Amanita flavoconia

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Amanita flavoconia
Amanita flavoconia 48569.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Amanitaceae
Genus: Amanita
Species:
A. flavoconia
Binomial name
Amanita flavoconia
Synonyms [1]

1941 Amplariella flavoconia(G.F.Atk.) E.-J.Gilbert
1948 Venenarius flavoconius(G.F.Atk.) Murrill

Contents

Amanita flavoconia
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Flat cap icon.svg Cap is flat
Free gills icon2.svg Hymenium is free
Ring and volva stipe icon.svg Stipe has a ring and volva
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is white
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Question.pngEdibility is unknown

Amanita flavoconia, commonly known as yellow patches, yellow wart, orange amanita, yellow-dust amanita or the American yellow dust amanita, [2] is a species of mushroom in the family Amanitaceae. It has an orangish-yellow cap with yellowish-orange patches or warts, a yellowish-orange annulus, and a white to orange stem. Common and widespread throughout eastern North America, A. flavoconia grows on the ground in broad-leaved and mixed forests, especially in mycorrhizal association with hemlock.

Taxonomy

A. flavoconia variants (top and bottom, far left) Amanita flavoconia group.png
A. flavoconia variants (top and bottom, far left)

Amanita flavoconia was first described by American naturalist George Francis Atkinson in 1902, based on a specimen he found in woods north of Fall Creek, Cayuga Lake Basin, New York. [3] Jean-Edouard Gilbert placed it in Amplariella, in 1941, [4] while in 1948 William Alphonso Murrill thought that it belonged best in Venenarius; [1] [5] both of these segregate genera have been folded back into Amanita. [6]

The specific epithet flavoconia means yellowish and conical. [7] Its common names include "yellow patches", [7] "yellow wart", [8] "orange Amanita", [9] or "yellow-dust Amanita". [10]

Description

Closeup of cap surface Amanita flavoconia 50403.jpg
Closeup of cap surface

The cap is initially ovoid in shape, but in maturity becomes convex and eventually flattened. Orange to bright yellow-orange in color, it reaches diameters of 3 to 9 centimetres (1 to 3+1⁄2 inches). [7] Young specimens are covered with chrome yellow warts that may be easily rubbed off or washed away with rain.

The cap surface is smooth and sticky (viscid) beneath the warts; the edge of the cap is striate, reflecting the arrangement of the gills underneath. The flesh is white. The gills are barely free from the stem, and packed close together. They are white or tinged yellow on the edges, and initially covered with a yellowish partial veil. The stem is typically 5.5 to 11.5 cm (2 to 4+1⁄2 in) long by 0.7 to 1.4 cm (1⁄4 to 1⁄2 in) thick, [11] equal or slightly tapered upward from a small rounded bulb at the base. Its color may range from white to yellowish orange, and the surface may be smooth, or covered with small flakes. The base of the stem usually has chrome yellow flakes of universal veil material adhering loosely to the bulb, or in the soil around the base. The partial veil leaves a skirt-like ring, (annulus) on the upper stem. The spore print of A. flavoconia is white. [7]

Campbell and Petersen published a detailed description of the characteristics of A. flavoconia grown in culture. In the era prior to the commonplace use of DNA analysis and phylogenetics, cultural characters were often used to help provide additional taxonomic information; they found considerable variability between different isolates. [12]

Two variants have been reported from Colombia, collected from Quercus humboldtii forests: A. flavoconia var. sinapicolor and var. inquinata. [13]

Microscopic features

The spores are elliptical, smooth, and have dimensions of 7–9 by 5–8  μm. They are hyaline (translucent), and amyloid, meaning that they absorb the iodine stain in Melzer's reagent. [7] The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are up to 35–43 μm long by 4–12 μm, and each have four sterigmata, extensions that hold the spores. [14] The outer layer, or cuticle of the cap (known technically as the pileipellis) is made of filamentous interwoven gelatinized hyphae, with diameters between 3 and 7 μm. [11]

