List of poisonous fungus species

For the article on fungi that have caused deaths, see List of deadly fungi.

This is a compendium of poisonous fungi. See also mushroom poisoning.

List of toxic mushroom species

There are 119 poisonous fungus species listed below.

Scientific name	Common name	Active agent	Distribution	Similar edible species	Picture
Agaricus californicus	California Agaricus	phenol and xanthodermin	North America	Edible Agaricus species
Agaricus hondensis [1]	Felt-ringed Agaricus	phenol and xanthodermin	North America	Edible Agaricus species
Agaricus menieri		phenol and xanthodermin	Europe	Edible Agaricus species
Agaricus moelleri [2]	Inky Mushroom	phenol and xanthodermin	Europe	Edible Agaricus species
Agaricus phaeolepidotus		phenol and xanthodermin	Europe	Edible Agaricus species
Agaricus placomyces		phenol and xanthodermin	North America and Europe	Edible Agaricus species
Agaricus xanthodermus [1] [3]	Yellow-staining mushroom	phenol and xanthodermin [4] [5]	worldwide	Edible Agaricus species
Amanita abrupta	American abrupt-bulbed Lepidella	L-2-amino-4-pentynoic acid and 2-Amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid [6]	North America	Edible Agaricus species
Amanita aprica	Sunshine amanita	muscarine and ibotenic acid [7] (maybe not muscarine but muscimol)	North America
Amanita bisporigera [8]	Eastern Destroying Angel	Amatoxins	Eastern United States
Amanita boudieri	Boudier's lepidella	A. smithiana toxin [6]	Europe	Edible Agaricus species Amanita vittadinii
Amanita chlorinosma [8]	Chlorine Lepidella		Eastern United States		Amanita chlorinosma 21519
Amanita citrina	False Death Cap	bufotenin [9]	Europe and North America
Amanita cokeri	Coker's amanita	2-amino-3-cyclopropylbutanoic acid and 2-amino-5-chloro-4-pentenoic acid [10]	North America	Amanita vittadinii Amanita strobiliformis Edible Agaricus species
Amanita cothurnata	Booted amanita	muscimol and ibotenic acid [11]	North America
Amanita echinocephala	European solitary amanita	A. smithiana toxin [6]	Europe, Western Asia and North Africa	Amanita vittadinii Amanita strobiliformis Edible Agaricus species
Amanita farinosa	Powdery Amanita	unknown	North America
Amanita flavorubescens		unknown	North America	Amanita rubescens Amanita novinupta Amanita jacksonii Amanita hemibapha
Amanita gemmata	Gemmed Amanita	muscimol and ibotenic acid [12]	Europe, North Africa, Asia and North America
Amanita gioiosa	Pebbly Soil Amanita	unknown (probably muscimol and ibotenic acid)	Europe and North Africa
Amanita gracilior	European Slender Lepidella	A. smithiana toxin [6]	Europe
Amanita heterochroma	Eucalyptus fly agaric	unknown (probably muscimol and ibotenic acid)	Europe and North Africa	Amanita caesarea
Amanita hongoi	Hongo's Amanita	unknown	Japan
Amanita ibotengutake	Japanese ringed-bulbed Amanita	muscimol and ibotenic acid [13]	Japan
Amanita muscaria	Fly agaric	muscimol and ibotenic acid [11]	Worldwide	Amanita caesarea Amanita jacksonii Amanita hemibapha
Amanita neoovoidea	East Asian egg amidella	2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid [6]	East Asia	Amanita ovoidea
Amanita pantherina	Panther cap	muscimol and ibotenic acid [11]	Europe, North Africa, Eastern Asia (a similar American species exist but is not published yet) [7]	Amanita rubescens
Amanita porphyria	Grey veiled Amanita	unknown (probably bufotenin)	North America and Europe
Amanita pseudoporphyria	Hongo's false death cap	2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid [6]	Asia
Amanita pseudoregalis	False royal fly agaric	unknown (probably muscimol and ibotenic acid)	Europe	Amanita rubescens
Amanita pseudorubescens	False blusher	unknown	Europe	Amanita rubescens
Amanita regalis	Royal fly agaric	muscimol and ibotenic acid [14]	Europe and Alaska	Amanita rubescens
Amanita smithiana	Smith's Amanita	A. smithiana toxin and 2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid [6]	North America
