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The Mughal conquests were a series of conquests in the Indian subcontinent which led to the building of the Mughal Empire. These conquests were started by Babur in 1526, from the victory at the first battle of Panipat against Lodi dynasty. Mughals fought battles against the Safavid empire, Rajputs, Sikhs, Marathas, Ahoms and other Kingdoms.
The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reigned 1526–1530), a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (the founder of the Timurid Empire) on his father's side, and from Genghis Khan on his mother's side, Ousted from his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur headed to India to satisfy his ambitions. He established himself in Kabul and then pushed steadily southward into India from Afghanistan through the Khyber Pass. Babur's forces defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the First Battle of Panipat. However, by this time Lodhi's empire was already crumbling, and it was actually the Rajput Confederacy which was the strongest power of Northern India under the capable rule of Rana Sanga of Mewar. He defeated Babar in the Battle of Bayana. In a decisive battle fought near Agra, the Timurid forces of Babur defeated the Rajput army of Sanga In Battle of Khanwa. [1] This battle was one of the most decisive and historic battles in Indian history, as it sealed the fate of Northern India for the next two centuries. The Mughal Empire came to its greatest extent during the reign of Aurangzeb.
Name of conflict(time) | Belligerent | opponent | outcome |
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First battle of Panipat (1526) | Mughal Empire | Delhi Sultanate | Mughal victory
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Battle of Bayana (1527) | Mughal Empire | Rajput Confederation | Rajput victory |
Battle of Khanwa (1527) | Mughal Empire | Rajput Confederation | Mughal victory |
Battle of Chanderi (1528) | Mughal Empire | Malwa Sultanate | Mughal victory
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Battle of Ghaghra (1529) | Mughal Empire | Bengal Sultanate | Mughal victory
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Battle of Chausa (1539) | Mughal Empire | Sur Empire | Sur victory |
Battle of Kannauj (1540) | Mughal Empire | Sur Empire | Sur victory
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Battle of Machhiwara (1555) | Mughal Empire | Sur Empire | Mughal victory |
Battle of Sirhind (1555) | Mughal Empire | Sur Empire | Mughal victory
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Name of conflict(time) | Belligerent | opponent | outcome |
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Battle of Dharmat (1658) | Mughal Empire | Rebels led by Aurangzeb | Aurangzeb's victory |
Battle of Samugarh (1658) | Dara Shikoh Shah Jahan | Aurangzeb | Aurangzeb's victory
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Battle of Khajwa (1659) | Aurangzeb | Shah Shuja | Aurangzeb's victory |
Battle of Jajau (1707) | Bahadur Shah I | Muhammad Azam Shah | Bahadur Shah's victory
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Name of conflict(time) | Belligerents | opponent | outcome |
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Rajput Rebellion 1708-1710 | Kingdom of Marwar | Mughal Empire | Rajput victory |
Battle of Sonipat (1709) | Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Samana (1709) | Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Chappar Chiri 1710) | Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Sadhaura (1710) | Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Rahon (1710) | Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Jalalabad (1710) | Mughal Empire | Khalsa | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Thanesar (1710) | Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Lohgarh (1710) | Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory |
Battle of Bandanwara (1711) | Mewar Kingdom | Mughal Empire | Mewar victory |
Battle of Jammu (1712) | Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory |
Siege of Gurdaspur (1715) | Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory
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Babur was the founder of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent. He was a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan through his father and mother respectively. He was also given the posthumous name of Firdaws Makani.
The First Battle of Panipat, on 21 April 1526 was fought between the invading forces of Babur and the Lodi dynasty. It took place in North India and marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire and the end of the Delhi Sultanate. This was one of the earliest battles involving gunpowder firearms and field artillery in the Indian subcontinent which were introduced by Mughals in this battle.
Ibrahim Khan Lodi was the last Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate, who became Sultan in 1517 after the death of his father Sikandar Khan Lodi. He was the last ruler of the Lodi dynasty, reigning for nine years until 1526, when he was defeated and killed at the Battle of Panipat by Babur's invading army, giving way to the emergence of the Mughal Empire in India.
Rana Sangram Singh I, popularly known as Rana Sanga was the Maharana of Mewar from 1508 to 1528 CE. Belonging to the Sisodia Rajput dynasty, through his capable leadership, he transformed the Kingdom of Mewar into the most powerful state in northern India in the early 16th century. He controlled parts of present-day Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh with his capital at Chittor. His reign was admired by several of his contemporaries, including the first Mughal Emperor Babur, who described him as the "greatest Indian ruler" of that time. The Mughal historian Abd al-Qadir Badayuni called Sanga the bravest of all Rajputs..
