Amanita ochrophylla

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Ochre-gilled barefoot lepidella
AmanitaGRNP3.JPG
Amanita ochrophylla,
Georges River National Park
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Amanitaceae
Genus: Amanita
Species:
A. ochrophylla
Binomial name
Amanita ochrophylla
Synonyms

Agaricus ochrophyllus Cooke & Massee
Lepiota ochrophylla (Cooke & Massee) Sacc.
Aspidella ochrophylla (Cooke & Massee) E.-J. Gilbert

Contents

Amanita ochrophylla is a fungus of the family Amanitaceae native to southeastern Australia. Its large and distinctive buff fruit bodies are common after rainfall.

Taxonomy

English mycologists Mordecai Cubitt Cooke and George Edward Massee described this species as Agaricus ochrophyllus in 1889, from a specimen collected from "sandy land near Brisbane". They thought it allied to Macrolepiota procera and placed it in the subgenus Lepiota. They described its gills as having the colour of "washed leather". [1] Pier Andrea Saccardo named it Lepiota ochrophylla in 1891. It was placed in the genus Amanita by Australian mycologist John Burton Cleland in 1924. [2] Within the genus Amanita , it is in the subgenus Lepidella, section Lepidella and subsection Gymnopodae. [2] Molecular analysis showed a close relationship with A. proxima . [3]

Description

Side view showing double ring and base AmanitaGRNP4.JPG
Side view showing double ring and base

The fruit body is a large stocky buff- or ochre-coloured mushroom sometimes with shades of orange or pink on the stalk or cap. The cap is convex and rounded when young and opening out and flattening to flat-convex or flat. [2] Reaching up to 30 centimetres (12 inches) in diameter, [4] the cap is often covered with small thin flat scales that are slightly paler than the cap colour. [2] The thin crowded gills are free, and cream or buff, becoming darker as the mushroom ages. [5] The spore print is white. The thick stalk has a double ring which helps identify it. [2] The main upper ring is attached high up on the stalk just underneath the gills. [6] It is membranous and can break off. The second ring is smaller and thicker. The solid stalk is up to 15 cm (6 in) high and 2 cm (34 in) wide. The large bulbous base is shaped like an inverted cone, [2] and up to 4 cm in diameter. [4]

Under a microscope, the spores are oval-shaped and measure 9.3–10.8 by 5.4–7.4 μm. [2]

The mushrooms have a stale odour, reminiscent of ants. [6]

Distribution and habitat

Found across the southeastern part of the continent, [4] A. ochrophylla has been recorded from southeastern South Australia, [5] Victoria, throughout New South Wales and Queensland.

Forestry records from Tasmania have it recorded predominantly from wet forests. [7] It has been recorded from Mount Wellington. [8]

The fruit bodies appear after heavy rainfall. [5]

It often appears on roadsides. [6]

A field study showed that A. ochrophylla fruit bodies of identical genetic profile were found up covering areas of up 60 m (200 ft) diameter, suggesting a single genet was responsible, and that hence these units could be up to 60 m (200 ft) diameter in undisturbed eucalypt forest. [9]

Toxicity

Its smell would usually preclude people trying to consume it, and its edibility is unknown. At Wedderburn south of Sydney, a Lao family picked and consumed this species, perhaps along with A. volvarielloides . One member suffered poisoning with hepatotoxic effects similar to those of deadly amanitas, with A. volvarielloides perhaps being the culprit. [10]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<i>Cortinarius rotundisporus</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Cortinarius archeri</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Amanita abrupta</i> Species of fungus

Amanita abrupta, commonly known as the American abrupt-bulbed amanita or the American abrupt-bulbed lepidella, is a possibly toxic species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. Named for the characteristic shape of its fruit bodies, this white Amanita has a slender stem, a cap covered with conical white warts, and an "abruptly enlarged" swollen base. This terrestrial species grows in mixed woods in eastern North America and eastern Asia, where it is thought to exist in a mycorrhizal relationship with a variety of both coniferous and deciduous tree species.

<i>Galerina sulciceps</i> Species of fungus

Galerina sulciceps is a dangerously toxic species of fungus in the family Strophariaceae, of the order Agaricales. It is distributed in tropical Indonesia and India, but has reportedly been found fruiting in European greenhouses on occasion. More toxic than the deathcap, G. sulciceps has been shown to contain the toxins alpha- (α-), beta- (β-) and gamma- (γ-) amanitin; a series of poisonings in Indonesia in the 1930s resulted in 14 deaths from the consumption of this species. It has a typical "little brown mushroom" appearance, with few obvious external characteristics to help distinguish it from many other similar nondescript brown species. The fruit bodies of the fungus are tawny to ochre, deepening to reddish-brown at the base of the stem. The gills are well-separated, and there is no ring present on the stem.

