List of deadly fungus species

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Although many people have a fear of mushroom poisoning by "toadstools", only a small number of the many macroscopic fruiting bodies commonly known as mushrooms and toadstools have proven fatal to humans.

Contents

This list is not exhaustive and does not contain many fungi that, although not deadly, are still harmful. For a less-detailed list of fungi that include non-deadly poisonous species, see List of poisonous fungi.

Fungi with significant risk of death if consumed

Scientific nameCommon nameActive AgentToxicityHabitatSimilar edible speciesPicture
Amanita arocheae
Tulloss, Ovrebo & Halling
Latin American death cap amanitins liverWoodland (oak)
Mexico
Volvariella volvacea , Amanita vaginata , Amanita fulva Amanita arocheae 353827.jpg
Amanita bisporigera
G. F. Atk.
Eastern destroying angel amanitins liverWoodland (pine and oak)
Eastern North America
Agaricus silvicola , Volvariella volvacea Amanita bisporigera 17932.jpg
Amanita exitialis
Zhu L. Yang & T.H. Li
Guangzhou destroying angel amanitins [1] [2] liverDeciduous woodland
Guangdong province,
China; India
Amanita fuliginea
Hongo
East Asian brown death cap amanitins liverWoodland
China
Amanita fuliginea Hongo 803897.jpg
Amanita magnivelaris
Peck
Great felt skirt destroying angel amanitins [3] liver Americas Amanita magnivelaris 95937.jpg
Amanita ocreata
Peck
Western destroying angel amanitins liverWoodland (oak)
Pacific Northwest
North America
Amanita ocreata 79782.jpg
Amanita phalloides
(Vaill. ex Fr.) Link
death cap amanitins liverWoodland (various)
Europe, North Africa, North America, Australia (SE), New Zealand
Volvariella volvacea ,
Russula virescens
Amanita lanei
Tricholoma equestre, Agaricus campestris
Amanita phalloides 1.JPG
Amanita smithiana
Bas
smith's lepidella2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid and possibly other toxic npAAs liver & kidneyWoodland
Japan and Pacific Northwest
Amanita smithiana 1403.jpg
Amanita sphaerobulbosa
Hongo
Asian abrupt-bulbed Lepidella2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid and possibly other toxic npAAs liver & kidney Mixed woodlands, eastern Asia Amanita sphaerobulbosa 01.jpg
Amanita subpallidorosea
Qing Cai, Zhu L. Yang & Y.Y. Cui
amanitins liverWoodland
China
Amanita subjunquillea
S. Imai
East Asian death cap amanitins liverWoodland
East and Southeast Asia, Japan, India
Tamagotakemodoi.jpg
Amanita verna
(Bull.: Fr.) Lam.
Fool's mushroom amanitins liverWoodland (various)
Europe
Agaricus arvensis
Agaricus campestris
Lycoperdon spp.
Amanita verna-02.jpg
Amanita virosa
(Fr.) Bertillon
European destroying angel amanitins liverWoodland (various)
Europe
Agaricus arvensis
Agaricus campestris
Lycoperdon spp.
Destroying Angel 02.jpg
Calonarius splendens
Rob. Henry
splendid webcap, yellow clubbed foot orellanine kidney 2008-11-26 Cortinarius splendens Rob. Henry 234180.jpg
Conocybe rugosa
(Peck) Singer
more commonly known as Conocybe filaris
amanitins livergrassland, lawns, rich soil and compost
North America, Europe and Asia
Psilocybe spp. Pholiotina rugosa 62373.jpg
Claviceps purpurea Ergot ergot alkaloids multiple grass Claviceps purpurea.JPG
Clitocybe dealbata
(Sowerby) Gillet
ivory funnel muscarine CNSgrassland
Europe, North America
Marasmius oreades