Similar species

This species has often been confused with A. muscaria , some subspecies of which are also orange-colored. [10] It also bears some resemblance to A. frostiana and A. flavorubescens . One 1982 study concluded that a "large majority" of herbarium specimens labeled as A. frostiana were actually A. flavoconia. The use of microscopic features is necessary to distinguish clearly among the species: A. flavoconia has elliptic, amyloid spores, while A. frostiana has round, non-amyloid spores; A. muscaria has nonamyloid, elliptic spores. In the field, A. flavorubescens can usually be distinguished by its yellow cap color. [11]

Distribution and habitat

A common mycorrhizal mushroom, A. flavoconia grows solitary or in groups on the ground in the summer to the fall, in broad-leaved and mixed woods. Noted for preferring hemlock, it is also associated with high elevation red spruce forests. [7]

In North America, A. flavoconia has a wide distribution and has been collected from several locations, including Ontario, Canada; [15] the United States [11] (Iowa), [16] and Mexico. [17] [18] It has been described as "of the most common and widespread species of Amanita in eastern North America." [19]

Edibility

As the edibility of this species is unknown, it should not be consumed. [20]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<i>Amanita cokeri</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Amanita brunnescens</i> Species of fungus

Amanita brunnescens, also known as the brown American star-footed amanita or cleft-footed amanita is a native North American mushroom of the large genus Amanita. It differs from A. phalloides by its fragile volva and tendency to bruise brown.

<i>Amanita persicina</i> Species of fungus

Amanita persicina, commonly known as the peach-colored fly agaric, is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Amanita with a peach-colored center. Until c. 2015, the fungus was believed to be a variety of A. muscaria.

<i>Amanita abrupta</i> Species of fungus

Amanita abrupta, commonly known as the American abrupt-bulbed amanita or the American abrupt-bulbed lepidella, is a toxic species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. Named for the characteristic shape of its fruit bodies, this white Amanita has a slender stem, a cap covered with conical white warts, and an "abruptly enlarged" swollen base. This terrestrial species grows in mixed woods in eastern North America and eastern Asia, where it is thought to exist in a mycorrhizal relationship with a variety of both coniferous and deciduous tree species.

<i>Amanita daucipes</i> Species of fungus

Amanita daucipes is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae of the mushroom order Agaricales. Found exclusively in North America, the mushroom may be recognized in the field by the medium to large white caps with pale orange tints, and the dense covering of pale orange or reddish-brown powdery conical warts on the cap surface. The mushroom also has a characteristic large bulb at the base of its stem with a blunt short rooting base, whose shape is suggestive of the common names carrot-footed lepidella, carrot-foot amanita, or turnip-foot amanita. The mushroom has a strong odor that has been described variously as "sweet and nauseous", or compared to an old ham bone, or soap. Edibility is unknown for the species, but consumption is generally not recommended due its position in the Amanita subgroup Lepidella, which contains some poisonous members.

<i>Amanita onusta</i> Species of fungus

Amanita onusta, commonly known as the loaded Lepidella, the gunpowder Lepidella or the gunpowder amanita, is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Amanitaceae. It is characterized by its small to medium-sized fruit bodies that have white to pale gray caps crowded with roughly conical, pyramidal, or irregular gray warts. The stipe is whitish-gray with woolly or wart-like veil remnants, and at the base is a spindle- or turnip-shaped base that is rooted somewhat deeply in the soil.

<i>Amanita bisporigera</i> Poisonous species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae endemic to North America

Amanita bisporigera is a deadly poisonous species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It is commonly known as the eastern destroying angel amanita, the eastern North American destroying angel or just as the destroying angel, although the fungus shares this latter name with three other lethal white Amanita species, A. ocreata, A. verna and A. virosa. The mushroom has a smooth white cap that can reach up to 10 centimetres across and a stipe up to 14 cm tall with a white skirt-like ring near the top. The bulbous stipe base is covered with a membranous sac-like volva. The white gills are free from attachment to the stalk and crowded closely together. As the species name suggests, A. bisporigera typically bears two spores on the basidia, although this characteristic is not immutable. A. bisporigera closely resembles a few other white amanitas, including the equally deadly A. virosa and A. verna.