<i>Entoloma rodwayi</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma rodwayi, known as the green stem pinkgill, is a species of fungus in the Entolomataceae family of mushrooms. A yellowish green mushroom with pink gills and spores, it is found in wet forests of Tasmania.

<i>Entoloma austroprunicolor</i> Species of fungus

Entoloma austroprunicolor is a species of agaric fungus in the family Entolomataceae. Described as new to science in 2007, it is found in Tasmania, where it fruits on the ground of wet sclerophyll forests in late spring to early winter. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) have reddish-purple caps measuring up to 5 cm (2.0 in) in diameter supported by whitish stipes measuring 3–7.5 cm (1.2–3.0 in) long by 0.2–0.6 cm (0.1–0.2 in) thick. On the cap underside, the crowded gills are initially white before turning pink as the spores mature.

<i>Mycena nargan</i> Species of fungus in the family Mycenaceae

Mycena nargan, commonly known as the Nargan's bonnet, is a species of fungus in the family Mycenaceae, and the sole member of the section Nargan in the genus Mycena. Reported as a new species in 1995, it is known predominantly from Southern Australia. The saprobic fungus produces mushrooms that grow on well-decayed wood, often on the underside of wood lying in litter. The dark chestnut-coloured caps are covered with white, easily removed scales, and reach diameters of up to 2 cm (0.8 in) wide. The pale, slender stems are up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long and have white scales at the base. On the underside of the cap, the cream-coloured gills are widely spaced and bluntly attached to the stem. The edibility of the mushroom is unknown.

<i>Amanita daucipes</i> Species of fungus

Amanita daucipes is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae of the mushroom order Agaricales. Found exclusively in North America, the mushroom may be recognized in the field by the medium to large white caps with pale orange tints, and the dense covering of pale orange or reddish-brown powdery conical warts on the cap surface. The mushroom also has a characteristic large bulb at the base of its stem with a blunt short rooting base, whose shape is suggestive of the common names carrot-footed lepidella, carrot-foot amanita, or turnip-foot amanita. The mushroom has a strong odor that has been described variously as "sweet and nauseous", or compared to an old ham bone, or soap. Edibility is unknown for the species, but consumption of species belonging to Amanita subgroup Lepidella is risky.

<i>Amanita onusta</i> Species of fungus

Amanita onusta, commonly known as the loaded Lepidella, the gunpowder Lepidella or the gunpowder amanita, is a species of fungus in the mushroom family Amanitaceae. It is characterized by its small to medium-sized fruit bodies that have white to pale gray caps crowded with roughly conical, pyramidal, or irregular gray warts. The stipe is whitish-gray with woolly or wart-like veil remnants, and at the base is a spindle- or turnip-shaped base that is rooted somewhat deeply in the soil.

<i>Amanita australis</i> Species of fungus

Amanita australis is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It produces small- to medium-sized fruit bodies, with brown caps up to 9 centimetres in diameter covered with pyramidal warts. The gills on the underside of the cap are white, closely crowded together, and free from attachment to the stem. The stem, up to 9 cm long, has a ring and a bulbous base. The mushroom may be confused with another endemic New Zealand species, A. nothofagi, but can be distinguished by differences in microscopic characteristics.

<i>Amanita nothofagi</i> Species of fungus

Amanita nothofagi is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. Endemic to New Zealand, the species was first described by mycologist Greta Stevenson in 1962. The fruit bodies have dark brown caps that are up to 13 cm (5.1 in) in diameter and covered with patches of soft greyish-brown scales or warts. The gills underneath the cap are crowded together, free from attachment to the stem, and white, becoming tinged with yellow in age. The stem of the mushroom is 4–14 cm (1.6–5.5 in) long by 0.5–2.5 cm (0.2–1.0 in) thick, and has a ring. The spore print is white, and individual spores are spherical to ellipsoid, measuring 7.5–9 by 7.5–9 micrometres. The mushroom may be confused with another New Zealand species, A. australis, but can be distinguished by certain characteristics. Amanita nothofagi is a mycorrhizal species, and grows in association with native New Zealand trees such as Southern Beech.

<i>Amanita atkinsoniana</i> Species of fungus

Amanita atkinsoniana, also known as the Atkinson's amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The fruit body is white to brownish, with caps up to 12.5 centimetres in diameter, and stems up to 20 cm long. The surface of the cap is covered with brownish conical warts.

