Amanita fulva

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Amanita fulva
Amanita fulva lowpx.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Amanitaceae
Genus: Amanita
Species:
A. fulva
Binomial name
Amanita fulva
Synonyms [1]
Amanita fulva
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Umbonate cap icon.svg Cap is umbonate
Free gills icon2.svg Hymenium is free
Volva stipe icon.svg Stipe has a volva
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Spore print is white
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Edible.pngMycomorphbox Caution.pngEdibility is edible but not recommended

Amanita fulva, commonly called the tawny grisette or the orange-brown ringless amanita, [2] is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus Amanita . It is found frequently in deciduous and coniferous forests of Europe, and possibly North America.

Taxonomy

Amanita fulva was first described by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774. [1] Historically, both the tawny grisette and the grisette ( A. vaginata ) were placed in the genus Amanitopsis due to their lack of a ring, unlike other Amanita species. However this distinction is now seen as insufficient to warrant a separate genus. Nowadays, A. fulva and similar ringless species of Amanita are placed in the section Vaginatae ss according to the classification of Bas. [3]

Description

Amanita fulva - UK.JPG
Emergent
Amanita fulva.jpg
Immature
Amanita fulva 060820w.jpg
Mature
Maturation of A. fulva in three stages - an emergent (far left), an immature (middle) and a mature specimen (right). Note the glistening brown caps, smooth white stems and brown-tinged volvas.

The cap is orange-brown, paler towards the margin, and darker (even very dark brown) in the center, up to 10 centimetres (4 inches) in diameter. It develops an umbo when expanded, and has a strongly striated margin. Its surface is smooth, slightly sticky and slippery when moist and glistens; later it may dry. [4] The gills are free, close, and broad. The flesh is white to cream. The stem or stipe is white and smooth or powdery, sometimes tinged with orange-brown and with very fine hairs. It is slender, ringless, hollow and quite fragile, tapering towards the top; up to 15 cm tall and 1–1.5 cm in thickness. [5] The universal veil which initially encapsulates the fruiting body is torn and develops into a white, sack-like volva with characteristic rusty-brown blemishes. The cap is usually free of volval remnants. Infrequently, roughly polygonal pieces of the veil may remain on the surface. [6] The spores are white, 9 × 12  μm or (9.0-) 10.0 - 12.5 (-19.3) x (8.2-) 9.3 - 12.0 (-15.5) μm in size, globose; nonamyloid. [7]

Distribution and habitat

Amanita fulva, distributed throughout Europe, occurs in a variety of forests. It is generally found with oak (Quercus), birch (Betula), spruce (Picea), pine (Pinus), chestnut (Castanea) and alder (Alnus), with which it forms mycorrhizae. It is often found with birch in Scandinavia, while collections from southern Europe are usually from forests of oak, chestnut and pine. [3] It grows in acidic soils and fruits from summer to late autumn (May to November in the UK). It is a common to scarce fungus, [8] and is very common in Britain. [9] [10]

Amanita fulva is considered to be widely distributed in North America in deciduous and coniferous forests, although collections could possibly be of a different, yet undescribed species. [11] In addition, the name Amanita fulva has in the past been misapplied to other North American taxa, such as A. amerifulva and others. [6]

Edibility

Amanita fulva is one of the few good edible species in its genus. Though this particular species is considered edible, it must be identified with care as other members of the genus Amanita are poisonous and some are deadly. For this reason, consuming A. fulva can be dangerous and is not recommended. [8] [9] [12] Some authors indicate the fungus is potentially toxic when raw, and is suitable for consumption only when cooked. [13] [14]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Amanita porphyria</i> Species of fungus

Amanita porphyria, also known as the grey veiled amanita or the porphyry amanita, is a fairly common, inedible mushroom of the genus Amanita found in Europe and North America.

<i>Amanita gemmata</i> Species of fungus

Amanita gemmata, commonly known as the gemmed amanita or the jonquil amanita, is an agaric mushroom of the family Amanitaceae and genus Amanita. The fruit body has a cap that is a dull to golden shade of yellow, and typically 2.5–12 centimetres in diameter. The cap surface is sticky when moist, and characterized by white warts, which are easily detached. It is initially convex, and flattens out when mature. The flesh is white and does not change colour when cut. The gills are white and closely spaced. The stem is pale yellow, and measures 4–12 cm long by 0.5–1.9 cm thick. The partial veil that covers the young fruit body turns into the ring on the stem at maturity. The spore print is white. It resembles numerous other species.