Ampulloclitocybe clavipes	Club-footed clitocybe	unknown	North America and Europe	Infundibulicybe geotropa Infundibulicybe gibba
Clathrus ruber [15]
Chlorophyllum molybdites	Green-spored parasol	unknown	worldwide (very rare in Europe)	Chlorophyllum rhacodes Chlorophyllum olivieri Coprinus comatus
Clitocybe cerussata		muscarine [16]	Europe	Clitopilus prunulus
Clitocybe dealbata	Ivory Funnel	muscarine [16] [17] [ better source needed ]	Europe	Clitopilus prunulus Marasmius oreades
Coprinopsis alopecia		coprine	Europe
Coprinopsis atramentaria	Common ink cap	coprine [18]	North America, Europe, Asia and Australia
Coprinopsis romagnesiana	Scaly ink cap	coprine	Europe
Cortinarius bolaris		unknown	Europe
Cortinarius callisteus	Tawny Webcap	unknown	Europe	Cantharellus spp.
Cortinarius cinnabarinus		unknown	Europe	Laccaria laccata
Cortinarius cinnamomeofulvus		unknown	Europe	Craterellus tubaeformis Craterellus lutescens Laccaria laccata
Cortinarius cinnamomeoluteus		unknown	Europe	Craterellus tubaeformis Craterellus lutescens Laccaria laccata
Cortinarius cinnamomeus	Cinnamon webcap	unknown	North America and Europe	Craterellus tubaeformis Craterellus lutescens Laccaria laccata
Cortinarius cruentus		unknown	Europe
Cortinarius gentilis		unknown	Europe	Cantharellus spp.
Cortinarius limonius		unknown	North America and Europe	Cantharellus spp.
Cortinarius malicorius		unknown	Europe	Craterellus tubaeformis Craterellus lutescens Laccaria laccata
Cortinarius mirandus		unknown	Europe
Cortinarius palustris		unknown	Europe	Craterellus tubaeformis Craterellus lutescens Laccaria laccata
Cortinarius phoeniceus		unknown	Europe
Cortinarius rubicundulus		unknown	North America and Europe	Cantharellus spp.
Cortinarius smithii	Smith's Cortinarius	unknown	North America
Cudonia circinans		gyromitrin and monomethylhydrazine [19]	North America, Europe and Asia	Morchella spp. Cantharellus spp.
Gyromitra perlata	Pig's ears	gyromitrin and monomethylhydrazine [19]	North America and Europe	Disciotis venosa
Echinoderma asperum	Freckled dapperling	unknown	North America Europe, Asia and Oceania	Macrolepiota procera Chlorophyllum rhacodes
Echinoderma calcicola		unknown	Europe	Macrolepiota procera Chlorophyllum rhacodes
Entoloma albidum		unknown	North America	Calocybe gambosa Clitopilus prunulus Clitocybe multiceps
Entoloma rhodopolium	Wood pinkgill	unknown	Europe and Asia	Entoloma sarcopum
Entoloma sinuatum	Livid Entoloma	unknown	North America, Europe and Asia	Calocybe gambosa Clitopilus prunulus Clitocybe multiceps
Hebeloma crustuliniforme	Poison pie	unknown	North America, Europe and Australia	Calocybe gambosa Clitopilus geminus Lepista irina
Hebeloma sinapizans	Rough-stalked hebeloma	unknown	North America and Europe	Calocybe gambosa Clitopilus geminus Lepista irina
Helvella crispa	Elfin saddle	unknown	Europe
Helvella dryophila	Oak-loving elfin saddle	unknown	North America	Morchella spp.
Helvella lactea		unknown	North America and Europe
Helvella lacunosa	Slate grey saddle	unknown	worldwide	Morchella spp.
Helvella vespertina	Western black elfin saddle	unknown	North America	Morchella spp.
Hapalopilus nidulans	Tender nesting polypore	polyporic acid [20]	worldwide (except South America)	Fistulina hepatica Laetiporus sulphureus
Hypholoma fasciculare	Sulphur tuft	fasciculol E and fasciculol F [21]	worldwide	Hypholoma capnoides Kuehneromyces mutabilis
Hypholoma lateritium	Brick cap	fasciculol B & fasciculol C [22]	North America, Europe and Asia	Hypholoma capnoides Kuehneromyces mutabilis
Hypholoma marginatum		unknown	Europe	Hypholoma capnoides Kuehneromyces mutabilis
Hypholoma radicosum		unknown	Europe	Hypholoma capnoides Kuehneromyces mutabilis
Imperator rhodopurpureus		unknown	Europe	Neoboletus erythropus Suillellus queletii
Imperator torosus	Brawny Bolete	unknown	Europe	Neoboletus erythropus Suillellus queletii
Inocybe fibrosa		muscarine	Europe	Tricholoma columbetta Calocybe gambosa Clitopilus prunulus
