Amanita groenlandica

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Amanita groenlandica
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Amanitaceae
Genus: Amanita
Species:
A. groenlandica
Binomial name
Amanita groenlandica
Synonyms [1]
Amanita groenlandica
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svgUmbonate cap icon.svg Cap is convex or umbonate
Free gills icon2.svg Hymenium is free
Volva stipe icon.svg Stipe has a volva
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Spore print is white
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Question.pngEdibility is unknown

Amanita groenlandica is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It has been placed in Amanita sect. Vaginatae.

Contents

Taxonomy

Amanita groenlandica was classified by the mycologists Henning Knudsen and Torbjørn Borgen in 1987 [2] after a previous classification by Dutch mycologist Cornelis Bas in 1977 failed to satisfy the rules for a valid publication. [3]

Amanita groenlandica f. alpina is the alpine form of this species found in the Rocky Mountains of North America classified by the mycologists C.L. Cripps and Karl E. Horak in 2010. It is considered a synonym of A. groenlandica. [4]

Description

A. groenlandica is a large Amanita mushroom with white flesh.

Cap:3–12 centimetres (1–4+12 inches) at the extreme but more commonly in the range of 5–9 cm. Initially hemispheric expanding to convex with a broad umbo which declines or disappears as the cap flattens with age. Pale straw or greyish yellow in colour when young with a bright yellow to brown colour developing as it ages. Patches of the universal veil or volva often remain like scales on the cap. Stem: 4–15 cm in height with a thickness of 0.8–2 cm tapering to up to 3.3 cm at the base. White to pale brown or grey in colour. Ringless with a fragile grey or ochre volva. Gills: Free. Initially white with a pale cream colour developing with age. Spore print: White. Spores: Globose or subglobose, hyaline and nonamyloid. 9.6–12.8 μm diameter. Taste: Indistinct. Smell: Indistinct. [2]

Amanita groenlandica f. alpina is described as being similar to A. groenlandica only taller and with a different colouration that tends to more pale orange-brown colours in the cap, which is also described as being less viscid. The universal veil is described as sometimes being more creamy in colour rather than possessing the grey tones of A. groenlandica. Unlike A. groenlandica which is described as odorless f. alpina is said to have a fruity smell when young which becomes unpleasant with age. [4]

Distribution and habitat

A. groenlandica is an arctic species described from Greenland where it is the most common species of Amanita. It is found growing in small groups or as a solitary mushroom under willow and birch trees. Found from July to September but most commonly in August. [2]

In 2022 the fungus was documented in the Cairngorms mountains of Scotland based on DNA analysis performed on soil samples. [5]

Amanita groenlandica f. alpina has been documented from the Rocky Mountains of North America where it was observed growing with willow trees. It fruits July through August on the Beartooth and Hellroaring Plateaus at an elevation of 3,100-3,400 metres above sea level. [4]

Related Research Articles

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Amanita porphyria, also known as the grey veiled amanita or the porphyry amanita, is a fairly common, inedible mushroom of the genus Amanita found in Europe and North America.

<i>Amanita gemmata</i> Species of fungus

Amanita gemmata, commonly known as the gemmed amanita or the jonquil amanita, is an agaric mushroom of the family Amanitaceae and genus Amanita. The fruit body has a cap that is a dull to golden shade of yellow, and typically 2.5–12 centimetres in diameter. The cap surface is sticky when moist, and characterized by white warts, which are easily detached. It is initially convex, and flattens out when mature. The flesh is white and does not change colour when cut. The gills are white and closely spaced. The stem is pale yellow, and measures 4–12 cm long by 0.5–1.9 cm thick. The partial veil that covers the young fruit body turns into the ring on the stem at maturity. The spore print is white. It resembles numerous other species.

<i>Amanita arocheae</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Amanita daucipes</i> Species of fungus

Amanita daucipes is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae of the mushroom order Agaricales. Found exclusively in North America, the mushroom may be recognized in the field by the medium to large white caps with pale orange tints, and the dense covering of pale orange or reddish-brown powdery conical warts on the cap surface. The mushroom also has a characteristic large bulb at the base of its stem with a blunt short rooting base, whose shape is suggestive of the common names carrot-footed lepidella, carrot-foot amanita, or turnip-foot amanita. The mushroom has a strong odor that has been described variously as "sweet and nauseous", or compared to an old ham bone, or soap. Edibility is unknown for the species, but consumption is generally not recommended due its position in the Amanita subgroup Lepidella, which contains some poisonous members.

<i>Amanita aestivalis</i> Species of fungus

Amanita aestivalis, commonly known as the white American star-footed amanita, is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Amanitaceae. The cap of the white fruit body is 5 to 8.5 centimetres in diameter. It sits atop a stem that is 8.5 to 16 cm long. The entire fruit body will slowly stain a reddish-brown color in response to bruising. A. aestivalis may be a synonym for A. brunnescens, and may be confused with several other white-bodied amanitas. The fungus is distributed in eastern North America.

