List of power stations in Hawaii

Last updated

Sources of Hawaii's utility-scale electricity generation:
full-year 2023 [1]

Contents

  Petroleum (77%)
  Solar (6.8%)
  Wind (6.8%)
  Geothermal (3.7%)
  Biomass (3%)
  Hydroelectric (0.9%)
  Other (1.9%)

This is a list of electricity-generating power stations in the U.S. state of Hawaii , sorted by type and name. In 2022, Hawaii had a total summer capacity of 2,906 MW through all of its power plants, and a net generation of 9,337 GWh. [2] The utility-scale electrical energy generation mix in 2023 was 77% petroleum-derived fuels, 6.8% solar, 6.8% wind, 3.7% geothermal, 3% biomass, 0.9% hydroelectric, and 1.9% other. [1] Hawaii's one geothermal plant, which previously supplied about 2% of the state's and 10% of the Big Island's electricity, was offline during 2019 to repair damage from the 2018 lower Puna eruption. The plant came back online in late 2020, slowly ramping up to its full operational level. [3]

Small-scale distributed solar including customer-owned photovoltaic panels delivered an additional 1,409 GWh to the six separate electrical grids serving Hawaii's major islands in 2023. [1] This was more than twice the amount generated by the state's utility-scale photovoltaic plants. Considering large and small installations together, solar produced almost one-fifth of Hawaii's electricity in 2023. In 2021, solar energy accounted for three-fifths of Hawaii's electricity generation by renewables.

The state's renewable portfolio standard is the most ambitious in the U.S. at 30% of capacity by 2020, ramping to 100% by 2045. The large dependence on imported petroleum liquids contributes to Hawaii having the highest average retail electricity prices of any U.S. state. [3] The island of Hawaii generates 52.1% renewable energy and reached a peak of 92.3% on April 25, 2023. [4]

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Fossil-fuel power stations

Kahe Power Plant on Farrington Hwy., Kapolei, Oahu Hawaiian Electric Kahe Power Plant on Farrington Hwy, Kapolei, HI.jpg
Kahe Power Plant on Farrington Hwy., Kapolei, Oahu

Data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration serves as a general reference. [5]

Coal

Hawaii closed its last coal-fired power plant in September 2022. [6] AES Hawai‘i was a 180 MW coal-fired power plant. [4]