Inocybe geophylla	Earthy inocybe	muscarine [23]	North America and Europe	Clitopilus prunulus Laccaria amethystina
Inocybe hystrix		muscarine	North, Central America and Europe
Inocybe lacera	Torn fibercap	muscarine	North America and Europe
Inocybe lilacina		muscarine	North America	Laccaria amethysteo-occidentalis
Inocybe sublilacina		muscarine	North America, Europe	Laccaria amethysteo-occidentalis Laccaria amethystina
Inocybe rimosa	Straw-Colored Fiber Head	muscarine [23]	Europe and Asia	Marasmius oreades
Inocybe sambucina		muscarine	Europe	Tricholoma columbetta Calocybe gambosa Clitopilus prunulus
Lactarius torminosus	Woolly milkcap	velleral	North America, Europe, Asia and North Africa	Lactarius deliciosus
Leucocoprinus birnbaumii [8]	Flowerpot Parasol		Eastern United States
Mycena diosma		unknown (probably puraquinonic acid)	Europe	Laccaria amethystina
Mycena pelianthina [24]	Blackedge Bonnet		Norway
Mycena pura	Lilac bonnet	puraquinonic acid and psilocybin [25] [26]	Europe	Laccaria amethystina Laccaria laccata
Mycena rosea	Rosy bonnet	unknown (probably puraquinonic acid)	Europe	Laccaria amethystina
Neonothopanus nambi		unknown	South America
Panaeolus cinctulus	banded mottlegill	psilocybin and psilocin	North America, Europe, Africa and Australia	Marasmius oreades
Psilocybe semilanceata	Liberty cap	psilocybin, psilocin, and baeocystin [27]	America, Europe, Asia and Oceania
Omphalotus illudens	Jack-O'lantern mushroom	illudin S, illudin M, and muscarine [28]	North America and Europe	Cantharellus spp.
Omphalotus japonicus	Tsukiyotake	illudin S and illudin M [29] [30] [31]	Asia	Pleurotus ostreatus Lentinula edodes Sarcomyxa serotina
Omphalotus nidiformis	Ghost fungus	illudin S, illudin M, and illudosin [32]	Oceania and India	Pleurotus ostreatus Lentinula edodes Sarcomyxa serotina
Omphalotus olearius [8]	Jack-O'lantern mushroom	illudin S [33] [34]	Europe	Cantharellus spp.
Omphalotus olivascens	Western jack-o'-lantern mushroom	illudin S [35]	America	Cantharellus spp.
Paralepistopsis acromelalga		acromelic acid	Japan	Paralepista flaccida Paralepista gilva
Paralepistopsis amoenolens	Paralysis funnel	acromelic acid	North Africa and Europe	Paralepista flaccida Paralepista inversa Infundibulicybe gibba
Pholiotina rugosa		amatoxins [36]	North America, Europe and Asia
Ramaria formosa	Beautiful clavaria	unknown	North America, Europe and Asia	Ramaria botrytis
Ramaria neoformosa		unknown	Europe	Ramaria botrytis
Ramaria pallida		unknown	North America and Europe	Ramaria botrytis
Rubroboletus legaliae	Le Gal's bolete	unknown (probably boletasine and muscarine)	Europe	Neoboletus erythropus Suillellus queletii
Rubroboletus lupinus	Wolves bolete	unknown (probably boletasine and muscarine)	Europe	Neoboletus erythropus Suillellus queletii
Rubroboletus pulcherrimus		unknown	North America	Neoboletus erythropus Suillellus queletii
Rubroboletus satanas	Satan's bolete	boletasine and muscarine [37] [38]	Europe	Neoboletus erythropus Suillellus queletii
Russula emetica	The sickener	lactarorufin A, methoxyfuranalcohol, and R. emetica unnamed compound [39]	North America, Europe, North Africa and Asia	Russula aurea Russula cyanoxantha
Russula subnigricans		unknown
Sarcosphaera coronaria	Pink crown		North America, Europe, North Africa and Asia
Scleroderma citrinum	Common earthball	unknown	North America, Europe and Asia	Apioperdon pyriforme
Tricholoma equestre	Yellow knight	unknown	Europe
Tricholoma pardinum	Tiger tricholoma	unknown	North America, Europe and Asia	Tricholoma terreum Tricholoma myomyces
Tricholoma muscarium		tricholomic acid and ibotenic acid [40] [41]	Japan
Trogia venenata	Little white mushroom	unknown	China
Turbinellus floccosus	Woolly false chanterelle	norcaperatic acid [42]	North America and Eastern Asia	Gomphus clavatus Polyozellus multiplex Cantharellus spp.
Turbinellus kauffmanii		norcaperatic acid [42]	North America	Gomphus clavatus Polyozellus multiplex Cantharellus spp.