<i>Amanita ravenelii</i> Species of fungus

Amanita ravenelii, commonly known as the pinecone lepidella, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The whitish fruit bodies are medium to large, with caps up to 17 centimetres wide, and stems up to 25 cm (10 in) long. The cap surface has large warts and the stem has a scaly, bulbous base. The mushrooms have a unique chlorine like odor.

<i>Amanita rubrovolvata</i> Species of fungus

Amanita rubrovolvata, commonly known as the red volva amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The fungus produces small to medium-sized mushrooms, with reddish-orange caps up to 6.5 centimetres wide. The stems are up to 10 cm (4 in) tall, cream-coloured above the ring and cream to yellowish below it. The stem ends in a roughly spherical bulb at the base, which is covered with bright orange patches.

<i>Mycena cystidiosa</i> Species of fungus

Mycena cystidiosa is a species of mushroom in the family Mycenaceae. Described as new to science in 1964, it is known only from New Zealand and Australia. The fruit bodies have a broadly conical small white cap up to 12 mm (0.5 in) wide, with distantly spaced cream-coloured gills on the underside. The stipe is particularly long, up to 20 cm (8 in), with an abundant covering of white hairs at the base. The species is known for its abundant rhizomorphs—long, root-like extensions of mycelia.

<i>Roridomyces austrororidus</i> Species of fungus

Roridomyces austrororidus, commonly known as the austro dripping bonnet, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. Described as new to science in 1962 by American mycologist Rolf Singer, it is found in South America, New Zealand, and Australia, where it grows on rotting wood.

<i>Amanita ochrophylloides</i> Species of fungus

Amanita ochrophylloides is a large mushroom of the genus Amanita native to southeastern Australia.

<i>Amanita ananiceps</i> Species of fungus

Amanita ananiceps is a species of agaric fungus in the family Amanitaceae native to Australia.

<i>Austrocortinarius australiensis</i> Species of fungus

Austrocortinarius australiensis, commonly known as the skirt webcap, is a species of mushroom in the family Cortinariaceae which is native to Australia and New Zealand. The white mushrooms appear in autumn and can grow very large, with their caps reaching 30 cm (12 in) in diameter.

References

  1. Cooke MC (1889). "New Australian fungi". Grevillea. 18 (85): 2.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wood, Alec E. (1997). "Studies in the genus Amanita (Agaricales) in Australia". Australian Systematic Botany. 10 (5): 723–854 [803–05]. doi:10.1071/SB95049.
  3. Md. Iqbal Hosen; Tai-Hui Li; Wang-Qiu Deng (2015). "Amanita cinereovelata, a new species of Amanita section Lepidella from Bangladesh". Mycological Progress. 14 (35). doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1058-7. S2CID   17380355.
  4. 1 2 3 Reid, Derek A. (1979). "A Monograph of the Australian Species of Amanita Pers. ex Hook. (Fungi)". Australian Journal of Botany Supplementary Series. 10 (8): 1–96 [43–44].
  5. 1 2 3 Cleland, John Burton (1976) [1935]. Toadstools and mushrooms and other larger fungi of South Australia. South Australian Government Printer. p. 48.
  6. 1 2 3 Fuhrer, Bruce (2005). A Field Guide to Australian Fungi. Melbourne, Victoria: Bloomings Books. p. 25. ISBN   1-876473-51-7.
  7. Ratkowsky, David A.; Gates, Genevieve M. (2005). "An inventory of macrofungi observed in Tasmanian forests over a six-year period" (PDF). Tasforests. 16: 153–68. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-29.
  8. Ratkowsky, David A.; Gates, Genevieve M. (2002). "A Preliminary Census of the Macrofungi of Mount Wellington, Tasmania – The Agaricales". Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 136: 89–99. doi: 10.26749/rstpp.136.89 .
  9. Sawyer, Nicole A.; Chambers, Susan M.; Cairney, John W.G. (2003). "Distribution of Amanita spp. genotypes under eastern Australian sclerophyll vegetation". Mycological Research. 107 (10): 1157–62. doi:10.1017/S0953756203008426. PMID   14635764.
  10. Rees, Bettye J.; Cracknell, Richard; Marchant, Adam; Orlovich, David A. (2009). "A near-fatal case consistent with mushroom poisoning due to Amanita species" (PDF). Australasian Mycologist. 28 (1): 23–28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-22. Retrieved 2013-03-02.