<i>Amanita cokeri</i> Species of fungus

Amanita cokeri, commonly known as Coker's amanita and solitary lepidella, is a poisonous mushroom in the family Amanitaceae. First described as Lepidella cokeri in 1928, it was transferred to the genus Amanita in 1940.

<i>Amanita xanthocephala</i> Species of fungus

Amanita xanthocephala, known as the vermilion grisette, pretty grisette or vermilion amanita is a colourful mushroom of the genus Amanita. It is found in south Australia in association with Eucalyptus and may be toxic to humans.

<i>Leccinum aurantiacum</i> Species of fungus

Leccinum aurantiacum is a species of fungus in the genus Leccinum found in forests of Eurasia and North America. It has a large, characteristically red-capped fruiting body. In North America, it is sometimes referred to by the common name red-capped scaber stalk. Some uncertainties exist regarding the taxonomic classification of this species in Europe and North America. It is considered edible, but must be cooked thoroughly.

<i>Amanita ovoidea</i> Species of fungus

The European white egg, bearded amanita or European egg amidella, is a species of fungus of the genus Amanita in the family Amanitaceae. It is a large, white-colored fungus, often tinged with cream. Native to Europe, it is found on plains as well as mountains in the Mediterranean region. It is similar to some deadly poisonous species.

<i>Amanita excelsa <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> spissa</i> Variety of fungus

Amanita excelsa var. spissa is a variety of basidiomycete fungus of the genus Amanita. This large, grey to brown-capped fungus has a very variable appearance but is commonly encountered in coniferous and deciduous forests in Europe and North America. It is sometimes referred to by the common name grey spotted Amanita.

<i>Amanita vaginata</i> Species of fungus

Amanita vaginata, commonly known as the grisette or the grisette amanita, is an edible mushroom in the fungus family Amanitaceae. The cap is gray or brownish, 5 to 10 centimetres in diameter, and has furrows around the edge that duplicate the gill pattern underneath. Unlike many other Amanita mushrooms, A. vaginata lacks a ring on the stem.

<i>Amanita abrupta</i> Species of fungus

Amanita abrupta, commonly known as the American abrupt-bulbed amanita or the American abrupt-bulbed lepidella, is a possibly toxic species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. Named for the characteristic shape of its fruit bodies, this white Amanita has a slender stem, a cap covered with conical white warts, and an "abruptly enlarged" swollen base. This terrestrial species grows in mixed woods in eastern North America and eastern Asia, where it is thought to exist in a mycorrhizal relationship with a variety of both coniferous and deciduous tree species.

<i>Amanita daucipes</i> Species of fungus

Amanita daucipes is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae of the mushroom order Agaricales. Found exclusively in North America, the mushroom may be recognized in the field by the medium to large white caps with pale orange tints, and the dense covering of pale orange or reddish-brown powdery conical warts on the cap surface. The mushroom also has a characteristic large bulb at the base of its stem with a blunt short rooting base, whose shape is suggestive of the common names carrot-footed lepidella, carrot-foot amanita, or turnip-foot amanita. The mushroom has a strong odor that has been described variously as "sweet and nauseous", or compared to an old ham bone, or soap. Edibility is unknown for the species, but consumption is generally not recommended due its position in the Amanita subgroup Lepidella, which contains some poisonous members.

<i>Amanita onusta</i> Species of fungus

Amanita onusta, commonly known as the loaded Lepidella, the gunpowder Lepidella or the gunpowder amanita, is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Amanitaceae. It is characterized by its small to medium-sized fruit bodies that have white to pale gray caps crowded with roughly conical, pyramidal, or irregular gray warts. The stipe is whitish-gray with woolly or wart-like veil remnants, and at the base is a spindle- or turnip-shaped base that is rooted somewhat deeply in the soil.

<i>Amanita atkinsoniana</i> Species of fungus

Amanita atkinsoniana, also known as the Atkinson's amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The fruit body is white to brownish, with caps up to 12.5 centimetres in diameter, and stems up to 20 cm long. The surface of the cap is covered with brownish conical warts.

<i>Amanita ravenelii</i> Species of fungus

Amanita ravenelii, commonly known as the pinecone lepidella, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The whitish fruit bodies are medium to large, with caps up to 17 centimetres wide, and stems up to 25 cm (10 in) long. The cap surface has large warts and the stem has a scaly, bulbous base. The mushrooms have a unique chlorine like odor.