<i>Amanita regalis</i> Species of fungus

Amanita regalis, commonly known as the royal fly agaric or the king of Sweden Amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. A. regalis has a scabby liver-brown cap and a stem which is yellow-ochre at the base, with patches or rings of patches. The fruit bodies somewhat resemble the smaller A. muscaria, which it was formerly regarded as a variety of.

<i>Amanita australis</i> Species of fungus

Amanita australis is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It produces small- to medium-sized fruit bodies, with brown caps up to 9 centimetres in diameter covered with pyramidal warts. The gills on the underside of the cap are white, closely crowded together, and free from attachment to the stem. The stem, up to 9 cm long, has a ring and a bulbous base. The mushroom may be confused with another endemic New Zealand species, A. nothofagi, but can be distinguished by differences in microscopic characteristics.

<i>Amanita nothofagi</i> Species of fungus

Amanita nothofagi is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. Endemic to New Zealand, the species was first described by mycologist Greta Stevenson in 1962. The fruit bodies have dark brown caps that are up to 13 cm (5.1 in) in diameter and covered with patches of soft greyish-brown scales or warts. The gills underneath the cap are crowded together, free from attachment to the stem, and white, becoming tinged with yellow in age. The stem of the mushroom is 4–14 cm (1.6–5.5 in) long by 0.5–2.5 cm (0.2–1.0 in) thick, and has a ring. The spore print is white, and individual spores are spherical to ellipsoid, measuring 7.5–9 by 7.5–9 micrometres. The mushroom may be confused with another New Zealand species, A. australis, but can be distinguished by certain characteristics. Amanita nothofagi is a mycorrhizal species, and grows in association with native New Zealand trees such as Southern Beech.

<i>Amanita jacksonii</i> Species of fungus

Amanita jacksonii, also known as Jackson's slender amanita, American Slender Caesar, and Eastern Caesar's Amanita, is a North American species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It is a reddish-orange colored mushroom species which can be identified by its yellow gills, large, white, sacklike volva.

<i>Amanita atkinsoniana</i> Species of fungus

Amanita atkinsoniana, also known as the Atkinson's amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The fruit body is white to brownish, with caps up to 12.5 centimetres in diameter, and stems up to 20 cm long. The surface of the cap is covered with brownish conical warts.

<i>Amanita ravenelii</i> Species of fungus

Amanita ravenelii, commonly known as the pinecone lepidella, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The whitish fruit bodies are medium to large, with caps up to 17 centimetres wide, and stems up to 25 cm (10 in) long. The cap surface has large warts and the stem has a scaly, bulbous base. The mushrooms have a unique chlorine like odor.

<i>Amanita rubrovolvata</i> Species of fungus

Amanita rubrovolvata, commonly known as the red volva amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The fungus produces small to medium-sized mushrooms, with reddish-orange caps up to 6.5 millimetres wide. The stems are up to 10 cm (4 in) tall, cream-coloured above the ring and cream to yellowish below it. The stem ends in a roughly spherical bulb at the base, which is covered with bright orange patches.

<i>Amanita ceciliae</i> Species of fungus

Amanita ceciliae, commonly called snakeskin grisette, strangulated amanita, and the Cecilia's ringless amanita, is a basidiomycete fungus in the genus Amanita. First described in 1854 by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Christopher Edmund Broome, it was given its current name by Cornelis Bas in 1984. It is characterized by bearing a large fruit body with a brown cap 5–12 cm (2.0–4.7 in) across. The cap has charcoal-grey patches, which are easily removable. The stipe is 7–18 cm (2.8–7.1 in) long, white in colour, and there is no ring on it. It is slightly tapered to the top, and has irregular cottony bands girdling the base. The universal veil is grey. Spores are white, spherical in shape, non-amyloid, and measure 10.2–11.7 micrometres. The mushrooms are considered edible, but field guides typically advise caution in selecting them for consumption, due to risks of confusion with similar toxic species. A. ceciliae is found in woods throughout Europe and North America, where it fruits during summer and autumn.

