, though its small-seeded fruits are also edible. It grows 6' to 8' tall in the wild, but is well-adapted to container growing and can be maintained at 3' to 5'. It grows best in full or partial sun and is hardy in zones 9 - 11.

<i>Musa</i> (genus) Genus of flowering plants in the banana and plantain family Musaceae

Musa is one of three genera in the family Musaceae. The genus includes 83 species of flowering plants producing edible bananas and plantains. Though they grow as high as trees, banana and plantain plants are not woody and their apparent "stem" is made up of the bases of the huge leaf stalks. Thus, they are technically gigantic herbaceous plants. Musa species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the giant leopard moth and other Hypercompe species, including H. albescens, H. eridanus, and H. icasia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Goldfinger banana</span> Edible fruit cultivar

The Goldfinger banana (FHIA-01) is a banana cultivar developed in Honduras. The cultivar, developed at the Honduran Foundation for Agricultural Research (FHIA) by a team of scientists led by Phillip Rowe and Franklin Rosales, has been bred to be pest-resistant and crop-yielding.

<i>Musa balbisiana</i> Eastern South Asian banana species

Musa balbisiana, also known simply as plantain, is a wild-type species of banana. It is one of the ancestors of modern cultivated bananas, along with Musa acuminata.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grand Nain</span> Edible fruit cultivar

The Grand Nain banana is a banana cultivar of Musa acuminata. It is one of the most commonly cultivated bananas and a member of the commercial Cavendish banana cultivar group. It is also known as the Chiquita banana because it is the main product of Chiquita Brands International.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhino Horn banana</span> Banana cultivar

Rhino Horn bananas, also called Rhino Horn plantains or African Rhino Horn, are hybrid banana cultivars from Africa. It produces strongly curved and elongated edible bananas which can grow to a length of two feet, the longest fruits among banana cultivars.

Musa maclayi is a species of seeded banana native to Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. It is placed in section Callimusa. It is regarded as one of the progenitors of the Fe'i banana cultivars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue Java banana</span> Banana cultivar

The Blue Java is a hardy, cold-tolerant banana cultivar known for its sweet aromatic fruit, which is said to have an ice cream-like consistency and flavor reminiscent of vanilla. It is native to Southeast Asia and is a hybrid of two species of banana native to Southeast Asia—Musa balbisiana and Musa acuminata.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saba banana</span> Banana cultivar

Saba banana is a triploid hybrid (ABB) banana cultivar originating from the Philippines. It is primarily a cooking banana, though it can also be eaten raw. It is one of the most important banana varieties in Philippine cuisine. It is also sometimes known as the "cardaba banana", though the latter name is more correctly applied to the cardava, a very similar cultivar also classified within the saba subgroup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fe'i banana</span> Banana cultivars

Fe'i bananas are cultivated plants in the genus Musa, used mainly for their fruit. Unlike most other cultivated bananas they are diploids of the AA-type. They are very distinct in appearance and origin from the majority of bananas and plantains currently grown. Found mainly in the islands of the Pacific, particularly French Polynesia, Fe'i bananas have skins which are brilliant orange to red in colour with yellow or orange flesh inside. They are usually eaten cooked and have been an important food for Pacific Islanders, moving with them as they migrated across the ocean. Most are high in beta-carotene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lady Finger banana</span> Banana cultivar

Lady Finger bananas are diploid banana cultivars originating in Malaysia or Indonesia, belonging to the Sucrier subgroup of the AA banana cultivar group. Lady Finger banana is the most widely cultivated AA cultivar and is one of the world’s most popular local bananas. Banana fruits are finger-sized, thin skinned, and deliciously sweet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Latundan banana</span> Type of banana originating in the Philippines

The Latundan banana is a triploid hybrid banana cultivar of the AAB "Pome" group from the Philippines. It is one of the most common banana cultivars in Southeast Asia and the Philippines, along with Lacatan and Saba bananas. Its Malaysian name is pisang rastali.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Señorita banana</span> Banana cultivar

Señorita bananas are diploid cultivars of the banana Musa acuminata originating in the Philippines. They are very small stout bananas which, like all bananas belonging to the AA cultivar group, are known for being extraordinarily sweet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Matoke</span> Banana cultivar

Matoke, locally also known as matooke, amatooke in Buganda, ekitookye in southwestern Uganda, ekitooke in western Uganda, kamatore in Lugisu, ebitooke in northwestern Tanzania, igitoki in Rwanda, Burundi and by the cultivar name East African Highland banana, are a group of starchy triploid banana cultivars, originating from the African Great Lakes. The fruit is harvested green, carefully peeled, and then cooked and often mashed or pounded into a meal. In Uganda and Rwanda, the fruit is steam-cooked, and the mashed meal is considered a national dish in both countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ernest Entwistle Cheesman</span> English botanist (1898–1983)

Ernest Entwistle Cheesman, was an English botanist noted for his work on the family Musaceae. He was the son of Charles Cheesman and Grace Lizzie Davies. About August 1936 he married Ellen Elizabeth B. Weston (1892-1966).

<i>Musa <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> paradisiaca</i> Species of flowering plant

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Masak Hijau bananas are triploid banana cultivars from Malaysia. It is a member of the commercially important Cavendish banana subgroup. It is a popular banana cultivar in Southeast Asia and the West Indies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardava banana</span> Banana cultivar

Cardava bananas, also spelled cardaba or kardaba, is a triploid hybrid (ABB) banana cultivar originating from the Philippines. It is primarily a cooking banana, though it can also be eaten raw. It is commonly confused with the more ubiquitous and closely related saba banana because they are used identically in traditional Filipino cuisine. Their common names can be interchanged in everyday usage though they are different cultivars.