Petroleum

NameLocationCoordinatesCapacity
(MW)		TechnologyYear
Opened		Refs
Campbell Industrial ParkHonolulu County 21°18′09″N158°06′06″W / 21.3025°N 158.1017°W / 21.3025; -158.1017 (Campbell Industrial Park) 113 Simple Cycle [A] 2009
Gay RobinsonKauai County 21°55′04″N159°37′46″W / 21.9178°N 159.6294°W / 21.9178; -159.6294 (Gay Robinson) 1.0 Reciprocating Engine (x2)2010
Hamakua Energy PlantHawaii County 20°05′38″N155°28′16″W / 20.0939°N 155.4711°W / 20.0939; -155.4711 (Hamakua) 662x1 Combined Cycle 2000
Hana SubstationMaui County 20°45′57″N155°59′46″W / 20.7658°N 155.9961°W / 20.7658; -155.9961 (Hana) 2.0Reciprocating Engine (x2)2001
Hawaii CogenHonolulu County 21°18′42″N158°06′50″W / 21.3117°N 158.1139°W / 21.3117; -158.1139 (Hawaii Cogen) 12.2Simple Cycle (x4)1990/2011
KaheHonolulu County 21°21′23″N158°07′44″W / 21.3564°N 158.1289°W / 21.3564; -158.1289 (Kahe) 609.7 Steam Turbine (x6)1963-1981
KahuluiMaui County 20°53′49″N156°27′46″W / 20.8969°N 156.4627°W / 20.8969; -156.4627 (Kahului) 34Steam Turbine (x4)1954-1966
Kalaeloa Cogen PlantHonolulu County 21°18′08″N158°05′47″W / 21.3021°N 158.0963°W / 21.3021; -158.0963 (Kalaeloa) 299.42x1 Combined Cycle1989/1991
KanoelehuaHawaii County 19°42′19″N155°03′45″W / 19.7052°N 155.0625°W / 19.7052; -155.0625 (Kanoelehua) 21Simple Cycle,
Reciprocating Engine		1962,
1972
Kapaia Power Station
(KIUC)		Kauai County 21°59′47″N159°22′33″W / 21.9965°N 159.3758°W / 21.9965; -159.3758 (Kapaia Station) 39.1Simple Cycle [B] 2002 [7] [8]
KeaholeHawaii County 19°43′54″N156°01′42″W / 19.7317°N 156.0283°W / 19.7317; -156.0283 (Keahole) 89.1Reciprocating Engine (x3),
Simple Cycle,
2x1 Combined Cycle		1984/1988,
1989,
2004/2009
MaalaeaMaui County 20°48′04″N156°29′35″W / 20.8012°N 156.4930°W / 20.8012; -156.4930 (Maalaea) 229.8Reciprocating Engine (x15),
2x1 Combined Cycle (x2)		1971–1989,
1993/2006
Miki BasinMaui County 20°47′24″N156°56′03″W / 20.7900°N 156.9342°W / 20.7900; -156.9342 (Miki Basin) 10.2Reciprocating Engine (x8)1990/1996
Palaau Power HybridMaui County 21°06′22″N157°03′53″W / 21.1060°N 157.0647°W / 21.1060; -157.0647 (Palaau) 14Reciprocating Engine (x9),
Simple Cycle		1985–1996,
Port AllenKauai County 21°53′59″N159°35′06″W / 21.8996°N 159.5850°W / 21.8996; -159.5850 (Port Allen) 99.5Reciprocating Engine (x9),
Steam Turbine,
Simple Cycle (x2)		1964–1991,
1969,
1973/1977		 [9]
PunaHawaii County 19°37′54″N155°01′53″W / 19.6316°N 155.0313°W / 19.6316; -155.0313 (Puna) 39.1Steam Turbine,
Simple Cycle		1988,
1992
Tesoro HawaiiHonolulu County 21°18′12″N158°05′29″W / 21.3033°N 158.0914°W / 21.3033; -158.0914 (Tesoro) 20Simple Cycle1982
WaiauHonolulu County 21°23′20″N157°57′41″W / 21.3890°N 157.9615°W / 21.3890; -157.9615 (Waiau) 474.6Steam Turbine (x6),
Simple Cycle (x2)		1947–1968,
1973
WaimeaHawaii County 20°01′31″N155°41′44″W / 20.0252°N 155.6955°W / 20.0252; -155.6955 (Waimea) 7.5Reciprocating Engine (x3)1970/1972
W H HillHawaii County 19°42′15″N155°03′39″W / 19.7041°N 155.0607°W / 19.7041; -155.0607 (W H Hill) 37.1Reciprocating Engine (x3)1965/1974

A Campbell burned biomass liquids exclusively from 2011 to 2017 and shifted to primarily burn distillate fuel oil by 2019. [10]
B Kapaia station's GE LM2500 gas turbine primarily burned jet fuel from its commissioning until 2008 and has since shifted to burn a mixture of other petroleum distillates. [11]

Retired

NameLocationCoordinatesCapacity
(MW)		TechnologyYearsRefs
HonoluluOahu County1131954-2014 [12] [4]
ShipmanHawaii County15.21920s-2015 [4]

Natural gas

Hawaii had no utility-scale power plants primarily fueled by fossil gas in 2024.

Renewable power stations

Data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration serves as a general reference. [5]

Biomass and municipal waste

NameLocationCoordinatesCapacity
(MW)		Primary FuelTechnologyYear
Opened		Refs
Biomass to Energy Facility, Kauai Kauai County 21°57′55″N159°27′38″W / 21.9653°N 159.4606°W / 21.9653; -159.4606 (Kauai Biomass) 6.7 biofuel,
wood		 Reciprocating Engine (x2),
Steam Turbine		2014,
2016		 [13]
H PowerHonolulu County 21°18′00″N158°05′55″W / 21.3000°N 158.0986°W / 21.3000; -158.0986 (H Power) 97.3Municipal Solid Waste
(biogenic and non-biogenic)		Steam Turbine (x2)1989/2013 [14]
HNL Emergency Power Facility
Daniel K. Inouye International Airport 		Honolulu County 21°20′11″N157°55′10″W / 21.3364°N 157.9194°W / 21.3364; -157.9194 (HNL EP Facility) 10biofuelReciprocating Engine (x4)2017 [15]
Schofield Generating Station Honolulu County 21°28′43″N158°03′29″W / 21.4785°N 158.0581°W / 21.4785; -158.0581 (Schofield) 50.4biofuelReciprocating Engine (x6)2018 [16]

