Solar power in Hawaii

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MicroCSP collectors on the Big Island of Hawaii Holaniku.png
MicroCSP collectors on the Big Island of Hawaii

The energy sector in Hawaii has rapidly adopted solar power due to the high costs of electricity, and good solar resources, and has one of the highest per capita rates of solar power in the United States. [1] Hawaii's imported energy costs, mostly for imported petroleum and coal, are three to four times higher [2] than the mainland, so Hawaii has motivation to become one of the highest users of solar energy. Hawaii was the first state in the United States to reach grid parity for photovoltaics. Its tropical location provides abundant ambient energy.

Contents

Much of Hawaii's solar capacity is distributed solar panels on individual homes and businesses. Hawaii's grid has had to deal with this unique situation by developing new technology for balancing the energy flows in areas with large amounts of solar power. In 2023, distributed solar produced 1,408 GWh while utility-scale solar produced 643 GWh. [3] Hawaii had 1,808 MW of installed solar capacity in 2023. [4] The largest utility-scale solar farm in Hawaii is the 60 MW Kuihelani Solar on Maui, which opened in 2024, and includes 240 MWhr of battery storage [5] As of 2024, solar power produced 19.5% of Hawaii's electricity. [6]

History

Commercial rooftop solar installation in Honolulu Solar Panels @ Ala Moana (23715386935).jpg
Commercial rooftop solar installation in Honolulu

Hawaii has a renewable portfolio standard of 40% renewable energy by 2030 and 100% by 2045. [7] Hawaii had almost 200 MW of grid-connected photovoltaics in 2012. 16 MW of PV were installed in 2010, 40 MW in 2011, and 109 MW in 2012. [8] [9]

The electrical grids of the Hawaiian islands are each separate and relatively small. "Overbuilding" distributed solar in some areas has led to issues such as partial duck curve, although time-of-use pricing has reduced disadvantages. [10] Such overbuilding led the Hawaiian Electrical Company (HECO) to stop its net metering program, which reimbursed solar consumers generously for the excess electricity they exported back to the grid, in 2015. [11] As a result, residential solar installations fell as homeowners could no longer justify the costs because the payback time of the rooftop solar system made it cost-prohibitive. [12] Two successor programs - customer grid supply (CGS) and customer self-supply - have proved less successful than net-metering did in promoting the growth of the industry. [13] HECO has made connecting to the grid more difficult, leading to layoffs among the solar installation industry. [14] In 2014, there were over 40,000 rooftop systems, over 10 percent of customers. [15] A proposed grid interconnection between Oahu and Maui would have allowed more renewable energy but was rejected as too costly. [16] By 2022, nearly a third of single family homes have solar panels. [1]

HECO has limited homeowners' ability to install solar and connect to the grid. As of 2022, the only program available for private systems to supply power to the grid, Customer Grid Supply Plus, has limited capacity and requires inverters that meet HECO specifications. Approved inverters must allow the company to remotely turn off power transmission to the grid as needed. [17] The utility has gone full steam ahead with its own plans to build utility-scale solar, approving 110 MW on July 27, 2017. [18]

Cyanotech has a 0.5 MW solar array on its algae farm at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii. [19]

In October, 2018, Hawaii Electric Companies announced they were negotiating contracts on 7 new solar farms to total 260 MW, each incorporating 4 hours of battery storage: [20] These would be three projects on Oahu, two projects on Maui and two projects on Hawaii. In March 2019, six projects (totalling 247 MW and almost 1 GWh of battery storage) were approved, priced at 8-10c/kWh. [21]

Sunrun is establishing a virtual power plant on Oahu which would use the energy stored in 1000 batteries located in individual houses with rooftop solar panels to deliver power in times of high energy demand on the grid. This system is expected to be online in 2020. [22] These types of services provide not only additional power to the power grid but also add grid stability.

Kauai

Kauai has rapidly adopted solar. In 2009, oil provided 91% of the island's electricity. In 2015, solar provided 15% with other renewables providing another 22% with oil providing 63%. [23] Diesel usage was expected to be reduced by 10 million U.S. gallons (38 thousand cubic meters) in 2016 compared to 2008. On some days in 2016, solar power provided 77% of the electricity generation on Kauai. [24]

When it opened on November 2, 2015 on Kauai, the 12MW Anahola project was the largest solar project in Hawaii. It has 59,000 panels on 60 acres (24 hectares) of land and is expected to supply up to 20% of the island's momentary electricity demand and up to 5% of the annual demand. [25] The Anahola project also incorporates a 6MW lithium-ion battery. [26] [4] The 12 MW Kapaia solar plant is connected to a 13 MW / 52 MWh battery, [27] [28] and the power is priced at 13.9 c/kWh. [29] A 2018 project for 28 MW solar with 20 MW / 100 MWh batteries is priced at 11 c/kWh. [30] A 44MW solar farm with batteries to be completed in 2019 will bring the island to 70% renewable electricity while a pumped-storage hydro facility is under consideration which could bring the island to 90% renewable by 2023.

