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A cave or cavern is a natural void under the Earth's surface. Caves often form by the weathering of rock and often extend deep underground. Exogene caves are smaller openings that extend a relatively short distance underground. Caves which extend further underground than the opening is wide are called endogene caves.
Speleology is the scientific study of caves and other karst features, as well as their composition, structure, physical properties, history, ecology, and the processes by which they form (speleogenesis) and change over time (speleomorphology). The term speleology is also sometimes applied to the recreational activity of exploring caves, but this is more properly known as caving, potholing, or spelunking. Speleology and caving are often connected, as the physical skills required for in situ study are the same.
Krubera Cave is the second-deepest-known cave on Earth, after the Veryovkina Cave. It is located in the Arabika Massif of the Gagra Range of the Western Caucasus, in the Gagra District of Abkhazia, a partly recognised state, previously part of Soviet Georgia.
Gouffre Jean-Bernard or Réseau Jean Bernard, sometimes known simply as Jean Bernard, is the seventh deepest cave in the world, and the third deepest one in Europe. It is in the Alps in Samoëns, France. The first entrance to the cave was found by the French caving group Groupe Vulcain in 1963. More entrances have been found over the years since, and currently at least thirteen are known. The highest entrance, known as C37, is at 2,333 m (7,654 ft) above sea level. The cave is named after Jean Dupont and Bernard Raffy, two Groupe Vulcain members who died in 1963 in an unrelated expedition in Goule de Foussoubie Cave.
Édouard-Alfred Martel, the 'father of modern speleology', was a world pioneer of cave exploration, study, and documentation. Martel explored thousands of caves in his native France and many other countries, popularised the pursuit of cave exploration, introduced the concept of speleology as a distinct area of scientific study, maintained an extensive archive, and in 1895 founded Société de Spéléologie, the first organisation devoted to cave science in the world.
There are a number of caving organizations throughout the world.
Sistema Sac Actun is an underwater cave system situated along the Caribbean coast of the Yucatán Peninsula with passages to the north and west of the city of Tulum. Discovery of a connection to Sistema Dos Ojos in 2018 made it the longest known underwater cave system. As of January 2023, it is the second longest underwater cave system in the world, only surpassed by Sistema Ox Bel Ha.
Charles William (Bill) Steele, Jr. is a cave explorer and speleologist who has led and participated in expeditions to many of the longest and deepest caves in the USA, Mexico, and China. He has explored hundreds of caves across North America and Asia and has written two books chronicling his expeditions: Yochib: The River Cave, and Huautla: Thirty Years in One of the World's Deepest Caves. TV shows such as National Geographic Explorer, NOVA and How’d They Do That? have aired programs on his expeditions.
Sistema Huautla is a cave system in the Sierra Mazateca mountains of the southern Mexican state of Oaxaca. As of April 2021 it is the deepest cave system in the Western Hemisphere, 1,560 metres (5,120 ft) from top to bottom, with over 55 miles of mapped passageways. It is the tenth deepest cave in the world. It is also the 26th longest cave system with over 100 km length.
Boybuloq is a limestone cave in Uzbekistan, the deepest cave in Central Asia and all Asia except its western part. The cave is 1,430 metres (4,690 ft) deep and 15,212 metres (49,908 ft) long with the main entrance at an elevation of 2,647 metres (8,684 ft). It is situated at the edge of Baysun-Tau mountain ridge, the southern spur of the Gissar Range, in the southeast of the country. The nearest village is Dehibolo, to the northeast of Boysun.
Jurij Mihajlovič Kasjan is a Ukrainian speleologist, most known for his work in cave exploration, especially as the Call of the Abyss research project coordinator. He was heading the speleological expeditions to caves of the Arabika massif in Abkhazia and, with Aleksandr Klimčuk, to Aladaglar massif in Turkey. Some of the world's deepest caves were explored, including the first cave, deeper than 2,000 m, the Krubera-Voronja Cave.
Matthew D. Covington is an American speleologist, most known for his work in hydrogeology and geomorphology, especially in the field of mathematical modeling of karst systems, as well as by his contribution to Cueva Cheve project in Mexico, since 1999.
Aleksandr Sergeyevich Vishnevsky was a Russian speleologist, most known for his cave exploration work in the Urals and in Uzbekistan. After 2000 the latter area of his work became one of the speleology hotspots as it includes the Boybuloq, the deepest cave in Central and East Asia, and one of the deepest caves in the world.
Pavel Yevgenyevich Demidov was a Russian speleologist, most known for his work in extreme cave exploration, especially as the leader of the Perovo-speleo team expeditions to Veryovkina Cave on Arabika massif in Abkhazia, from 2017 the deepest cave in the world.