List of suspicious mushroom species

Scientific name	Common name	Distribution	Picture
Agrocybe arenicola		Europe
Amanita albocreata	Ringless panther	North America
Amanita altipes	Yellow long-stem Amanita	China
Amanita breckonii		North America
Amanita ceciliae	Snakeskin grisette	North America and Europe
Amanita eliae	Fries's Amanita	Europe and North Africa
Amanita flavoconia	Yellow-dust Amanita	North America
Amanita frostiana	Frost's Amanita	North America
Amanita nehuta	Mahori dust Amanita	New Zealand
Amanita parcivolvata	Ringless False Fly Amanita	America
Amanita parvipantherina	Asian Small Panther Amanita	China
Amanita petalinivolva		South America
Amanita roseotincta		North America
Amanita rubrovolvata	Red volva Amanita	Asia
Amanita subfrostiana	False Frost's Amanita	China
Amanita velatipes	Veiled-Bulb Amanita	North America
Amanita viscidolutea		South America
Amanita wellsii	Wells's Amanita	North America
Amanita xanthocephala	Vermilion grisette	Australia
Armillaria mellea [43]	Honey fungus	North America, Europe, Northern Asia and Australia
Calocera viscosa	Yellow stagshorn	North America, Europe and Asia
Chlorophyllum brunneum	Shaggy parasol	North America, Europe, Australia and Southern Africa
Choiromyces venosus		Europe
Clitocybe fragrans		Europe
Clitocybe nebularis	Clouded agaric	North America and Europe
Conocybe subovalis		Europe
Coprinellus micaceus	Mica cap	worldwide
Lactarius chrysorrheus	Yellowdrop milkcap	North America, Europe and North Africa
Lactarius helvus	Fenugreek milkcap	Europe and Asia
Lepiota cristata	Stinking dapperling	North America, Europe, Northern Africa, Northern Asia and New Zealand
Marasmius collinus		Europe
Russula olivacea [43]		North America, Europe and Asia
Russula viscida		Europe
Schizophyllum commune		worldwide
Stropharia aeruginosa [ citation needed ]	Verdigris agaric	North America and Europe
Suillus granulatus [43]	Weeping bolete	worldwide
Tricholoma sulphureum	Gas agaric	Europe and North America