Geothermal

NameLocationCoordinatesCapacity
(MW)		TechnologyYear
Opened		Refs
Puna Geothermal Venture I Hawaii County 19°28′44″N154°53′18″W / 19.4790°N 154.8884°W / 19.4790; -154.8884 (Puna Geothermal) 38 Flash Steam Cycle (x10),
Binary Cycle (x2)		1992,
2012

A The plant was shut down shortly after the start of the May 2018 lower Puna eruption. [17] [18] The plant was repaired and back online by late 2020.

Hydroelectric

NameLocationCoordinatesCapacity
(MW)		Number of
Turbines		Year
Opened		Refs
Gay RobinsonKauai County 21°55′04″N159°37′46″W / 21.9178°N 159.6294°W / 21.9178; -159.6294 (Gay Robinson Hydro) 8.721982/2019
Kaheka Hydro Maui County 20°53′19″N156°21′25″W / 20.8886°N 156.3569°W / 20.8886; -156.3569 (Kaheka Hydro) 4.531925
Kalaheo HydroKauai County 21°56′10″N159°31′44″W / 21.9361°N 159.5289°W / 21.9361; -159.5289 (Kalaheo Hydro) 2.012016
Paia Hydroelectric PlantMaui County 20°53′12″N156°20′16″W / 20.8867°N 156.3378°W / 20.8867; -156.3378 (Paia Hydro) 1.311912
PuueoHawaii County 19°43′35″N155°05′27″W / 19.7265°N 155.0908°W / 19.7265; -155.0908 (Puueo Hydro) 3.121918/2005 [19]
Waiau HydroHawaii County 19°43′13″N155°07′08″W / 19.7203°N 155.1189°W / 19.7203; -155.1189 (Waiau Hydro) 1.021921/1928 [19]
Wailuku River Hydroelectric Hawaii County 19°42′47″N155°08′55″W / 19.7130°N 155.1486°W / 19.7130; -155.1486 (Wailuku River Hydro) 10.421993 [19]
Wainiha HydroKauai County 22°11′47″N159°33′22″W / 22.1963°N 159.5561°W / 22.1963; -159.5561 (Wainiha) 3.621906/2010