<i>Amanita australis</i> Species of fungus

Amanita australis is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It produces small- to medium-sized fruit bodies, with brown caps up to 9 centimetres in diameter covered with pyramidal warts. The gills on the underside of the cap are white, closely crowded together, and free from attachment to the stem. The stem, up to 9 cm long, has a ring and a bulbous base. The mushroom may be confused with another endemic New Zealand species, A. nothofagi, but can be distinguished by differences in microscopic characteristics.

<i>Amanita nothofagi</i> Species of fungus

Amanita nothofagi is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. Endemic to New Zealand, the species was first described by mycologist Greta Stevenson in 1962. The fruit bodies have dark brown caps that are up to 13 cm (5.1 in) in diameter and covered with patches of soft greyish-brown scales or warts. The gills underneath the cap are crowded together, free from attachment to the stem, and white, becoming tinged with yellow in age. The stem of the mushroom is 4–14 cm (1.6–5.5 in) long by 0.5–2.5 cm (0.2–1.0 in) thick, and has a ring. The spore print is white, and individual spores are spherical to ellipsoid, measuring 7.5–9 by 7.5–9 micrometres. The mushroom may be confused with another New Zealand species, A. australis, but can be distinguished by certain characteristics. Amanita nothofagi is a mycorrhizal species, and grows in association with native New Zealand trees such as Southern Beech.

<i>Amanita nehuta</i> Species of fungus

Amanita nehuta, also called Maori dust amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae.It has only a dark ring rather than a universal veil and white spores. Abundant in New Zealand, it can be found growing under Leptospermum and Nothofagus species.

<i>Amanita pekeoides</i> Species of fungus from New Zealand

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<i>Amanita atkinsoniana</i> Species of fungus

Amanita atkinsoniana, also known as the Atkinson's amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The fruit body is white to brownish, with caps up to 12.5 centimetres in diameter, and stems up to 20 cm long. The surface of the cap is covered with brownish conical warts.

<i>Amanita rubrovolvata</i> Species of fungus

Amanita rubrovolvata, commonly known as the red volva amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The fungus produces small to medium-sized mushrooms, with reddish-orange caps up to 6.5 millimetres wide. The stems are up to 10 cm (4 in) tall, cream-coloured above the ring and cream to yellowish below it. The stem ends in a roughly spherical bulb at the base, which is covered with bright orange patches.

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Amanita ceciliae, commonly called snakeskin grisette, strangulated amanita, and the Cecilia's ringless amanita, is a basidiomycete fungus in the genus Amanita. First described in 1854 by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Christopher Edmund Broome, it was given its current name by Cornelis Bas in 1984. It is characterized by bearing a large fruit body with a brown cap 5–12 cm (2.0–4.7 in) across. The cap has charcoal-grey patches, which are easily removable. The stipe is 7–18 cm (2.8–7.1 in) long, white in colour, and there is no ring on it. It is slightly tapered to the top, and has irregular cottony bands girdling the base. The universal veil is grey. Spores are white, spherical in shape, non-amyloid, and measure 10.2–11.7 micrometres. The mushrooms are considered edible, but field guides typically advise caution in selecting them for consumption, due to risks of confusion with similar toxic species. A. ceciliae is found in woods throughout Europe and North America, where it fruits during summer and autumn.

<i>Amanita albocreata</i> Species of fungus

Amanita albocreata, also called the ringless panther or the ringless panther amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It was discovered in 1944, by William Murrill. It is commonly found in northeastern United States and southeastern Canada and elsewhere in North America. This species, that grows about 5 to 15 centimeters in length, is doubted to be fatally toxic. It normally grows between the rainy months of June and August.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meinhard Michael Moser</span> Austrian mycologist

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Amanita zambiana, commonly known as the Zambian slender Caesar, is a basidiomycete fungus in the genus Amanita. An edible mushroom, it is found in Africa, where it is commonly sold in markets.

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<i>Amanita ochrophylla</i> Species of fungus

Amanita ochrophylla is a fungus of the family Amanitaceae native to southeastern Australia. Its large and distinctive buff fruit bodies are common after rainfall.

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References

  1. "GSD Species Synonymy: Amanita groenlandica Bas ex Knudsen & T. Borgen". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  2. 1 2 3 Laursen, Gary A.; Ammirati, Joseph F.; Redhead, Scott A., eds. (1987). Arctic and Alpine Mycology II. Boston, MA: Springer US. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-1939-0. ISBN   978-1-4757-1941-3.
  3. "Species Fungorum - Amanita groenlandica Bas ex Knudsen & T. Borgen, Arctic Alpine Mycology, II (New York): 241 (1987)". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  4. 1 2 3 Cripps, Cathy L.; Horak, Egon (2010-12-22). "Amanita in the Rocky Mountain alpine zone, USA: New records for A. nivalis and A. groenlandica". North American Fungi. 5: 9–21. doi: 10.2509/naf2010.005.0052 . ISSN   1937-786X.
  5. "New fungi species unearthed in Cairngorms mountains". BBC News. 2022-07-13. Retrieved 2022-07-14.