Polyozellus multiplex

Last updated
Polyozellus multiplex
Polyozellus multiplex -Haida Guaii.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Thelephorales
Family: Thelephoraceae
Genus: Polyozellus
Murrill (1910)
Species:
P. multiplex
Binomial name
Polyozellus multiplex
(Underw.) Murrill (1910)
Synonyms [1]

Cantharellus multiplex Underw. (1899)
Phyllocarbon yasudai Lloyd (1921)
Craterellus multiplex(Underw.) Shope (1938)
Thelephora multiplex(Underw.) S.Kawam. (1954)

Contents

Polyozellus multiplex
Information icon.svg
Ridges icon.pngRidges on hymenium
Infundibuliform cap icon.svg Cap is infundibuliform
NA cap icon.svg Hymenium attachment is irregular or not applicable
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is white
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Edible.pngEdibility is edible

Polyozellus multiplex is a species complex of fungi first described in 1899. P. multiplex is commonly known as the blue chanterelle, the purple chanterelle, or, in Alaska, the black chanterelle. However, this mushroom is not closely related to true chanterelles. While this name used to refer to a group of species, it is now used to describe only one species that held onto the name P. multiplex. The fruiting bodies of this species are blue- to purple-colored clusters of vase- or spoon-shaped caps, with veiny wrinkles on the underside which run down the length of the stem. P. multiplex was considered the monotypic species of the genus Polyozellus until recent molecular research divided the P. multiplex species complex into five species. [2] The genus name is derived from the Greek poly meaning many, and oz, meaning branch. The specific epithet multiplex means "in many pieces," referring to the compound nature of the fruiting body.

P. multiplex may be found growing on the ground in coniferous forests, usually under spruce and fir trees. It is an edible species, and has been harvested for commercial purposes. P. multiplex contains the bioactive compound polyozellin, which has been shown to have various beneficial physiological properties, including suppressive effects on stomach cancer.

Description

Polyozellus multiplex is part of the group of fungi collectively known as cantharelloid mushrooms (which includes the genera Cantharellus, Craterellus, Gomphus , and Polyozellus), because of the similarity of their fruiting structures and the morphology of the spore-producing region (the hymenophore) on the underside of the caps. [3]

The fan- or funnel-shaped fruit bodies of the black chanterelle grow clustered together on the ground, often in large masses that may reach aggregate diameters of up to 1 meter (3.3 ft), [4] [5] although they are usually up to 30 centimeters (11.8 in). [6]

The individual caps, 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) wide and almost as long, are violet-black, with edges that are initially whitish, and with a glaucous surface — a white powdery accumulation of spore deposit. [7] The upper surface may be zonate — lined with what appear to be multiple concentric zones of texture caused by areas of fine hairs (a tomentum) — and the edges of the caps are lobed and wavy with a layer of very fine hairs. The underside of the caps bears the fertile, spore-producing tissue called the hymenium, which typically has shallow, crowded wrinkles or veins that are roughly the same color or paler than the cap surface. [8] Some variation in color has been observed depending on the collection location. For example, specimens found in Alaska are more likely to be jet-black in color with a dark gray underside. [9]

Fruiting bodies may be up to 15 cm (5.9 in) high (including the stem) and 10 cm (3.9 in) wide. Occasionally, much larger clusters of fused mushrooms are found, up to a meter in diameter. [10] The stem is dark purplish-black with a smooth (glabrous) and dry surface; the stems are often fused at the base. The stem is typically 1.5–2 cm (0.6–0.8 in) wide and up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long. The flesh is dark violet, soft but breaking easily. The spore deposit is white. [11]

Microscopic characteristics

Craterellus cornucopioides, a lookalike species Craterellus cornucopiodes 12457.jpg
Craterellus cornucopioides, a lookalike species

The spores are roughly spherical to broadly ellipsoid in shape, covered with small wart-like projections (tubercules), and have dimensions of 6–8.5 by 5.5–8 μm. [11] Viewed microscopically, they are hyaline, meaning they appear translucent or colorless. Chemical tests may also be used to help distinguish the spores: in the presence of potassium hydroxide (KOH), the spores turn slightly green; the spores are not amyloid, meaning they do not take iodine when treated with Melzer's reagent; and the spores are acyanophilous, meaning they do not readily absorb methyl blue stain. The cystidia that comprise the hymenium are filamentous and 3–4 μm wide by 28–40 μm long. The outer tissue layer of the cap—the cuticle, or pileipellis—is made of interwoven hyphae, and stains olive-green in KOH. Clamp connections are present, but not at all the cell partitions. [12] The basidia, the spore-bearing cells, are 32–38 by 5–6 μm and four-spored. [5]

