Amanita caesarea, commonly known as Caesar's mushroom, is a species of fungus in the genus Amanita. While it was first described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1772, it was a favorite of early rulers of the Roman Empire.
The mushroom has a distinctive orange cap, yellow gills and stipe, and contains organic acids. The species resembles poisonous species including fly agaric. A.caesarea is found in North Africa, Eurasia, and North America. It is edible, given correct identification.
Taxonomy
Amanita caesarea was first described by Italian mycologist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1772 as Agaricus caesareus,[2] before later being placed in Amanita by Persoon in 1801.[3] The common name comes from its being a favourite of the Roman emperors,[4] who took the name Caesar (originally a family name) as a title. It was a personal favorite of Roman emperor Claudius.[5] The Romans called it Bōlētus, derived from the Ancient Greek βωλίτης for this fungus as named by Galen.[6] Several modern common names recognise this heritage with the English Caesar's mushroom and royal amanita, French impériale, Polishcesarski and GermanKaiserling. In Italian, it is ovolo (pl. ovoli), due to its resemblance to an egg when very young.[7] In Albanian it is kuqëlorja from its colour (< Albanian kuqe 'red'). Other common names include Amanite des Césars and Oronge.
This mushroom has an orange to red cap, initially hemispherical before convex and finally flat, reaching 20 centimetres (8 inches) in diameter.[9] The surface is smooth, with striated margins. The gills are adnexed or free, close, and yellowish. The similarly colored (or slightly paler) stipe is 5–15cm (2–6in) tall and 1.5–3cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄4in) wide.[9] The ring hangs loosely and is often striate. The base of the stipe is equal or bulged and seated in a white cup-like volva, a remnant of universal veil.[9] The spores are white,[10] producing a white to faintly yellow spore print.[9]
A study of isolates from the fruit bodies of A.caesarea showed that the radial growth (increases in axon's diameter) of this species was possible at pH 6–7, and optimal growth was in a temperature of 24–28°C (75–82°F), depending on the isolate.[11]
An investigation of the heavy metal content of mushroom samples found cadmium levels in A.caesarea four times greater than allowed in cultivated mushrooms by European Union standards. The amount of lead in A.caesarea also exceeded allowed levels. The study concluded that the accumulation of heavy metals may be a species-specific property of mushrooms, and that chronic consumption of some mushroom types could potentially be harmful.[12]
Similar species include the poisonous Amanita muscaria (fly agaric), which has a distinctive red cap dotted with fluffy white flakes,[9] but these tend to fall off as the mushroom ages and the bright red tends to fade to a yellowy orange. A.muscaria has a white underside descending into a ringed volva[10] and is typically associated with spruce, pine or birch.[15] Certain varieties (e.g. A.muscaria var. guessowii) are close to yellow even at the juvenile stage.
It is found in North Africa and southern Europe, particularly in the hills of northern Italy. It is thought to have been introduced north of the Alps by the Roman armies as it is most frequently found along old Roman roads.[10] The mushroom is also distributed in the Balkans, Hungary,[16] India,[17] Iran,[18] and China (Sichuan Province).[19] The species can be found in eastern North America and Mexico.[9][20][21]
In Europe, A. caesarea inhabits primarily oak[a] and pine forests.[9] It grows individually or in groups from early summer to mid autumn. In warmer climates this mushroom fruits in higher oak woodlands, sometimes mixed with conifers. Thus, in Mexico its natural habitat is oak, pine or fir forests at altitudes of 2,200–3,000m (7,200–9,800ft) above sea level, where it prefers plains and can occur at slopes of 20 degrees.[22]
A. caesarea is a highly appreciated edible mushroom in Europe. It is traditionally gathered and consumed in Italy, where it is known as ovolo or ovolo buono or "fungo reale".[28] It has been traditionally taken as food in Mexico. There it is consumed roasted with a bit of the herb epazote, Dysphania ambrosioides. The international export market developed in the 1990s.[22]
It is widely eaten in the Himalayas and the Tibetan areas.[citation needed]
↑Scopoli JA. (1772). Flora Carniolica exhibiens Plantas Carnioliae Indigenas et Distributas in Classes, Genera, Species, Varietates ordine Linnaeano. Vol. 2 (in Latin). Vienna: Johann Paul Krauss. p.419.