See also

• List of deadly fungi
• List of poisonous animals
• List of poisonous plants
• Mushroom poisoning
• Mycotoxicology
• Mycotoxin

References

1. Köppel, C. (December 1993). "Clinical symptomatology and management of mushroom poisoning". Toxicon. 31 (12): 1513–1540. Bibcode:1993Txcn...31.1513K. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(93)90337-i. PMID   8146866.
2. Wood, William F; Watson, Richard L; Largent, David L (October 1998). "Phenol, the odour compound from Agaricus praeclaresquamosus". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 26 (7): 793–794. Bibcode:1998BioSE..26..793W. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(98)00058-1.
3. Gonmori, Kunio; Fujita, Hiroki; Yokoyama, Kazumasa; Watanabe, Kanako; Suzuki, Osamu (July 2011). "Mushroom toxins: a forensic toxicological review". Forensic Toxicology. 29 (2): 85–94. doi:10.1007/s11419-011-0115-4. ISSN   1860-8965. S2CID   44060144.
4. Gill, Melvyn; Strauch, Richard J. (1984-12-01). "Constituents of Agaricus xanthodermus Genevier: The First Naturally Endogenous Azo Compound and Toxic Phenolic Metabolites". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 39 (11–12): 1027–1029. doi: 10.1515/znc-1984-11-1203 . ISSN   1865-7125. PMID   6543409. S2CID   23869187.
5. Bös, Dr. B. "Karbolegerling (Agaricus xanthoderma) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
6. Kirchmair, M.; Carrilho, P.; Pfab, R.; Haberl, B.; Felgueiras, J.; Carvalho, F.; Cardoso, J.; Melo, I.; Vinhas, J. (2012-04-01). "Amanita poisonings resulting in acute, reversible renal failure: new cases, new toxic Amanita mushrooms". Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 27 (4): 1380–1386. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfr511 . ISSN   0931-0509. PMID   21965588.
7. Siegel, Noah (2016). Mushrooms of the redwood coast : a comprehensive guide to the fungi of coastal northern California. Schwarz, Christian, 1988- (First ed.). Berkeley. ISBN   9781607748175. OCLC   914339418.^{[ page needed ]}
8. "How to Identify Wild Mushrooms in North Carolina". Sciencing. December 2021. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
9. Bös, Dr. B. "Gelber Knollenblätterpilz (Amanita citrina) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
10. Drehmel, Dennis C.; Chilton, William Scott (2002-02-01). "Characterization and Toxicity of Amanita cokeri Extract". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 28 (2): 333–341. Bibcode:2002JCEco..28..333D. doi:10.1023/A:1017986108720. ISSN   0098-0331. PMID   11925071. S2CID   7986407.
11. Chilton, WS; Ott, J (1976). "Toxic metabolites of Amanita pantherina, A. cothurnata, A. muscaria, and other Amanita species". Lloydia. 39 (2–3): 150–7. ISSN   0024-5461. PMID   985999.
12. Bioactive compounds in foods. Gilbert, John., Senyuva, Hamide Z., Wiley InterScience (Online service). Oxford: Blackwell Pub. 2008. ISBN   9781405158756. OCLC   352827711.^{[ page needed ]}
13. "Mycodb.fr - Fiche de Amanita ibotengutake". mycodb.fr. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
14. Andreas., Bresinsky (1990). A colour atlas of poisonous fungi : a handbook for pharmacists, doctors, and biologists. Besl, Helmut. London, England: Wolfe Pub. ISBN   978-0723415763. OCLC   22547396.^{[ page needed ]}
15. "Clathrus ruber: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide". Mushroom Identification - Ultimate Mushroom Library. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