References

  1. ↑ Williams, E. (2017). "Musa acuminata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T22486320A22486950. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22486320A22486950.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 "Musa acuminata Colla". Plants of the World Online . Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
  3. 1 2 3 Edmond de Langhe & Pierre de Maret (2004). "Tracking the banana: its significance in early agriculture". In Jon G. Hather (ed.). The Prehistory of Food: Appetites for Change. Routledge. p. 372. ISBN   978-0-203-20338-5.
  4. 1 2 "Musa acuminata Colla, 1820". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved June 5, 2011.
  5. ↑ Genetic Diversity of the Wild Banana Musa acuminata Colla in Malaysia as Evidenced by AFLP, by Carol Wong, Ruth Kiew, Jin Phang Loh, Leong Huat Gan, Ohn Set, Sing Kong Lee, Shawn Lum and Yik Yuen Gan
  6. ↑ Chandramita Bora. "History of Bananas". Buzzle. Archived from the original on 2016-04-15. Retrieved 2013-05-09.
  7. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-14. Retrieved 2013-05-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 N.W. Simmonds (1962). "Where our bananas come from". New Scientist. 16 (307). Reed Business Information: 36–39. ISSN   0262-4079 . Retrieved 2011-06-11.
  9. ↑ Markku Häkkinen & Edmond De Langhe (2001). "Musa acuminata in Northern Borneo" (PDF). International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain . Retrieved June 11, 2011.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. 1 2 3 4 S. D. Doijode (2001). Seed storage of horticultural crops. Routledge. pp. 69–71. ISBN   978-1-56022-901-8.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Dokrak Marod; Piya Pinyo; Prateep Duengkae & Tanaka Hiroshi (2010). "The Role of Wild Banana (Musa acuminata Colla) on Wildlife Diversity in Mixed Deciduous Forest, Kanchanaburi Province, Western Thailand" (PDF). Kasetsart Journal: Natural Science. 44 (1). Kasetart University: 35–43. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
  12. 1 2 Michael Pillay & Abdou Tenkouano (2011). Banana Breeding and Production. CRC Press. ISBN   978-1-4398-0017-1.
  13. ↑ T., Lescot. "The genetic diversity of banana in figures". publications.cirad.fr (in French). Retrieved 2018-10-23.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Randy C. Ploetz; Angela Kay Kepler; Jeff Daniells & Scot C. Nelson (2007). "Banana and plantain — an overview with emphasis on the Pacific island cultivars" (PDF). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Traditional Tree Initiative. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
  15. 1 2 Deborah A. Karamura (1999). Numerical taxonomic studies of the East African Highland bananas (Musa AAA-East Africa) in Uganda. Bioversity International. p. 18. ISBN   978-2-910810-31-3.
  16. 1 2 A.B. Molina & V.N. Roa (2000). Advancing Banana and Plantain R and D in Asia and the Pacific. International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain – Asia and Pacific Network & the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. p. 57. ISBN   978-971-91751-3-1.
  17. ↑ "Progenitors of Edible Bananas". Guide to Growing Bananas. November 1, 2010. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  18. ↑ Noël Kingsbury (2009). Hybrid: the history and science of plant breeding. University of Chicago Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN   978-0-226-43704-0.
  19. 1 2 3 Jeffrey William Daniells & Suzanne L. Sharrock (2001). Musalogue, a catalogue of Musa germplasm: diversity in the genus Musa. Bioversity International. ISBN   978-2-910810-42-9.
  20. 1 2 3 A. T. G. Elzebroek & Koop Wind (2001). Guide to cultivated plants. CABI. pp. 35–38. ISBN   978-1-84593-356-2.
  21. 1 2 Hean Chooi Ong (2008). Vegetables for Health and Healing. Utusan Publications. p. 38. ISBN   978-967-61-2102-8.
  22. ↑
    Corlett, Richard T. (2009). "Seed Dispersal Distances and Plant Migration Potential in Tropical East Asia". Biotropica. 41 (5): 592–598. Bibcode:2009Biotr..41..592C. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00503.x. S2CID   83551835.
    This review cites this research.
    Zhanhui Tang; Lianxi Sheng; Xunfeng Ma; Min Cao; Stuart Parsons; Jie Ma & Shuyi Zhang (2007). "Temporal and spatial patterns of seed dispersal of Musa acuminata by Cynopterus sphinx" (PDF). Acta Chiropterologica . 9 (1). Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences: 229–235. doi:10.3161/1733-5329(2007)9[229:taspos]2.0.co;2. ISSN   1508-1109. S2CID   86011300. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-27. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
  23. ↑ R.V. Valmayor (2000). "Cooking bananas – Classification, production and utilization in South-East Asia". Infomusa. 9 (1). International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain: 28–30. ISSN   1023-0076 . Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  24. ↑ Purugganan, Michael D.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2009). "The nature of selection during plant domestication". Nature . 457 (7231). Nature Research: 843–848. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..843P. doi:10.1038/nature07895. ISSN   0028-0836. PMID   19212403. S2CID   205216444.
  25. ↑ Suzanne Sharrok & Emile Frison (1998). "Musa production around the world – trends, varieties and regional importance". Networking Banana and Plantain. International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain & Bioversity International. pp. 42–47. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
  26. ↑ "Musa acuminata 'Dwarf Cavendish' (AAA Group)". Rhs.org.uk.
  27. ↑ "AGM Plants – Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 65. Retrieved 2018-04-04.
  28. 1 2
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