↑Marley, Greg A. (2010). Chanterelle dreams, amanita nightmares: the love, lore, and mystique of mushrooms. White River Junction, Vt.: Chelsea Green Pub. p.112. ISBN978-1-60358-214-8.
↑Ramsbottom J. (1953). Mushrooms & Toadstools. Collins. p.6. ISBN1-870630-09-2.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
↑Chang, Philip G. Miles, Shu-Ting (1997). Mushroom biology: concise basics and current developments. Singapore: World Scientific. p.139. ISBN981-02-2877-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
123Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F (1995). Fungi of Switzerland 4: Agarics, 2nd Part. p.146. ISBN3-85604-240-7.
↑Daza, A.; Manjón, J. L.; Camacho, M.; Romero de la Osa, L.; Aguilar, A.; Santamaría, C. (15 November 2005). "Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources, pH and temperature on in vitro culture of several isolates of Amanita caesarea (Scop.:Fr.) Pers". Mycorrhiza. 16 (2): 133–136. doi:10.1007/s00572-005-0025-6. PMID16292570. S2CID86656991.
↑Valentão, Patrícia; Lopes, Graciliana; Valente, Miguel; Barbosa, Paula; Andrade, Paula B.; Silva, Branca M.; Baptista, Paula; Seabra, Rosa M. (1 May 2005). "Quantitation of Nine Organic Acids in Wild Mushrooms". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53 (9): 3626–3630. Bibcode:2005JAFC...53.3626V. doi:10.1021/jf040465z. hdl:10198/939. PMID15853411.
↑Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F (1995). Fungi of Switzerland 4: Agarics, 2nd Part. p.150. ISBN3-85604-240-7.
↑Zoltan K. (1986). "Mushrooms Of The Vali Forest Central Hungary". Botanikai Kozlemenyek (in Hungarian). 73 (1–2): 49–72. ISSN0006-8144.
↑Rishikesh M. (2003). "Some wild edible mushrooms of Siang valley: Arunachal Pradesh". Plant Archives. 3 (1): 81–84. ISSN0972-5210.
↑Asef M.R. (2020). Field guide of Mushrooms of Iran. Tehran: Iran-Shanasi Press. p.360. ISBN978-600-8351-42-9.
↑WeiHong P, BingCheng G, Wei T, Yong G (2003). "Studies on economic mushrooms in Longmen mountain areas". Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences (in Chinese). 16 (1): 36–41. ISSN1001-4829.
↑Castano-Meneses G, Quiroz-Robledo LN (2004). "Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) associated with macromycetes fungus (Fungi: Basidiomycetes) in sierra de Taxco, Guerrero, Mexico". Folia Entomologica Mexicana. 43 (1): 79–86. ISSN0430-8603.
↑Guzmán G, Ramirez-Guillen F (2001). The Amanita caesarea-complex. Vol.187. Berlin: J.Cramer. ISBN978-3-443-59089-5.
12Poe, Melissa Renee (2009). Wild Mushrooms, Forest Governance, and Conflict in the Northern Sierra of Oaxaca. p.139.
↑Sarkina IS, Prydiuk MP, Heluta VP (2003). "Macromycetes of Crimea, listed in the red data book of Ukraine". Ukrayins'kyi Botanichnyi Zhurnal. 60 (4): 438–46. ISSN0372-4123.
↑Al-Sayegh Petkovsek S, Pokorny B, Piltaver A (2003). "The first list of macrofungi from the wider area of the Salek Valley". Zbornik Gozdarstva in Lesarstva (in Slovenian) (72): 83–120. ISSN0351-3114.
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Emerging from the universal veil
Young specimens
Specimen with veil fragment
Orange-capped specimen
Red-capped specimen
Basket of mushrooms