<i>Inosperma maculatum</i> Species of fungus

Inosperma maculatum, formerly known as Inocybe maculata and commonly known as the frosty fibrecap or brown inocybe, is a species of mushroom in the family Inocybaceae. First described by Jean Louis Émile Boudier in 1885, I. maculatum is found throughout Europe, Asia and North America. It is a medium-sized brown mushroom with a fibrous, brown cap with white remnants of a universal veil in the middle. The stem is cream or brown. The species is ectomycorrhizal and grows at the base of various trees, including beech. Inosperma maculatum is poisonous, containing muscarine. Possible symptoms after consumption of I. maculatum mushrooms are salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, gastrointestinal problems and vomiting, with the possibility of death due to respiratory failure.

<i>Pholiota squarrosa</i> Species of fungus

Pholiota squarrosa, commonly known as the shaggy scalycap, the shaggy Pholiota, or the scaly Pholiota, is a species of mushroom in the family Strophariaceae. Common in North America and Europe, it is a secondary parasite, in that it attacks trees that have already been weakened from prior injury or infection by bacteria or other fungi. It has a wide range of hosts among deciduous trees, although it can also infect conifers. It can also live as a saprobe, deriving nutrients from decomposing wood.

<i>Amanita crocea</i> Species of fungus

Amanita crocea, the saffron ringless amanita, is a species of Amanita widely distributed in Europe. It is not recommended for consumption due to its similarity to poisonous species of the genus.

<i>Amanita ceciliae</i> Species of fungus

Amanita ceciliae, commonly called snakeskin grisette, strangulated amanita, and the Cecilia's ringless amanita, is a basidiomycete fungus in the genus Amanita. First described in 1854 by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Christopher Edmund Broome, it was given its current name by Cornelis Bas in 1984. It is characterized by bearing a large fruit body with a brown cap 5–12 cm (2.0–4.7 in) across. The cap has charcoal-grey patches, which are easily removable. The stipe is 7–18 cm (2.8–7.1 in) long, white in colour, and there is no ring on it. It is slightly tapered to the top, and has irregular cottony bands girdling the base. The universal veil is grey. Spores are white, spherical in shape, non-amyloid, and measure 10.2–11.7 micrometres. The mushrooms are considered edible, but field guides typically advise caution in selecting them for consumption, due to risks of confusion with similar toxic species. A. ceciliae is found in woods throughout Europe and North America, where it fruits during summer and autumn.

<i>Amanita albocreata</i> Species of fungus

Amanita albocreata, also called the ringless panther or the ringless panther amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It was discovered in 1944, by William Murrill. It is commonly found in the northeastern United States and parts of southeastern Canada. It normally grows between the rainy months of June and August.

<i>Amanita pachycolea</i> Species of fungus

Amanita pachycolea, commonly known as the western grisette or the Stuntz's great ringless amanita, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Amanitaceae.

Amanita groenlandica is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It has been placed in Amanita sect. Vaginatae.

References

  1. 1 2 "Synonymy: Amanita fulva". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
  2. "Standardized Common Names for Wild Species in Canada". National General Status Working Group. 2020.
  3. 1 2 Fraiture A. (1993). "Les Amanitopsis d'Europe". Opera Botanica Belgica (in French). Jardin Botanique Nationale de Belgique: 75–8. ISBN   90-72619-09-9. ISSN   0775-9592.
  4. "Amanita fulva at Rogers Mushrooms". Rogers Plants Ltd. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
  5. "Amanita fulva, Tawny Grisette, identification guide". First Nature. Retrieved 2011-10-07.
  6. 1 2 "Amanita fulva". Amanitaceae.org. Retrieved 2016-08-05.
  7. Rodham E. Tulloss-Amanita fulva (Schaeff.) Fr. http://pluto.njcc.com/~ret/amanita/species/fulva.html Archived 2006-01-06 at the Wayback Machine
  8. 1 2 Régis Courtecuisse and Bernard Duhem (1995). Mushrooms & Toadstools of Britain and Europe. Harper Collins. pp. 274–75. ISBN   0-00-220025-2.
  9. 1 2 Jordan M. (1995). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. London: David & Charles. p. 197. ISBN   0-7153-0129-2.
  10. Amanita Fulva: Distribution and populations, asturnatura.com, translated from the original
  11. Kuo, M. (2002, September). Amanita fulva. Retrieved from the MushroomExpert.Com Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/amanita_fulva.html
  12. Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America . Firefly Books. ISBN   978-1-55407-651-2.
  13. Houdou, Gérard (2004). Le grand livre des champignons (in French). Editions de Borée. p. 16. ISBN   2-84494-270-9.
  14. John, Wright (2007). Mushrooms: River Cottage Handbook. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 68. ISBN   978-0-7475-8932-7.