Amanita silvicola

Last updated

Contents

Amanita silvicola
Amanitqa silvicola (31591428741).jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Amanitaceae
Genus: Amanita
Species:
A. silvicola
Binomial name
Amanita silvicola
Kauffman 1925

Amanita silvicola, also known as the Woodland Amanita or Kauffman's Forest Amanita, is a species of Amanita found in coniferous woods the Pacific Northwest and California. [1] [2] [3]

A. silvicola is a small to medium-sized white mushroom, distinguishable from most other white Amanita species by its short stalk. [4] [5] Its cap ranges from 5–12 cm and is pure white, convex to flat, often with an incurved margin. [6] The cap is initially rounded, covered in a "wooly" [3] outer veil that later leaves soft patchy remnants across its surface as it flattens. [1] [7] The stem is patched with volva remains, and is slightly larger at its base. [7] Gills are white, close and crowded, and free, just reaching the stem, or to narrowly adnate. [8] [9] [1] The flesh of A. silvicola does not change colour when bruised or cut, but it's cap may discolour with age. [10] [8]

Amanita silvicola
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svgFlat cap icon.svg Cap is convex or flat
Free gills icon2.svgAdnate gills icon2.svg Hymenium is free or adnate
Volva stipe icon.svg Stipe has a volva
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Spore print is white
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Caution.pngEdibility is not recommended

The edibibility of A. Silivicola is uncertain, [11] but, due to its close resemblance to two poisonous mushrooms in the Amanita genus, A. pantherina and A. Smithiana , experimentation with this mushroom is strongly advised against. [6] [7] [12] [13] [14]

Description

The cap of A. silvicola are 5 to 12 cm wide, dry and pure white in color. [1] [8] In advanced age and with decay, the cap may discolour, developing, as observed by Kauffman, "bright rose-colored spots and streaks." [9] Younger fruiting bodies (mushrooms) are covered by a fluffy continuous universal veil, which breaks up irregularly across its slightly sticky surface into soft powdery patches instead of firm warts. [1] [6] [3] [15] The flesh of the cap thins considerably at its margin, which remains incurved into maturity. [9] The gills are white and crowded together and have a free to narrowly adnate attachment, though sometimes reach towards the stipe in a deccurent tooth. [1] [15] The gills are medium broad, 6-7mm, with cottony edges, and in maturity they project below the margin of the cap. [1] [15] A. silvicola spores 8.0-10.0 µm by 4.2-6.0 µm, they are smooth, amyloid, ellipsoid and colourless, leaving a white spore print. [1] [12]

The stem is 50 to 120mm long,12 to 25mm thick and stout, tapering slightly as it reaches the cap. [3] [6] It sometimes has a slight ring on its cap. [7] A. silvicola rarely roots, it has a basal marginate bulb (distinctly separate from the stem) at its base, about 3–4 cm thick with wooly veil remnants on its margin. [12] [16] [17] The flesh of A. silvicola is white and does not change color when cut. [18]

Habitat and distribution

Amanita silvicola is found in the Pacific northwest of North America, California, and more rarely in the Sierra Nevada mountains. The IUCN Red List has assessed it as Least Concern (LC), as the population is stable and "locally common" in the Pacific northwest and California. [2]

A. silvicola is a terrestrial species, it can be found as a solitary mushroom or in small groups in coniferous woods, especially under Western Hemlock. [2] [12] [19] It has a preference for areas of high rainfall. [2]

American Botanist and Mycologist Calvin Henry Kauffman Professor C. H. Kauffman.jpg
American Botanist and Mycologist Calvin Henry Kauffman

Taxonomy and Etymology

The species was first described and named by Kauffman in 1925, who had collected the type specimen in Mt. Hood, Oregon on September 30, 1922. [8] [9] [20] [21] The species epithet silvicola is derived from silva, Latin for "wood" or "forest," and -cola, Latin suffix for "dweller of" or "inhabiting," referring to its habitat. [22]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Amanita fulva</i> Species of fungus

Amanita fulva, commonly called the tawny grisette or the orange-brown ringless amanita, is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus Amanita. It is found frequently in deciduous and coniferous forests of Europe, and possibly North America.

<i>Amanita porphyria</i> Species of fungus

Amanita porphyria, also known as the grey veiled amanita or the porphyry amanita, is a fairly common, inedible mushroom of the genus Amanita found in Europe and North America.

<i>Amanita gemmata</i> Species of fungus

Amanita gemmata, commonly known as the gemmed amanita or the jonquil amanita, is an agaric mushroom of the family Amanitaceae and genus Amanita. The fruit body has a cap that is a dull to golden shade of yellow, and typically 2.5–12 centimetres in diameter. The cap surface is sticky when moist, and characterized by white warts, which are easily detached. It is initially convex, and flattens out when mature. The flesh is white and does not change colour when cut. The gills are white and closely spaced. The stem is pale yellow, and measures 4–12 cm long by 0.5–1.9 cm thick. The partial veil that covers the young fruit body turns into the ring on the stem at maturity. The spore print is white. It resembles numerous other species.