Solar photovoltaic

NameLocationCoordinatesCapacity
(MWAC)		Year
Opened		Refs
Aloha Solar Energy Fund 1 and 2Honolulu County 21°24′25″N158°09′05″W / 21.4069°N 158.1514°W / 21.4069; -158.1514 (Aloha Solar) 102017
EE Waianae Solar ProjectHonolulu County 21°27′07″N158°11′16″W / 21.4520°N 158.1879°W / 21.4520; -158.1879 (EE Waianae Solar) 27.62017
Kalaeloa Renewable Energy ParkHonolulu County 21°19′41″N158°02′24″W / 21.3281°N 158.0400°W / 21.3281; -158.0400 (Kalaeloa RE Park) 5.02014
Kalaeloa Solar TwoHonolulu County 21°19′12″N158°05′13″W / 21.3200°N 158.0869°W / 21.3200; -158.0869 (Kalaeloa Solar Two) 5.02012
Kapaa Photovoltaic ProjectKauai County 22°04′49″N159°19′54″W / 22.0804°N 159.3316°W / 22.0804; -159.3316 (Kapaa PV) 1.02010
Kapolei Solar Energy ParkHonolulu County 21°19′16″N158°07′03″W / 21.3211°N 158.1175°W / 21.3211; -158.1175 (Kapolei Solar) 1.02012
Kawailoa SolarHonolulu County 21°37′26″N158°03′18″W / 21.6240°N 158.0550°W / 21.6240; -158.0550 (Kawailoa Solar) 492019
Kekaha SolarKauai County 22°00′02″N159°45′44″W / 22.0006°N 159.7621°W / 22.0006; -159.7621 (Kekaha Solar) 142019
Kihei Solar FarmMaui County 20°47′37″N156°26′02″W / 20.7937°N 156.4339°W / 20.7937; -156.4339 (Kihei Solar) 2.92018
KIUC Kapaia PVKauai County 21°59′50″N159°22′45″W / 21.9973°N 159.3792°W / 21.9973; -159.3792 (KIUC Kapaia PV) 132017 [20]
KRS I Anahola Solar HybridKauai County 22°07′54″N159°18′11″W / 22.1317°N 159.3031°W / 22.1317; -159.3031 (KRS I Anahola Solar) 122015 [21]
KRS II Koloa SolarKauai County 21°54′03″N159°27′00″W / 21.9008°N 159.4500°W / 21.9008; -159.4500 (KRS II Koloa Solar) 122014
Kuihelani SolarMaui County602024 [22]
Ku'ia SolarMaui County 20°53′10″N156°39′28″W / 20.8860°N 156.6579°W / 20.8860; -156.6579 (Ku'ia Solar) 2.92018 [4]
Kūpono SolarHonolulu County422024
Lanai Solar-Electric PlantMaui County 20°46′00″N156°55′24″W / 20.7667°N 156.9233°W / 20.7667; -156.9233 (Lanai Solar) 1.22008
Lanikuhana Solar LLCHonolulu County 21°25′43″N158°01′25″W / 21.4287°N 158.0236°W / 21.4287; -158.0236 (Lanikuhana Solar) 14.72019
Lawai Solar HybridKauai County 21°54′30″N159°29′31″W / 21.9082°N 159.4920°W / 21.9082; -159.4920 (Lawai Solar) 202018 [23]
Mauka FIT 1Honolulu County3.52020
Mililani Solar IHonolulu County392022 [24] [25]
Pearl City Peninsula Solar ParkHonolulu County 21°22′32″N157°58′05″W / 21.3756°N 157.9681°W / 21.3756; -157.9681 (Pearl City Peninsula Solar) 1.02012
Port Allen SolarKauai County 21°54′07″N159°34′54″W / 21.9019°N 159.5817°W / 21.9019; -159.5817 (Port Allen Solar) 6.02012
Waikoloa Solar + StorageHawaii County302023 [26] [27]
Waihonu North SolarHonolulu County 21°28′14″N158°00′48″W / 21.4706°N 158.0133°W / 21.4706; -158.0133 (Waihonu North Solar) 5.02016
Waihonu South SolarHonolulu County 21°28′08″N158°00′59″W / 21.4689°N 158.0164°W / 21.4689; -158.0164 (Wihonu South Solar) 1.52016
Waipio SolarHonolulu County 21°27′22″N157°58′55″W / 21.4560°N 157.9820°W / 21.4560; -157.9820 (Waipio Solar) 49.92019
Waiawa SolarHonolulu County362023
West Loch Solar OneHonolulu County 21°20′25″N158°00′54″W / 21.3403°N 158.0151°W / 21.3403; -158.0151 (West Loch Solar One) 202019

Wind

Wind power in Hawaii
NameLocationCoordinatesCapacity
(MW)		Number of
Turbines		Year
Opened		Refs
Auwahi Wind Energy HybridMaui County 20°35′46″N156°19′05″W / 20.5960°N 156.3180°W / 20.5960; -156.3180 (Auwahi Wind) 2482012
Hawi Wind Farm Hawaii County 20°15′26″N155°51′01″W / 20.2573°N 155.8504°W / 20.2573; -155.8504 (Hawi Wind) 10.6162006
Kaheawa Wind Power Maui County 20°48′51″N156°33′04″W / 20.8142°N 156.5510°W / 20.8142; -156.5510 (Kaheawa Pastures Wind) 30202006
Kaheawa Wind Power II Maui County 20°47′41″N156°32′10″W / 20.7947°N 156.5360°W / 20.7947; -156.5360 (Kaheawa Wind) 21142012
Kahuku Wind Power Honolulu County 21°40′52″N157°58′30″W / 21.6810°N 157.9750°W / 21.6810; -157.9750 (Kahuku Wind) 30122011
Kawailoa Wind Honolulu County 21°36′37″N158°02′27″W / 21.6103°N 158.0408°W / 21.6103; -158.0408 (Kawailoa Wind) 69302012
Pakini Nui Wind Farm Hawaii County 18°58′27″N155°41′29″W / 18.9742°N 155.6914°W / 18.9742; -155.6914 (Pakini Nui Wind) 21142007
Lalamilo Wells Hawaii County3.352017 [28]
Nā Pua Makani Honolulu County