Panipat is a historic city, located in Haryana, India. It is 95 km north of Delhi and 169 km south of Chandigarh on NH-1. The three major battles fought in 1526, 1556 and 1761 took place near the city. The city is famous in India as the "City of Weavers" and "Textile City". It is also known as the "cast-off capital" due to being "the global centre for recycling textiles". Panipat is also home to a variety of manufacturing industries including wool and cotton milling, saltpetre refining, and the manufacture of glass, electrical appliances, and other products. Panipat is included in the list of Critically Polluted Industrial Areas in India. The Comprehensive Environment Pollution Index (CEPI) of the city is 71.91 as against 88.50 of Ankaleshwar (Gujarat). The fatal field of Panipat is the site of three battles that changed the course of India's history, resulting in the creation and confirmation of the Mughal Empire. The third battle led to the decisive defeat of the Maratha Confederacy in North India, which became a dominating power in Delhi by then and paved the way for the British colonial rule of India.
The Lodi dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1451 to 1526. It was the fifth and final dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, and was founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi when he replaced the Sayyid dynasty.
The Battle of Khanwa was fought at Khanwa on March 16, 1527. It was fought between the invading Timurid forces of Babur and the Rajput Confederation led by Rana Sanga for supremacy of Northern India. The battle was a major event in Medieval Indian history although Timurids won at Panipat but at the time, the sultanate at Delhi was a spent force that was long crumbling. To the contrary Mewar kingdom, under the able rule of Rana Sanga, had turned into one of the strongest powers of northern India. Therefore, the battle was among the most decisive battles in the Mughal conquest of northern India. It was among the earliest battles in Northern India where gunpowder was used to a great extent. The battle resulted in heavy casualties for both Timurids and Rajputs. Babur is said to have created a Pyramid with the heads of the Rajputs after the triumph in the battle.
Delhi has been an important political centre of India as the capital of several empires. The recorded history of Delhi begins with the 8th century Tomar Rajputs kingdom. It is considered to be a city built, destroyed and rebuilt several times, as outsiders who successfully invaded the Indian subcontinent would ransack the existing capital city in Delhi, and those who came to conquer and stay would be so impressed by the city's strategic location as to make it their capital and rebuild it in their own way.
The Maratha Conquests were a series of conquests in the Indian subcontinent which led to the building of the Maratha Empire.
The history of human settlement in the western Indian state of Rajasthan dates back to about 100,000 years ago. Around 5000 to 2000 BCE many regions of Rajasthan belonged as the site of the Indus Valley Civilization. Kalibangan is the main Indus site of Rajasthan, here fire altars have been discovered, similar to those found at Lothal.
Raja Hasan Khan Mewati was a Muslim Khanzada Rajput ruler of Mewat. The son of previous ruler Raja Alawal Khan, his dynasty had ruled Mewat State for nearly 200 years. He was a descendant of Raja Nahar Khan Mewati, who was the Wali of Mewat in 14th century.
The Mughal–Rajput wars were a series of battles between the Rajput Confederacy and the Mughal Empire. The conflicts originated with the invasion of northwestern India by the Mughal ruler Babur, to which the head of the Rajput confederacy, Rana Sanga, offered staunch resistance.
Mughal artillery included a variety of cannons, rockets, and mines employed by the Mughal Empire. This gunpowder technology played an important role in the formation and expansion of the empire. In the opening lines of Abul Fazl's famous text Ain-i-Akbari, he claims that "except for the Mediterranean/Ottoman territories (Rumistan), in no other place was gunpowder artillery available in such abundance as in the Mughal Empire." Thereby subtly referring to the superiority of the empire's artillery over the Safavids and Shaibanids. During the reign of the first three Timurid rulers of India—Babur, Humayun, and Akbar—gunpowder artillery had "emerged as an important equipage of war, contributing significantly to the establishment of a highly centralized state structure under Akbar and to the consolidation of Mughal rule in the conquered territories."
The military history of Bassein encompasses the period from 1526, when the Portuguese established their first factory at Bassein, until 1818, when Bassein lost its strategic importance following the defeat of the Marathas by the British.
The Kabuli Bagh Mosque is a mosque in Panipat, Haryana, India which was built in 1527 by the emperor Babur to mark his victory over Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi at the first Battle of Panipat in 1526. The mosque is named after Kabuli Begum, Babur's wife.
The Tomb of Ibrahim Lodi in Panipat is the tomb of Ibrahim Lodi, Sultan of the Lodi dynasty.
Amir Nizam-ud-din Khalifa, also Known as Mir Khalifa was a Mughal noble and statesman, who served as the Vakil of the Mughal Empire during the reign of Emperor Babur and Humayun.