16. Genest, K.; Hughes, D. W.; Rice, W. B. (1968-02-01). "Muscarine in Clitocybe species". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 57 (2): 331–333. Bibcode:1968JPhmS..57..331G. doi:10.1002/jps.2600570223. ISSN   1520-6017. PMID   5689206.
17. "CAB Direct". www.cabdirect.org. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
18. Bös, Dr. B. "Faltentintling (Coprinus atramentarius) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
19. Andary, Claude; Privat, Guy; Bourrier, Marie-Jo (1985). "Variations of Monomethylhydrazine Content in Gyromitra esculenta". Mycologia. 77 (2): 259–264. doi:10.2307/3793077. JSTOR   3793077.
20. Kraft, Jeanette; Bauer, Siefgfried; Keilhoff, Gerburg; Miersch, Jürgen; Wend, Detlef; Riemann, Dagmar; Hirschelmann, Rolf; Holzhausen, Hans-Jürgen; Langner, Jürgen (1998-12-01). "Biological effects of the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor polyporic acid, a toxic constituent of the mushroom Hapalopilus rutilans, in rats and humans". Archives of Toxicology. 72 (11): 711–721. Bibcode:1998ArTox..72..711K. doi:10.1007/s002040050565. ISSN   0340-5761. PMID   9879809. S2CID   41488737.
21. Bös, Dr. B. "Grünblättriger Schwefelkopf (Hypholoma fasciculare) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
22. De Bernardi, Maria; Mellerio, Giorgio; Vidari, Giovanni; Vita-Finzi, Paola; Fronza, Giovanni; Kocòr, Marian; St. Pyrek, Jan (May 1981). "Fungal Metabolites. IX. Triterpenes From Naematoloma sublateritium". Journal of Natural Products. 44 (3): 351–356. Bibcode:1981JNAtP..44..351D. doi:10.1021/np50015a020. ISSN   0163-3864.
23. Lurie, Yael; Wasser, Solomon P.; Taha, Muhammad; Shehade, Haj; Nijim, Josef; Hoffmann, Yoav; Basis, Fuad; Vardi, Moshe; Lavon, Ophir (2009-07-01). "Mushroom poisoning from species of genus Inocybe (fiber head mushroom): a case series with exact species identification". Clinical Toxicology. 47 (6): 562–565. doi:10.1080/15563650903008448. ISSN   1556-3650. PMID   19566380. S2CID   205902282.
24. "Mycena pelianthina: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide". Mushroom Identification - Ultimate Mushroom Library. Retrieved 2023-04-06.
25. Becker, U.; Erkel, G.; Anke, T.; Sterner, O. (1997-01-01). "Puraquinonic Acid, a Novel Inducer of Differentiation of Human HL-60 Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells from Mycena pura (Pers. Ex Fr.)". Natural Product Letters. 9 (3): 229–236. doi:10.1080/10575639708048319. ISSN   1057-5634.
26. Nordiska., Ministerrådet (2009). Occurrence and use of hallucinogenic mushrooms containing psilocybin alkaloids. Copenhagen: Nordiska ministerrådets förlag. ISBN   9789289318365. OCLC   923312437.^{[ page needed ]}
27. Bös, Dr. B. "Spitzkegeliger Kahlkopf (Psilocybe semilanceata) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com". giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
28. Clark, Ernest D.; Smith, Clayton S. (1913). "Toxicological Studies on the Mushrooms Clitocybe Illudens and Inocybe Infida". Mycologia. 5 (4): 224–232. doi:10.2307/3753387. JSTOR   3753387.
29. Tanaka, K.; Inoue, T.; Kadota, S.; Kikuchi, T. (1990-01-01). "Metabolism of illudin S, a toxic principle of Lampteromyces japonicus, by rat liver. I. Isolation and identification of cyclopropane ring-cleavage metabolites". Xenobiotica. 20 (7): 671–681. doi:10.3109/00498259009046883. ISSN   0049-8254. PMID   2238702.
30. Tanaka, K.; Inoue, T.; Kadota, S.; Kikuchi, T. (1992-01-01). "Metabolism by rat liver cytosol of illudin S, a toxic substance of Lampteromyces japonicus. II. Characterization of illudin S-metabolizing enzyme". Xenobiotica. 22 (1): 33–39. doi:10.3109/00498259209053100. ISSN   0049-8254. PMID   1377439.