21°40′19″N157°57′08″W / 21.67187°N 157.95225°W / 21.67187; -157.95225 (Nā Pua Makani)

2482021 [29]

Nuclear power stations

Hawaii had no utility-scale power plants fueled by fissile material in 2024.

Battery storage facilities

NameLocationCoordinatesDischarge
Capacity
(MW)		Storage
Capacity [A]
(MWh)		Year
Opened		Refs
Anahola Solar HybridKauai County 22°07′54″N159°18′11″W / 22.1317°N 159.3031°W / 22.1317; -159.3031 (Anahola Solar BESS) 64.62015 [21]
Auwahi Wind Storage
(A123 BESS)		Maui County 20°35′46″N156°19′05″W / 20.5960°N 156.3180°W / 20.5960; -156.3180 (Auwahi Wind BESS) 114.42012 [30]
Campbell Industrial Park BESSHonolulu County
(Kapolei)		 21°18′23″N158°06′18″W / 21.3064°N 158.1050°W / 21.3064; -158.1050 (Campbell BESS) 1.00.252016 [31]
Hawi Wind BESSHawaii County 20°15′26″N155°51′01″W / 20.2573°N 155.8504°W / 20.2573; -155.8504 (Hawi Wind BESS) 1.00.252012
Kaheawa Wind II StorageMaui County 20°47′41″N156°32′10″W / 20.7947°N 156.5360°W / 20.7947; -156.5360 (Kaheawa Wind BESS) 10202012
KIUC Kapaia PV Storage
(Tesla BESS)		Kauai County 21°59′50″N159°22′45″W / 21.9973°N 159.3792°W / 21.9973; -159.3792 (Kapaia PV Storage) 13522017 [20]
Kapolei Energy StorageHonolulu County1855652023 [32]
Kūpono Solar StorageHonolulu County1682024 [4]
Kuihelani Solar StorageMaui County2402024 [33]
Lawai Solar Storage
(AES Lawai Solar Hybrid)		Kauai County 21°54′30″N159°29′31″W / 21.9082°N 159.4920°W / 21.9082; -159.4920 (Lawai Solar Storage) 201002018 [23]
Palaau Power Hybrid
(Molokaii BESS)		Maui County 21°06′22″N157°03′53″W / 21.1060°N 157.0647°W / 21.1060; -157.0647 (Palaau Storage) 2.00.3752017 [34]
Waiawa Solar StorageHonolulu County361442023 [35]
Waikoloa Solar + StorageHawaii County301202023 [36]

A Battery storage power stations stabilize an electrical grid against fluctuations in solar and wind generation for periods extending from less than a minute to as long as several hours. [37]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar power in Hawaii</span> Overview of solar power in the U.S. state of Hawaii

The energy sector in Hawaii has rapidly adopted solar power due to the high costs of electricity, and good solar resources, and has one of the highest per capita rates of solar power in the United States. Hawaii's imported energy costs, mostly for imported petroleum and coal, are three to four times higher than the mainland, so Hawaii has motivation to become one of the highest users of solar energy. Hawaii was the first state in the United States to reach grid parity for photovoltaics. Its tropical location provides abundant ambient energy.

Kauaʻi Island Utility Cooperative (KIUC) is an electric cooperative located on the island of Kauaʻi in Hawaiʻi. With roughly 38,695 member-owners represented by a nine-member board of directors, it is the only electric cooperative in the state of Hawaii.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Energy in Hawaii</span> Overview of energy resources in Hawaii, US