Ekaterinburg Speleo Club (SGS) (from Sverdlovskaja Gorodskaja Speleosekcija; Свердловская Городская Спелеосекция – СГС), founded in 1961, is a Russian, non-profit speleological organization dedicated to the exploration, research, and conservation of caves. It is based in Ekaterinburg (named Sverdlovsk from 1924 to 1991), the fourth largest city of Russia, in the Middle Urals and on the western edge of Siberia. SGS is most known for the exploration of caves in the northern Sverdlovsk Oblast and high-mountain karst areas of Surxondaryo Region in Uzbekistan, including Boybuloq, the deepest cave in Central Asia and one of the deepest caves in the world.
Nan'goma Cave is a cave system located in Kipatimu and Kibata ward of Kilwa District in Lindi Region of Tanzania.
The Gouffre de la Pierre Saint-Martin, also called Gouffre Lépineux, is the original entrance to a major cave system located in the massif of La Pierre Saint-Martin, in the immediate vicinity of the Franco-Spanish border and the French commune of Arette, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, under which lies part of the cave network.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ↑ Grottocenter. "Batze Cave".
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- ↑ Antonio De Vivo; Leonardo Piccini; Marco Mecchia (2009). "Recent explorations in the Saint Paul Karst (Palawan, Philippines)" (PDF). Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- ↑ Pint, John (2009). "Umm Jirsan: Arabia's Longest Lava Tube System" (PDF). Proceedings, 15th International Congress of Speleology: 714–717. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
- ↑ Kashima, Naruhiko; Ogawa, Takanori; Hong, Shi Hwan. "Mineralogy of Bilemot-Kul cave" (PDF). Sixth International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology: 170. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
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Demänovský cave system length is 35.116m by the official slovakian caving federation -linked here-, instead of 43.036m given by caverbob.com/wlong.htm
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- ↑ Ford, Derek. (2012). Castleguard Cave, Canada. Encyclopedia of Caves. 89–94. 10.1016/B978-0-12-383832-2.00013-X
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- ↑ El Pais.cr (2021). "Las cuevas de Costa Rica: Un viaje a las entrañas de la Tierra" (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ↑ Andrés Ulloa; Teresita Aguilar; Carlos Goicoechea; Ronald Ramirez (2011). "Descripción, Clasificación y Aspectos Geológicos de las Zonas Kársticas de Costa Rica" (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ↑ R.C Finch (2006). "The Longest & Deepest Caves in Honduras" . Retrieved 5 March 2023.
- ↑ "Long Underwater Caves". Quintana Roo Speleological Survey. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
- ↑ "CINDAQ 2022 Annual report". CINDAQ. El Centro Investigador del Sistema Acuífero de Quintana Roo A.C.(CINDAQ). 26 January 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ↑ Pegasus Caving Club (2020). "Panama Cave Index" . Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- ↑ "Exploration in the World's Longest Cave" (PDF). Retrieved 3 December 2017..
- ↑ Emily Deletter (13 September 2022). "Mammoth Cave discovers 6 more miles, still the longest cave system in the world". Cincinnati.com. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
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- ↑ James, Julian M (2006). "Giant dolines of the Muller Plateau, Papua New Guinea" (PDF). Speleogenesis and Evolution of Karst Aquifers. 4 (1): 1–11. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
- ↑ "Laauoleola Cave, Samoa". caves.org.nz. New Zealand Speleological Society. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ↑ Bernard Lips; Franck Bréhier; Denis Wirrmann; Nadir Lasson; Stefan Eberhard; Josiane Lips; Louis Deharveng (2006). "The karst of Santo: Geological setting" (PDF). Karst and Caves: 269–277. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
- ↑ "Argentina Subterránea" (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ↑ "Caverna de Umajalanta". Cuevas del Peru. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
- ↑ Sociedade Brasileira de Espeleologia. "As maiores cavernas do Brasil" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 December 2018..
- ↑ "Resultados de los estudios en Rapa Nui 2010". Jabier Les Photography. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
- ↑ Hapka; Jutzet; Bochut; Fernandez (2015). "Speleo-Colombia 2011-2013" (PDF). Cavernes (special Colombie): 5–95. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
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- ↑ "Tragadero de Parjugsha Grande". Cuevas del Peru. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
- ↑ Red Latinoamericana y del Caribe para la Conservación de los Murciélagos. "Grutas de Salamanca" (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ↑ Todo Uruguay. "Grutas de Salamanca" (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ↑ Rogriguez, Luz Maria; Galàn, Carlos (2010). Las zonas karsticas de la sierra de Perija, Venezuela: cavidades estudiadas y rasgos geologico-estructurales (PDF). Bol. Sociedad Venezolana Espeleología. pp. 7–19. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