31. Tanaka, K.; Inoue, T.; Tezuka, Y.; Kikuchi, T. (1996-01-01). "Metabolism of illudin S, a toxic substance of Lampteromyces japonicus: urinary excretion of mercapturic acids in rat". Xenobiotica. 26 (3): 347–354. doi:10.3109/00498259609046713. ISSN   0049-8254. PMID   8730925.
32. Burgess, Maree L.; Barrow, Kevin D. (1999-01-01). "Biosynthesis of illudosin, a fomannosane-type sesquiterpene, by the Basidiomycete Omphalotus nidiformis". Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1 (17): 2461–2466. doi:10.1039/A904097H. ISSN   1364-5463.
33. Mycologia. 109 (3).{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)^{[ title missing ]}
34. Puschner, Birgit (2007). "Mushroom toxins". Veterinary Toxicology. pp. 915–925. doi:10.1016/B978-012370467-2/50169-3. ISBN   978-0-12-370467-2. Omphalotus olearius, Omphalotus subilludens, and Lampteromyces japonicus contain illudin S (Bresinsky and Besl, 1990b). Illudin S is a sesquiterpene with a unique chemical structure. In humans, vomiting and diarrhea occur 1–2.5 h after ingestion (French and Garrettson, 1988).
35. R., Benjamin, Denis (1995). Mushrooms : poisons and panaceas : a handbook for naturalists, mycologists, and physicians. New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN   978-0716726005. OCLC   31708814.^{[ page needed ]}
36. Hallen, Heather E; Watling, Roy; Adams, Gerard C (2003-08-01). "Taxonomy and toxicity of Conocybe lactea and related species". Mycological Research. 107 (8): 969–979. doi:10.1017/S0953756203008190. ISSN   0953-7562. PMID   14531619.
37. Licastro, F; Morini, MC; Kretz, O; Dirheimer, G; Creppy, EE; Stirpe, F (1 May 1993). "Mitogenic activity and immunological properties of bolesatine, a lectin isolated from the mushroom Boletus satanas Lenz". The International Journal of Biochemistry. 25 (5): 789–92. doi:10.1016/0020-711X(93)90366-M. ISSN   0020-711X. PMID   8349019.
38. Handbook of mushroom poisoning : diagnosis and treatment. Spoerke, David G., Rumack, Barry H., 1942-. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 1994. ISBN   9780849301940. OCLC   29913834.^{[ page needed ]}
39. Kobata, Kenji; Kano, Satoshi; Shibata, Hisao (1995-01-01). "New Lactarane Sesquiterpenoid from the Fungus Russula emetica". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 59 (2): 316–318. doi: 10.1271/bbb.59.316 . ISSN   0916-8451.
40. Guillaume, Péan. "MycoDB : Fiche de Tricholoma muscarium". mycodb.fr. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
41. Pinto, Andrea; Conti, Paola; Amici, Marco De; Tamborini, Lucia; Madsen, Ulf; Nielsen, Birgitte; Christesen, Thomas; Bräuner-Osborne, Hans; Micheli, Carlo De (2008-04-01). "Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization at Glutamate Receptors of the Four Enantiopure Isomers of Tricholomic Acid". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 51 (7): 2311–2315. doi:10.1021/jm701394a. ISSN   0022-2623. PMID   18338843.
42. Henry, E.D.; Sullivan, G. (1969-12-01). "Phytochemical Evaluation of Some Cantharelloid Fungi". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 58 (12): 1497–1500. Bibcode:1969JPhmS..58.1497H. doi:10.1002/jps.2600581216. ISSN   0022-3549. PMID   5353267.
43. Avis de l'Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail relatif à l'évaluation des risques liés à la consommation des champignons dénommés Suillus granulatus, Russula olivacea et Armillaria mellea (in French). Maisons-Alfort. 29 July 2015.

External links

• Media related to Poisonous fungi at Wikimedia Commons