<i>Amanita calyptroderma</i> Species of fungus

Amanita calyptroderma also known as coccora, coccoli or the Pacific amanita, is a white-spored mushroom that fruits naturally in the Sierra Nevada mountains and coastal forests of the western United States during the fall, winter and spring.

Panaeolus africanus is a little brown mushroom that contains irregular amounts of the hallucinogens psilocybin and psilocin. It has been found in central Africa and southern Sudan.

<i>Panaeolus olivaceus</i> Species of fungus

Panaeolus olivaceus is a widely distributed, seldom identified, little brown mushroom that contains the hallucinogen psilocybin; it is often mistaken for Panaeolus foenisecii and is distinguished by its black spore print and darker gill coloration when mature alongside a slightly thicker stem. It is even more easily mistaken for Panaeolus cinctulus or Panaeolus fimicola and can be distinguished from them both by its slightly roughened spores. It is also easily confused with Panaeolina castaneifolia, a species which has spores that are dark brown and significantly more roughened.

<i>Amanita brunnescens</i> Species of fungus

Amanita brunnescens, also known as the brown American star-footed amanita or cleft-footed amanita is a native North American mushroom of the large genus Amanita. It differs from A. phalloides by its fragile volva and tendency to bruise brown.

<i>Agaricus augustus</i> Species of fungus

Agaricus augustus, known commonly as the prince, is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Agaricus.

<i>Clitocybe nebularis</i> Species of fungus

Clitocybe nebularis or Lepista nebularis, commonly known as the clouded agaric, cloudy clitocybe, or cloud funnel, is an abundant gilled fungus which appears both in conifer-dominated forests and broad-leaved woodland in Europe and North America. Appearing in Britain from mid to late autumn, it is edible, but may cause gastrointestinal issues.

<i>Inocybe corydalina</i> var. <i>corydalina</i> Species of fungus

Inocybe corydalina var. corydalina, commonly known as the greenflush fibrecap, is a member of the genus Inocybe which is widely distributed in temperate forests. It is a small mycorrhizal mushroom which contains a small amount of the hallucinogen psilocybin.

<i>Agaricus albolutescens</i> Species of fungus

Agaricus albolutescens, commonly known as the amber-staining agaricus, is a moderate-sized, stocky-statured mushroom with a pleasant odor; it bruises slowly but persistently yellow.

<i>Amanita daucipes</i> Species of fungus

Amanita daucipes is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae of the mushroom order Agaricales. Found exclusively in North America, the mushroom may be recognized in the field by the medium to large white caps with pale orange tints, and the dense covering of pale orange or reddish-brown powdery conical warts on the cap surface. The mushroom also has a characteristic large bulb at the base of its stem with a blunt short rooting base, whose shape is suggestive of the common names carrot-footed lepidella, carrot-foot amanita, or turnip-foot amanita. The mushroom has a strong odor that has been described variously as "sweet and nauseous", or compared to an old ham bone, or soap. Edibility is unknown for the species, but consumption is generally not recommended due its position in the Amanita subgroup Lepidella, which contains some poisonous members.

<i>Cortinarius traganus</i> Species of fungus

Cortinarius traganus, also known as the gassy webcap or lilac conifer cortinarius, is a basidiomycete mushroom of the genus Cortinarius. The mushrooms are characterized by their lilac color, the rusty-brown gills and spores, and rusty-brown flesh in the stem.

<i>Cortinarius anomalus</i> Species of fungus

Cortinarius anomalus, also known as the variable webcap, is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Cortinarius. It produces a medium-sized mushroom with a grayish-brown cap up to 5 cm (2 in) wide, gray-violet gills and a whitish stem with pale yellow belts below. The mushroom grows solitarily or in scattered groups on the ground in deciduous and coniferous forests. It is found throughout the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere.

<i>Amanita atkinsoniana</i> Species of fungus

Amanita atkinsoniana, also known as the Atkinson's amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The fruit body is white to brownish, with caps up to 12.5 centimetres in diameter, and stems up to 20 cm long. The surface of the cap is covered with brownish conical warts.

<i>Amanita ravenelii</i> Species of fungus

Amanita ravenelii, commonly known as the pinecone lepidella, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The whitish fruit bodies are medium to large, with caps up to 17 centimetres wide, and stems up to 25 cm (10 in) long. The cap surface has large warts and the stem has a scaly, bulbous base. The mushrooms have a unique chlorine like odor.