Similar species

The horn-of-plenty mushroom ( Craterellus cornucopioides ) also has a blackish fruit body and a smooth hymenium, but is distinguished from P. multiplex by its thin flesh, a trumpet- or tubular-shaped fruit body (rather than fan- or spoon-shaped), and grey to black colors. A closely related species, the fragrant chanterelle ( Cantharellus odoratus ), also tends to grow in dense clusters, but it is orange rather than blue. [13] Craterellus caeruleofuscus does not form compound clusters, and is not restricted to coniferous forests. The pig's ear Gomphus, species Gomphus clavatus , is similar in shape and form but fleshier, and light violet to pink. [14]

Other species of Polyozellus are easy to mistake for P. multiplex, as prior to 2018, the genus was thought to be composed of only one species, but is now split into 5 species. [2] Species are mainly distinguished by location, with P. multiplex only being confirmed on the Eastern coast. [2] Other species like P. astrolazulinus,P. mariae, and P. marimargaretae have also been identified on the East coast and therefore identification may be more difficult in regions of overlap.

Habitat and distribution

Picea glauca tree.jpg
Abies lasiocarpa 7458.jpg
Polyozellus grows in a mycorrhizal association with conifers like spruce (example left) and fir (right).

Polyozellus multiplex is an ectomycorrhizal species, meaning that the hyphae of the fungus grow in a mutualistic association with the roots of plants, but the fungal hyphae generally do not penetrate the cells of the plant's roots. [15] [16] The species grows in coniferous woods under spruce and fir, [13] and more frequently at higher elevations. [17] It is most often encountered in summer and fall. [12]

This species is northern and alpine in distribution, and rarely encountered. Collections have been made in the United States (including Maine, Oregon, Colorado, New Mexico, and Alaska), Canada (Quebec and British Columbia), [18] [5] [8] [12] China, [19] Japan, and Korea. In North America, collections are still being re-catalogued to reflect the separation of the 5 species of Polyozellus. The disjunct distribution of this species in North America and East Asia has been noted to occur in a number of other fungal species as well. [20] P. multiplex is also found in the Queen Charlotte Islands, where it is commercially harvested. [21]

Uses

Edibility

Polyozellus multiplex is edible, [22] and is collected for sale in Asian countries such as Korea, Japan, and China. [19] In North America, it is sometimes collected recreationally [23] and commercially. [24] The taste is described as mild, and the odor as mild or aromatic. [25] Mycologist David Arora claims the flavor to be inferior to Craterellus. It can be prepared by cooking. [26] Fruit bodies may be preserved by drying. [27]

Bioactive compounds

Skeletal formula of polyozellin Polyozellin.svg
Skeletal formula of polyozellin

The compound polyozellin—a chemical which can be isolated and purified from P. multiplex—inhibits prolyl endopeptidase (PEP), an enzyme that has a role in processing proteins (specifically, amyloid precursor protein) in Alzheimer's disease. Chemicals that inhibit PEP have attracted research interest due to their potential therapeutic effects. [28] Further analyses of extracts from P. multiplex revealed similar dibenzofuranyl derivatives of polyozellin, each with different chemical properties, including kynapcin-12, [29] kynapcin-13 and -28, [30] and -24. [31] A total synthesis of kynapcin-24 was achieved in 2009. [32]

Antitumor properties

Research conducted in 2003 suggests that extracts from P. multiplex may have suppressive effects on stomach cancer. [19] [33] The study showed that feeding a low concentration (0.5% or 1%) of the mushroom extract enhanced the activities of the enzymes glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase, and increased the abundance of the molecule glutathione. The extract also augmented the expression of the protein p53. All of these substances protect the human organism against cancer. [19] Additional studies reported in 2004 and 2006 attribute anti-tumor properties to polyozellin. [34] [35]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chanterelle</span> Common name of several species of fungi

Chanterelle is the common name of several species of fungi in the genera Cantharellus, Craterellus, Gomphus, and Polyozellus. They are orange, yellow or white, meaty and funnel-shaped. On the lower surface, most species have rounded, forked folds that run almost all the way down the stipe, which tapers down from the cap. Many species emit a fruity aroma and often have a mildly peppery taste.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cantharellaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Cantharellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family contains the chanterelles and related species, a group of fungi that superficially resemble agarics but have smooth, wrinkled, or gill-like hymenophores. Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. Many of the Cantharellaceae, including the chanterelle, the Pacific golden chanterelle, the horn of plenty, and the trumpet chanterelle, are not only edible, but are collected and marketed internationally on a commercial scale.