Statistics

Hawaii electricity production by type Hawaii electricity production by type.webp
Hawaii electricity production by type

In 2012 a typical solar system in Hawaii paid for itself in only 4 years, and returned a profit of over 4 times the cost over its life. [31] Hawaii's 35% ($5000.00 Maximum) state tax credit is the second highest in the country, behind Louisiana. [32] Hawaii offers a feed-in tariff, but it does not meet the normal definition of a feed-in tariff, as it is less than the retail cost of electricity, and is therefore simply a Power Purchase Agreement. The Oahu Wind Integration Study [33] released a report detailing the impact on the Oahu grid and found that 500 MW of wind and 100 MW of solar power could provide Oahu up to 25% of its electricity while eliminating the need to burn approximately 2.8 million barrels of low sulfur fuel oil and 132,000 tons of coal each year. [34]

In 2010 Hawaii generated 56 GWh of energy by photovoltaics; this had risen to 2051 GWh in 2023. [3] [35]

Grid-Connected PV Capacity (MW) [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [6]
YearCapacityInstalled% Change
20074.52.9181%
200813.58.6200%
200926.212.794%
201044.718.571%
201185.240.591%
2012200114134%
201335815980%
201444715125%
201556411726%
201667411020%
201781914521.5%
201894412515.2%
20191,311.7367.738.8%
20201,413.2101.57.7%
20211,468.2553.8%
20221,56091.86.3%
20231,80824815.9%

This was only 0.07% of the state's total electricity generation in 2007 but had risen to 19.5% by 2024. [6] [42] [43] [44]

Utility Scale Solar Generation in Hawaii (GWh) [3]
YearTotalJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
201555234555576544
20168837668810109876
20171748915141919181816151211
2018185131214151820181816161312
2019267131418222222232326293025
2020483243034434947464950403536
2021520343239485354505048433930
2022556384145433948486254544737
2023643423547495966687064594440
Small Scale Solar Generation in Hawaii (GWh) [3]
YearTotalJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
2015633424351555959616056534648
2016760525462667171727367635455
2017971696781859291949285786869
20181,029747186909698999689837374
20191,1117876929810410010910697927980
20201,210848799107114113115115106978687
20211,27392901071151221221231201091009182
20221,32997951121171251251271251141069393
20231,4089895115120132131132136124118104103

Major solar installations in Hawaii

Sheep used for weed control at La Ola solar farm on Lanai. An example of agrivoltaics Sheep living under La Ola Solar Farm on Lanai Hawaii.jpg
Sheep used for weed control at La Ola solar farm on Lanai. An example of agrivoltaics

Projects under development

Canceled projects

Source: [94] [95]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hawaiian Electric Industries</span> American utility company

Hawaiian Electric Industries, Inc. (HEI) is the largest supplier of electricity in the U.S. state of Hawaii, supplying power to 95% of Hawaii's population through its electric utilities: Hawaiian Electric Company serving Oahu, Hawai'i Electric Light Company serving The Big Island, and Maui Electric Company serving Maui, Lanai and Molakai. In addition, HEI owns a financial institution serving Hawaii, American Savings Bank, and a clean energy and sustainability company, Pacific Current LLC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar power in the United States</span>

Solar power includes solar farms as well as local distributed generation, mostly on rooftops and increasingly from community solar arrays. In 2023, utility-scale solar power generated 164.5 terawatt-hours (TWh), or 3.9% of electricity in the United States. Total solar generation that year, including estimated small-scale photovoltaic generation, was 238 TWh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar power in California</span>

Solar power has been growing rapidly in the U.S. state of California because of high insolation, community support, declining solar costs, and a renewable portfolio standard which requires that 60% of California's electricity come from renewable resources by 2030, with 100% by 2045. Much of this is expected to come from solar power via photovoltaic facilities or concentrated solar power facilities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar power in Nevada</span> Overview of solar power in the U.S. state of Nevada

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar power in New Jersey</span> Overview of solar power in the U.S. state of New Jersey

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar power in Arizona</span> Overview of solar power in the U.S. state of Arizona

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Kauaʻi Island Utility Cooperative (KIUC) is an electric cooperative located on the island of Kauaʻi in Hawaiʻi. With roughly 38,695 member-owners represented by a nine-member board of directors, it is the only electric cooperative in the state of Hawaii.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar power in Florida</span> Overview of solar power in Florida, United States

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