Energy in the U.S. state of Hawaii is produced from a mixture of fossil fuel and renewable resources. Producing energy is complicated by the state's isolated location and lack of fossil fuel resources. The state relies heavily on imports of petroleum; Hawaii has the highest share of petroleum use in the United States, with 67% of electricity generation in the state coming from petroleum in 2023, compared to less than 1% nationally.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Electricity Data Browser, Net generation for all sectors, Hawaii, Fuel Type-Check all, Annual, 2001–23". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2024-04-12.
  2. ↑ "Hawaii Electricity Profile". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
  3. 1 2 "Hawaii Electricity Profile Analysis". U.S. EIA. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Power Facts, Hawaii Electric, March 2024
  5. 1 2 Energy Information Administration (15 September 2020). "Form EIA-860 detailed data with previous form data (EIA-860A/860B)". eia.gov. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020.
  6. ↑ Jones, Caleb (September 1, 2022). "Hawaii quits coal in bid to fight climate change". Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 4, 2022. Retrieved September 4, 2022.
  7. ↑ "Kapaia Power Station". ostg.com. Retrieved 2021-02-04.
  8. ↑ "Kapaia Power Station Oil Plant". Global Energy Observatory. Retrieved 2021-02-04.
  9. ↑ "Port Allen Oil Power Plant". IndustryAbout. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  10. ↑ "Campbell Industrial Park". EIA. Retrieved 2021-02-04.
  11. ↑ "Kapaia Power Station". EIA. Retrieved 2021-02-04.
  12. ↑ Hawaiian Electric to deactivate Honolulu Power Plant, Hawaii News Now, September 3, 2013
  13. ↑ "Firing up biomass facility". thegardenisland.com. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  14. ↑ "Reworld Honolulu". Reworld . Retrieved 2024-10-21.
  15. ↑ "Daniel K. Inouye International Airport Emergency Power Facility In Full Operation". Hawaii.gov. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  16. ↑ "Hawaiian Electric, U.S. Army announce completion of Schofield Generating Station". Hawaiian Electric Company . Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  17. ↑ "Lava speeds up, forcing evacuations and covering well at Puna Geothermal plant". Star Advertiser . May 27, 2018.
  18. ↑ "Puna Geothermal Venture faces challenges amid uncertainty". Star Advertiser . July 8, 2018.
  19. 1 2 3 "Hydroelectricity". www.hawaiianelectric.com. Archived from the original on 2018-02-01. Retrieved 2018-02-01.
  20. 1 2 "Tesla built a huge solar energy plant on the island of Kauai". theverge.com. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
  21. 1 2 "Kauai utility to start work on $54M Anahola solar farm this spring". bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
  22. ↑ AES Hawai‘i begins operations of the state’s largest solar facility, Honolulu Star Advertiser, June 10, 2024
  23. 1 2 "AES Completes Record-Breaking Solar and Battery Plant on Kauai". greentechmedia.com. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
  24. ↑ Hill, Joshua S (1 April 2019). "Hawaii approves six low-priced solar and battery storage projects". RenewEconomy. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  25. ↑ Clearway completes 39-MW solar, 156-MWh storage project on O’ahu, Solar Power World, Kelly Pickerel, August 11, 2022
  26. ↑ "First large-scale solar farm on Hawaiʻi Island now activated". Hawai'i Public Radio. 2023-05-03. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
  27. ↑ "Waikoloa Solar + Storage Project". AES. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
  28. ↑ "California company plans to build $13M wind farm on Hawaii's Big Island". www.bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
  29. ↑ "Nā Pua Makani". www.aes-hawaii.com. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
  30. ↑ "Auwahi Wind" (PDF). Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. 2019-05-01.
  31. ↑ Robert Walton (2016-09-28). "In pursuit of 100% renewables, HECO installs 1st utility-scale battery on Oahu". Utility Dive.
  32. ↑ Pioneering 565-MWh battery storage facility now online in Hawai’i, Plus Power says, Utility Dive, January 16, 2024
  33. ↑ AES Hawai‘i begins operations of the state’s largest solar facility, Honolulu Star Advertiser, June 10, 2024
  34. ↑ "$3.1M Battery Proposed for Power Plant". themolokaidispatch.com. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
  35. ↑ New central Oʻahu solar and battery farm said to benefit 7,600 homes, Hawaiʻi Public Radio, January 13, 2023
  36. ↑ AES Corp.’s Waikoloa Solar + Storage Project online, Hawaii Electric, May 1, 2023
  37. ↑ "Grid Modernization". Hawaii State Energy Office. Retrieved 2021-02-04.
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