<i>Cantharellus</i> Genus of fungi

Cantharellus is a genus of mushrooms, commonly known as chanterelles, a name which can also refer to the type species, Cantharellus cibarius. They are mycorrhizal fungi, meaning they form symbiotic associations with plants. Chanterelles may resemble a number of other species, some of which are poisonous.

<i>Craterellus</i> Genus of edible fungi

Craterellus is a genus of generally edible fungi similar to the closely related chanterelles, with some new species recently moved from the latter to the former. Both groups lack true gills on the underside of their caps, though they often have gill-like wrinkles and ridges.

<i>Craterellus cornucopioides</i> Species of fungus

Craterellus cornucopioides, or horn of plenty, is an edible mushroom found in North America and Eurasia. It is also known as the black chanterelle, black trumpet, trompette de la mort (French), trompeta de la mort (Catalan) or trumpet of the dead.

<i>Hydnum repandum</i> Species of edible fungus of the family Hydnaceae distributed in Europe

Hydnum repandum, commonly known as the sweet tooth, pig's trotter, wood hedgehog or hedgehog mushroom, is a basidiomycete fungus of the family Hydnaceae. First described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, it is the type species of the genus Hydnum. The fungus produces fruit bodies (mushrooms) that are characterized by their spore-bearing structures—in the form of spines rather than gills—which hang down from the underside of the cap. The cap is dry, colored yellow to light orange to brown, and often develops an irregular shape, especially when it has grown closely crowded with adjacent fruit bodies. The mushroom tissue is white with a pleasant odor and a spicy or bitter taste. All parts of the mushroom stain orange with age or when bruised.

<i>Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca</i> Species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca, commonly known as the false chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoropsidaceae. It is found across several continents, growing in woodland and heathland, and sometimes on woodchips used in gardening and landscaping. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) are yellow–orange, with a funnel-shaped cap up to 8 cm across that has a felt-like surface. The thin, often forked gills on the underside of the cap run partway down the length of the otherwise smooth stipe. Reports on the mushroom's edibility vary – it is considered poisonous, but has historically been eaten in parts of Europe and the Americas.

<i>Turbinellus floccosus</i> Species of fungus of the family Gomphaceae native to Asia and North America

Turbinellus floccosus, commonly known as the scaly vase, or sometimes the shaggy, scaly, or woolly chanterelle, is a cantharelloid mushroom of the family Gomphaceae native to Asia and North America. It was known as Gomphus floccosus until 2011, when it was found to be only distantly related to the genus's type species, G. clavatus. It was consequently transferred from Gomphus to Turbinellus. The orange-capped vase- or trumpet-shaped fruiting bodies may reach 30 cm (12 in) high and 30 cm (12 in) wide. The lower surface, the hymenium, is covered in wrinkles and ridges rather than gills or pores, and is pale buff or yellowish to whitish.

<i>Hydnum</i> Genus of fungi

Hydnum is a genus of fungi in the family Hydnaceae. They are notable for their unusual spore-bearing structures of teeth rather than gills. The best known are the edible species Hydnum repandum and H. rufescens. There are no known toxic varieties of Hydnum. Widely regarded as important maintainers of forest ecosystems, the Hydnum genus is known to have ectomycorrhizal relationships with multiple plant families. Hydnum has many brittle, white teeth from which the spores drop. Some species have teeth which hang from ascending branches, while other species have teeth which project downwards from the undersurfaces of dead wood. Most Hydnum species are safe to eat, and contain many fatty acids and antioxidants.

<i>Craterellus tubaeformis</i> Species of fungus

Craterellus tubaeformis is an edible fungus, also known as yellowfoot, winter mushroom, or funnel chanterelle. It was reclassified from Cantharellus, which has been supported by molecular phylogenetics.

<i>Craterellus lutescens</i> Species of fungus

Craterellus lutescens, formerly sometimes called Cantharellus lutescens or Cantharellus xanthopus or Cantharellus aurora, commonly known as Yellow Foot, camagroc in Catalan, craterelle jaune in French, is a species of mushroom. It is closely related to Craterellus tubaeformis. Its hymenium is usually orange or white, whereas the hymenium of C. tubaeformis is grey. C. lutescens is also usually found in wetlands.