Clitopilus prunulus

Clitocybe dealbata.jpg
Clitocybe rivulosa
(Pers.) P. Kumm.
false champignon muscarine CNSgrassland
Europe, North America
Marasmius oreades

Clitopilus prunulus

Clitocybe rivulosa 20081116w.JPG
Cortinarius orellanus
Fries
Fool's webcap orellanine kidneyConiferous woodland
Northern Europe
Corellanus.jpg
Cortinarius rubellus
Cooke
deadly webcap orellanine kidneyConiferous woodland
Northern Europe
Cortinarius rubellus 01.jpg
Cortinarius eartoxicus
Gasparini
deadly webcap orellanine kidneyTasman Peninsula, Tasmania
Galerina marginata
(Batsch) Kühner
autumn skullcap amanitins liverworldwide Kuehneromyces mutabilis
Galerina marginata.jpg
Galerina sulciceps
(Batsch) Kühner
toadstool amanitins liverIndonesia Galerina sulciceps 1669137.jpg
Gyromitra esculenta
(Pers. ex Pers.) Fr.
false morel gyromitrin and monomethylhydrazine multiple (depletes PLP stores)Coniferous woodlands in the Northern hemisphere Morchella spp. Fruhjahrslorchel.JPG
Inosperma erubescens
(A. Blytt) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
red-staining inocybe
(prev. I. patouillardii)
muscarine CNSDeciduous woodland (beech)
Europe
Calocybe gambosa ,
Agaricus spp.,
Cortinarius caperatus [4]
Inosperma erubescens.jpg
Lepiota brunneoincarnata
Chodat & C. Martín
deadly dapperling amanitins liverConiferous woodland
Europe
Tricholoma terreum , Marasmius oreades Lepiota brunneoincarnata 060823w.jpg
Lepiota brunneolilacea
Bon & Boiffard
star dapperling amanitins liverSand dunes of Western Europe
Lepiota castanea
Quél
chestnut dapperling amanitins liverConiferous woodland
Europe
Lepiota castanea 70848.jpg
Lepiota helveola
Bres.
amanitins liverConiferous woodlands of Europe Lepiota helveola.png
Lepiota subincarnata
deadly parasol amanitins liverAsia, Europe, and North America Lepiota subincarnata 117620.jpg
Trichoderma cornu-damae poison fire coral satratoxin-H (a ribosome inactivating small molecule) [5] bone marrow, brain and skin Japan, South Korea, Papua New Guinea, Australia Ganoderma Podostroma cornu-damae.jpg
Paxillus involutus
(Batsch ex Fr.) Fr.
brown roll-rimunknown, possibly glycoprotein antigen extreme autoimmune reaction with hemolysis Europe and North America Paxillus involutus 20061015w.jpg
Trogia venenata
Zhu L.Yang, Y.C.Li & L.P.Tang
Little White(2S,4R)‐2‐amino‐4‐hydroxyhex‐5‐ynoic acid [6] Causes cardiac arrhythmia and hypoglycemia (Yunnan Sudden Death Syndrome) Yunnan, China white Pleurotus

Fungi where isolated deaths have been reported

Scientific nameCommon nameActive AgentToxicityHabitatSimilar edible speciesPicture
Amanita muscaria Fly agaricMuscimolCNSNorthern hemisphere, coniferous and deciduous woodland Lycoperdon spp.

Calvatia spp.