<i>Amanita albocreata</i> Species of fungus

Amanita albocreata, also called the ringless panther or the ringless panther amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It was discovered in 1944, by William Murrill. It is commonly found in northeastern United States and southeastern Canada and elsewhere in North America. This species, that grows about 5 to 15 centimeters in length, is doubted to be fatally toxic. It normally grows between the rainy months of June and August.

<i>Amanita frostiana</i> Species of fungus

Amanita frostiana, also known as Frost's amanita, is a small yellow-to-red fungus found in eastern North America.

<i>Amanita flavella</i> Species of fungus

Amanita flavella is a species of mycorrhizal fungus from family Amanitaceae. It has a convex lemon-yellow coloured cap up to 9 centimetres in diameter. They can also be yellowish-orange coloured and have crowded pale-yellow gills. The yellowish-white stipe is central and 9 cm tall; it is slightly bulbous, and enclosed into a volva. The yellowish-white ring is flared, ample, and membranous. The spores are 8.5–10 μm long and 6–6.5 μm wide, white, amyloid, and ellipsoid. The species is similar in appearance to A. flavoconia and A. flavipes.

References

  1. 1 2 "Amanita flavoconia G.F. Atk. 1902". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
  2. ↑ "Standardized Common Names for Wild Species in Canada". National General Status Working Group. 2020.
  3. ↑ Atkinson G.F. (1902). "Preliminary notes on some new species of fungi". Journal of Mycology. 8 (3): 110–19. doi:10.2307/3752544. JSTOR   3752544.
  4. ↑ Gilbert E.-J. "Iconographia mycologica, Amanitaceae". Iconographia Mycologica. 27 (Suppl. 1): 203–427.
  5. ↑ Murrill W.A. (1948). "Florida Amanitas". Lloydia. 11: 99–110.
  6. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp.  27, 722. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Roody W.C. (2003). Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. p. 54. ISBN   978-0-8131-9039-6. Google Books
  8. ↑ McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p.  24. ISBN   978-0-395-91090-0. Google Books
  9. ↑ Thomas JL, Gibbons W, Haynes RH (1990). Poisonous plants and venomous animals of Alabama and adjoining states. University: University of Alabama Press. p. 28. ISBN   978-0-8173-0442-3.
  10. 1 2 "Cornell Plant Pathology Herbarium". 2006. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Jenkins D.B. (1986). Amanita of North America. Eureka, California: Mad River Press. p. 71. ISBN   978-0-916422-55-4.
  12. ↑ Campbell MP, Petersen RH (1975). "Cultural characters of certain Amanita taxa". Mycotaxon. 1 (3): 239–58.
  13. ↑ Tulloss RE, Ovrebo CL, Halling RE (1992). "Studies on Amanita Amanitaceae from Andean Colombia". Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. 66: 1–46.
  14. ↑ Jenkins D.Y. (1982). "A study of Amanita types .4. Taxa described by Atkinson, G.F.". Mycotaxon. 14 (1): 237–46.
  15. ↑ Petersen R.H. (1963). "Agarics and Boletes from mid-Ontario". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 90 (4): 260–64. doi:10.2307/2483234. JSTOR   2483234.
  16. ↑ Martin G.W. (1925–1926). "Some Amanitas from eastern Iowa". Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. 32: 205–18.
  17. ↑ Aroche RM, Cifuentes J, Lorea F, Fuentes P, Bonavides J, Galicia H, Menendez E, Aguilar O, Valenzuela V (1984). "Toxic and edible mushrooms in a community of the valley of Mexico 1". Boletin de la Sociedad Mexicana de Micologia (in Spanish) (19): 291–318.
  18. ↑ Ayala N, Manjarrez I, Guzman G, Thiers HS (1988). "Fungi from the Baja California peninsula Mexico III. The known species of the genus Amanita". Revista Mexicana de Micologia (in Spanish). 4: 69–74.
  19. ↑ Tulloss R.E. (21 January 2009). "Amanita flavoconia G. F. Atk. var. flavoconia" . Retrieved 2009-07-29.
  20. ↑ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 31. ISBN   978-1-55407-651-2.
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