<i>Gomphus clavatus</i> Edible species of fungus native to Eurasia and North America

Gomphus clavatus, commonly known as pig's ears or the violet chanterelle, is an edible species of fungus in the genus Gomphus native to Eurasia and North America. Described by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774, G. clavatus has had several name changes and many alternative scientific names, having been classified in the genus Cantharellus, though it is not closely related to them. The fruit body is vase- or fan-shaped with wavy edges to its rim, and grows up to 15–16 cm wide and 17 cm tall. The upper surface or cap is orangish-brown to lilac, while the lower spore-bearing surface, the hymenium, is covered in wrinkles and ridges rather than gills or pores, and is a distinctive purple color.

<i>Polyozellus</i> Genus of fungus

Polyozellus is a fungal genus in the family Thelephoraceae, a grouping of mushrooms known collectively as the leathery earthfans. Previously considered a monotypic genus, it now contains the Polyozellus multiplex species complex. The genus name is derived from the Greek poly meaning many, and oz, meaning branch. It is commonly known as the blue chanterelle, the clustered blue chanterelle, or, in Alaska, the black chanterelle. The distinctive fruit body of this species comprises blue- to purple-colored clusters of vase- or spoon-shaped caps with veiny wrinkles on the undersurface that run down the length of the stem.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thelephoric acid</span> Chemical compound

Thelephoric acid is a terphenylquinone pigment that is found in several fungi, such as Omphalotus subilludens and Polyozellus multiplex. Thelephoric acid has been shown to inhibit prolyl endopeptidase, an enzyme that has a role in processing proteins in Alzheimer's disease. Chemicals that inhibit prolyl endopeptidase have attracted research interest due to their potential therapeutic effects. It is derived from atromentin, and its precursor can be from cyclovariegatin. Fragmentation patterns have suggested that polymers of thelephoric acid exists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kynapcin</span> Class of chemical compounds

Kynapcin is a general name for a number of dibenzofuranyl derivatives of the molecule polyozellin, present in the fungus Polyozellus multiplex. Like polyozellin, some kynapcins inhibit prolyl endopeptidase, an enzyme that has a role in processing proteins including amyloid precursor protein. Chemicals that inhibit prolyl endopeptidase have attracted research interest due to their potential therapeutic effects. Several kynapcins have been found in P. multiplex, each with different chemical properties, including kynapcin-12, kynapcin-13 and -28, and -24. A total synthesis of kynapcin-24 was achieved in 2009.

<i>Cantharellus lateritius</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus lateritius, commonly known as the smooth chanterelle, is a species of edible fungus in the mushroom family Cantharellaceae. The species has a complex taxonomic history, and has undergone several name changes since its first description by American mycologist Lewis David de Schweinitz in 1822. The fruit bodies of the fungus are brightly colored yellow to orange, and usually highly conspicuous against the soil in which they are found. At maturity, the mushroom resembles a filled funnel with the spore-bearing surface along the sloping outer sides. The texture of the fertile undersurface (hymenium) of the caps is a distinguishing characteristic of the species: unlike the well-known golden chanterelle, the hymenium of C. lateritius is much smoother.

<i>Cantharellus formosus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus formosus, commonly known as the Pacific golden chanterelle, is a fungus native to the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It was distinguished from C. cibarius in the 1990s. It is orange to yellow, meaty and funnel-shaped. On the underside of the smooth cap, it has gill-like ridges that run down onto its stipe, which tapers down from the cap. The false gills often have a pinkish hue. It has a mild, sweet odor.

<i>Cantharellus subalbidus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus subalbidus, the white chanterelle, is a fungus native to western North America. It is a member of the genus Cantharellus along with other popular edible chanterelles. It is similar in appearance to other chanterelles except for its cream to white color and orange bruising.

<i>Cantharellus flavus</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus flavus, also called the American golden chanterelle, Eastern yellow chanterelle or Midwestern yellow chanterelle, is a species of fungus in the genus Cantharellus. Found in North America, it is an edible mushroom.

<i>Cantharellus guyanensis</i> Species of fungus

Cantharellus guyanensis is a tropical South American species of mushroom-forming fungus in the chanterelle genus (Cantharellus), first described by Camille Montagne from French Guiana in 1854.