Amanita caesarea

Amanita muscaria 3 vliegenzwammen op rij.jpg
Rubroboletus pulcherrimus
Fr.
Red-pored boleteunknownsevere gastrointestinalWoodland
Western North America
Boletus edulis
Neoboletus luridiformis
Boletus pulcherrimus 21538 ed.jpg
Entoloma sinuatum
(Bull.) P. Kumm.
Livid pinkgillunknownsevere gastrointestinalDeciduous woodland
North America, Europe
Clitopilus prunulus
Calocybe gambosa
Entoloma abortivum
Entoloma sinuatum group.JPG
Hypholoma fasciculare
(Huds.:Fr.) P. Kumm.
sulfur tuftFasciculol F and Esevere gastrointestinalWoodland
Western North America
Armillaria mellea
Hypholoma capnoides
Hypholoma fasciculare LC0091.jpg
Lactarius torminosus
(Schaeff.) Gray
woolly milk-capunknownsevere gastrointestinalWoodland
Northern Europe
Lactarius deliciosus
Lactarius torminosus 041031w.jpg
Omphalotus illudens
(Schwein.) Bresinsky & Besl
jack-o'lantern mushroom Illudins M and S, Muscarine severe cramps, vomiting, and diarrheaNorth America Cantharellus californicus 2007-08-05 Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky & Besl 1018098506.jpg
Omphalotus japonicus
(Kawam.) Kirchm. & O.K.Mill. (2002)
jack-o'lantern mushroom Illudins M and S, Muscarine severe cramps, vomiting, and diarrheaJapan Pleurotus ostreatus
Lentinula edodes
Panellus serotinus
Omphalotus guepiniformis Berk Neda 02.jpg
Pleurocybella porrigens Angel Wings Pleurocybellaziridin [7] neurotoxicWoodland (various)
North America, Europe and Asia
Pleurotus pulmonarius Pleurocybella 050919low.jpg
Russula subnigricans
Hongo
Nisekurohatsu cycloprop-2-ene carboxylic acid rhabdomyolysis worldwide
Tricholoma equestre
(L.) P. Kumm.
yellow knight, man-on-horsebackpossibly cycloprop-2-ene carboxylic acid? rhabdomyolysis worldwide Tricholoma equestre.jpg

See also

Footnotes

  1. Yang Z, Li T (2001). "Notes on three white Amanitae of section Phalloideae (Amanitaceae) from China". Mycotaxon. 78: 439–48. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  2. Hu J, Chen ZH, Zhang ZG, Zhang P (2003). "Analysis of the main amatoxins and phallotoxins in Amanita exitialis, a new species in China". Weishengwu Xuebao. 43 (5): 642–46. ISSN   0001-6209. PMID   16281563.
  3. Logemann H, Argueta J, Guzmán G, Montoya Bello L, Bandala Munoz VM, De Leon Chocooj R (1987). "A deadly poisoning by mushrooms in Guatemala". Revista Mexicana de Micologia (in Spanish). 3: 211–16. ISSN   0187-3180.
  4. Zeitlmayr L. (1976). Wild Mushrooms:An Illustrated Handbook. Hertfordshire: Garden City Press. p. 77. ISBN   0-584-10324-7.
  5. Lee, B. S., Jung, S. M., Ryoo, R., Choi, S. U., An, S., Kim, K. H. (2023), "N-Hydroxy-Phe-Phe, a new dipeptide, and cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes from the lethal toxic mushroom Podostroma cornu-damae" , Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 21 (42), Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC): 8521–8527, doi:10.1039/D3OB01387A, PMID   37819425
  6. Zhou, Z. Y.; Shi, G. Q.; Fontaine, R.; Wei, K.; Feng, T.; Wang, F.; Wang, G. Q.; Qu, Y.; Li, Z. H.; Dong, Z. J.; Zhu, H. J.; Yang, Z. L.; Zeng, G.; Liu, J. K. (2012). "Evidence for the Natural Toxins from the Mushroom Trogia venenata as a Cause of Sudden Unexpected Death in Yunnan Province, China". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 51 (10): 2368–2370. doi:10.1002/anie.201106502. PMID   22287497.
  7. Wakimoto T, Asakawa T, Akahoshi S, Suzuki T, Nagai K, Kawagishi H, Kan T (2011). "Proof of the existence of an unstable amino acid: pleurocybellaziridine in Pleurocybella porrigens". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 50 (5): 1168–1170. doi:10.1002/anie.201004646. PMID   21268219.