<i>Amanita ceciliae</i> Species of fungus

Amanita ceciliae, commonly called snakeskin grisette, strangulated amanita, and the Cecilia's ringless amanita, is a basidiomycete fungus in the genus Amanita. First described in 1854 by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Christopher Edmund Broome, it was given its current name by Cornelis Bas in 1984. It is characterized by bearing a large fruit body with a brown cap 5–12 cm (2.0–4.7 in) across. The cap has charcoal-grey patches, which are easily removable. The stipe is 7–18 cm (2.8–7.1 in) long, white in colour, and there is no ring on it. It is slightly tapered to the top, and has irregular cottony bands girdling the base. The universal veil is grey. Spores are white, spherical in shape, non-amyloid, and measure 10.2–11.7 micrometres. The mushrooms are considered edible, but field guides typically advise caution in selecting them for consumption, due to risks of confusion with similar toxic species. A. ceciliae is found in woods throughout Europe and North America, where it fruits during summer and autumn.

<i>Amanita albocreata</i> Species of fungus

Amanita albocreata, also called the ringless panther or the ringless panther amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It was discovered in 1944, by William Murrill. It is commonly found in the northeastern United States and parts of southeastern Canada. It normally grows between the rainy months of June and August.

<i>Agaricus flavorubens</i> Species of fungus

Agaricus flavorubens, also known as the yellow American blusher or the yellow American blushing amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae.

<i>Amanita longipes</i> Species of fungus

Amanita longipes is a small inedible mushroom species of the Amanita genus. It feeds on decaying leaves of some woods and can be found around the Appalachian Mountains. It is a food source for various insects.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Taxonomy and Morphology of Amanita and Limacella". Amanitaceae.org. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Woodland Amanita". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021. Retrieved 31 Dec 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Phillips, Roger (2005). Mushrooms & other fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 25. ISBN   1554071151.
  4. Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe; Mello, Marsha (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Portland, Or.: Timber Press. p. 88. ISBN   0881929352.
  5. Pearson, Lorentz C. (1987). The Mushroom Manual: Tops! Complete for College Class : Simple for You and Me. Happy Camp, CA: ppNaturegraph Publishers]]. p. 60. ISBN   0879611618.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "E-Flora BC Atlas Page". linnet.geog.ubc.ca. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
  7. 1 2 3 4 McKenny, Margaret (1987). The new savory wild mushroom (Revised ed.). Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN   0295964804.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Hotson, J.W. "The Amanitae of Washington". Mycologia . 28 (1): 73. Archived from the original on 28 Aug 2021. Retrieved 1 Jan 2024 via Archive.org.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Kauffman, C. H. (1925). Russula, Gomphidius, Lepiota and fungous flora of Mt. Hood and higher Rockies. pp. 123–124. doi:10.5962/t.173116. OCLC   18655726. Archived from the original on 14 Feb 2008. Retrieved 1 Jan 2024.
  10. Smith, Alexander H. (1975). A field guide to Western mushrooms. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 168–169. ISBN   0472855999.
  11. "Amanita silvicola - Burke Herbarium Image Collection". burkeherbarium.org. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Lincoff, Gary (1981). The Audubon Society field guide to North American mushrooms. New York: Random House. p. 546. ISBN   0394519922.
  13. Smith, Alexander H (1970). Mushrooms in their natural habitats. New York: Hafner Press. pp. 422–423. ISBN   0028524209.
  14. Hyatt, Chad (2018). The Mushroom Hunter's Kitchen. Sane Jose, CA: Chestnut Fed Books. p. 20. ISBN   9781732757103.
  15. 1 2 3 MacKnight, Kent H.; MacKnight, Vera B. (1987). A field guide to Mushrooms: North America. The Peterson field guide series. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 236. ISBN   978-0-395-42101-7.
  16. Smith, Alexander. H (1979). How to know the gilled mushrooms. Dubuque, Iowa: William C. Brown Company. p. 170. ISBN   0697047725.
  17. "Mushroom stipe shape". website.nbm-mnb.ca. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
  18. Nakamura, Naoshi (1970). "A Survey of Amanita in Western Washington, U. S. A." (PDF). Bulletin of Science & Engineering Division, University of Ryukyus. (13): 123–170.
  19. Siegel, Noah; Schwarz, Christian (2016). Mushrooms of the Redwood Coast: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fungi of Coastal Northern California (illustrated ed.). Emeryville, CA: Ten speed press. p. 41. ISBN   1607748185.
  20. "Index Fungorum - Names Record". www.indexfungorum.org. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
  21. "ChecklistBank". www.checklistbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
  22. "Sporothrix silvicola R. Jankowiak & P. Bilanski 2023, sp. nov. - Plazi TreatmentBank". treatment.plazi.org. Retrieved 2024-01-03.