References

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  19. 1 2 3 4 Lee, In-Seon; Nishikawa, Akiyoshi (2003-11-07). "Polyozellus multiplex, a Korean wild mushroom, as a potent chemopreventive agent against stomach cancer". Life Sciences. 73 (25): 3225–3234. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2003.06.006. ISSN   0024-3205. PMID   14561527.
  20. ↑ Jianping Xu, ed. (2005). Evolutionary genetics of fungi. Wymondham: Horizon Bioscience. ISBN   1-904933-15-7. OCLC   60795044.
  21. ↑ "Fungi of Haida Gwaii". ibis.geog.ubc.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
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  25. ↑ Tylutki, Edmund E. (1979). Mushrooms of Idaho and the Pacific Northwest. Moscow, Idaho: University Press of Idaho. ISBN   0-89301-062-6. OCLC   6485548.
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  27. ↑ Fischer, David W. (1992). Edible wild mushrooms of North America : a field-to-kitchen guide. Alan E. Bessette (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN   0-292-72079-3. OCLC   24066185.
  28. ↑ Hwang, J. S.; Song, K. S.; Kim, W. G.; Lee, T. H.; Koshino, H.; Yoo, I. D. (September 1997). "Polyozellin, a new inhibitor of prolyl endopeptidase from Polyozellus multiplex". The Journal of Antibiotics. 50 (9): 773–777. doi: 10.7164/antibiotics.50.773 . ISSN   0021-8820. PMID   9360624.
  29. ↑ Lee, H. J.; Rhee, I. K.; Lee, K. B.; Yoo, I. D.; Song, K. S. (July 2000). "Kynapcin-12, a new p-terphenyl derivative from Polyozellus multiplex, inhibits prolyl endopeptidase". The Journal of Antibiotics. 53 (7): 714–719. doi: 10.7164/antibiotics.53.714 . ISSN   0021-8820. PMID   10994814.
  30. ↑ Kim, Sang-In; Park, In-Hye; Song, Kyung-Sik (July 2002). "kynapcin-13 and -28, new benzofuran prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors from polyozellus multiplex". The Journal of Antibiotics. 55 (7): 623–628. doi: 10.7164/antibiotics.55.623 . ISSN   0021-8820. PMID   12243451.
  31. ↑ Song, Kyung-Sik; Raskin, Ilya (January 2002). "A prolyl endopeptidase-inhibiting benzofuran dimer from Polyozellus multiflex". Journal of Natural Products. 65 (1): 76–78. doi:10.1021/np010194b. ISSN   0163-3864. PMID   11809072.
  32. ↑ Yang, Ling-Yi; Chang, Chia-Fu; Huang, Yu-Chao; Lee, Yean-Jang; Hu, Chao-Chin; Tseng, Tsui-Hwa (April 2009). "The First Total Synthesis of Kynapcin-24 by Palladium Catalysis". Synthesis. 2009 (7): 1175–1179. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1087998. ISSN   0039-7881.
  33. ↑ Lull, Cristina; Wichers, Harry J.; Savelkoul, Huub F. J. (2005-06-09). "Antiinflammatory and immunomodulating properties of fungal metabolites". Mediators of Inflammation. 2005 (2): 63–80. doi: 10.1155/MI.2005.63 . ISSN   0962-9351. PMC   1160565 . PMID   16030389.
  34. ↑ Kim, Jeong Hyun; Lee, Jeong Soon; Song, Kyung-Sik; Kwon, Chong-Suk; Kim, Young Kyoon; Kim, Jong-Sang (2004-02-11). "Polyozellin isolated from Polyozellus multiplex induces phase 2 enzymes in mouse hepatoma cells and differentiation in human myeloid leukaemic cell lines". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 52 (3): 451–455. doi:10.1021/jf034748n. ISSN   0021-8561. PMID   14759131.
  35. ↑ Jin, Xing Yu; Lee, Sung Hee; Kim, Ji Yeong; Zhao, Yu-Zhe; Park, Eun-Jeon; Lee, Bok-Soo; Nan, Ji-Xing; Song, Kyung-Sik; Ko, Geonil; Sohn, Dong Hwan (July 2006). "Polyozellin inhibits nitric oxide production by down-regulating LPS-induced activity of NF-kappaB and SAPK/JNK in RAW 264.7 cells". Planta Medica. 72 (9): 857–859. doi:10.1055/s-2006-946640. ISSN   0032-0943. PMID   16783701. S2CID   260278806.
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