Solar power in North Carolina

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Solar installation, Fort Bragg Battle Command Training Center (8047335675).jpg
Solar installation, Fort Bragg

Solar power has been increasing rapidly in the U.S. state of North Carolina, from less than 1 MW (megawatts) in 2007 to 6,152 MW in 2019, when it had the second-largest installed PV capacity of all states. [1]

Contents

The economic viability of solar energy is heavily influenced by political and technological factors. Political dynamics play a critical role in shaping renewable energy policy, with barriers such as political polarization and protection of incumbent industries often hindering the adoption of solar power. Long-term analyses of U.S. policies demonstrate how favorable regulations can accelerate solar adoption, a consideration particularly relevant to North Carolina. With its abundant agricultural land, and its relative political power as a swing state, the state has the potential to lead in solar energy expansion by advocating for supportive policies and leveraging technological advancements. [2]

In addition to federal incentives, the state has a Renewable Portfolio Standard of 12.5% by 2021 and a state renewable energy tax credit, both of which have been credited with boosting solar installations. [3] [4] [5] Recently in June 2023, the Environmental Protection Agency released $7 billion for solar for all notice. This is a program that aims to expand solar to disadvantaged communities. [6]

In North Carolina, the distribution of solar power production is mainly on land that is classified as agricultural land, at 63%. [7] In North Carolina there exists potential growth for solar energy on this agricultural land. Specifically, land that has watersheds adjacent to the land. Furthermore, a 2018 Smithsonian Magazine article described North Carolina as likely being the national leader in the "solar shepherd phenomenon" – combining sheep farming with solar power plants to reduce the high costs of grass trimming. [8] A drawback of distributing solar power on agricultural land is the land that can potentially be lost for crops. There are debates of whether solar will harm agriculture. [9]

Duke Energy is large energy providing company. They've been playing a role in implementing solar in North Carolina making it second in the nation for most solar energy usage. In 2017 they helped develop laws that allowed the implementation of solar and made it more affordable. [10]

According to a report from the Solar Energy Industries Association, as of June 2019, North Carolina generates 5.81% of its electricity through solar power, and ranks second (up from 3rd in 2018) in total installed photovoltaics. [11] As of 2023 this number is up to 9.33% being ranked 4th. [12]

Grid-connected PV capacity [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]
YearTotal (MW)Installed (MW)~% Change
20070.7
20084.74571.4%
200912.57.8166%
20104028.7220%
201185.545.5114%
2012207.9122.4143%
2013469261.1126%
201484938081%
20151,9741,125132%
20162,9841,01051%
20173,287.5303.510%
20184,692.11,404.642.7%
20196,152.31,460.231%
20207,037.8885.514%
20217,811.2773.411%
20228,179367.84.7%
20239,05487510.7%
20249,6986447.1%
Solar power in North Carolina
Source: NREL [22]

Currently operating

The following tables show some of the major solar power projects currently operating in North Carolina (NC).

Dominion Energy

North Carolina solar projects [23]
NameLocationMWCurrent statusPV modulesFootprint
(acres)
Clipperton Sampson County 5Operational as of 2017 (Nov.)56,64028.52
Fremont Wayne County 5Operational as of 2017 (Nov.)21,12829.76
Gutenberg Solar Northampton

County

79.9Operational as of 2019 (Sept.)287,4301,126
IS37 Anson County 79Operational as of 2017 (Aug.)344,056550
Moorings 2 Lenoir County 5Operational as of 2017 (Nov.)58,40036
Morgans Corner Pasquotank County 20Operational as of 2017 (Nov.)81,054110
Mustang Solar Moore County 5Operational as of 2018 (July)21,30030
Pecan Solar Northampton

County

74.9Operational as of 2018 (Dec.)929,1001,050
Pikeville Wayne County 5Operational as of 2017 (Nov.)56,64030
Summit Farms Currituck County 60Operational as of 2016 (Dec.)650
Wakefield Solar Wake County 5Operational as of 2017 (Dec.)22,30030

Duke Energy

Duke Energy Renewables
NameLocationMWConstruction
completed		PV ModulesElectricity purchaser (offtaker)
Battleboro Solar [24] Edgecombe County 52015-0423,300 Dominion North Carolina Power
Bethel Price Solar [25] Pitt County 52013-1223,000Dominion North Carolina Power
Capital Partners, Phase I [26] Elizabeth City 202014-1293,000 George Washington University
American University
GWU Hospital
Capital Partners, Phase II [27] Kelford
Whitakers 		33.52015-12147,300George Washington University
American University
GWU Hospital
Conetoe II [28] Edgecombe County 802015-09375,000 Lockheed-Martin (38%) [29]
Corning (62%) [30]
Creswell Solar [31] Washington County 142015-0266,500Dominion North Carolina Power
Davie Solar [32] Davie County 29201763,308
Dogwood Solar [33] Halifax County 202013-1293,000
Everett's Wildcat Solar [34] Martin County 52014-1223,300Dominion North Carolina Power
Halifax Solar Power Project [35] Roanoke Rapids 202014-12100,000Dominion North Carolina Power
Holiness Solar [36] Murphy 12011-114,242 Tennessee Valley Authority
Martins Creek Solar [37] Murphy 14,400Tennessee Valley Authority
Millfield Solar [38] Beaufort County 52013-1127,450North Carolina Eastern Municipal Power Agency
Monroe Solar [39] Union County 602017
Murfreesboro Solar [40] Murfreesboro 52011-1219,960North Carolina Electric Membership Corporation
Shawboro Solar [41] Currituck County 202015-1295,000Dominion North Carolina Power
Shelby Solar [42] Shelby 12010-054,522North Carolina Eastern Municipal Power Agency
Sunbury Solar [43] Gates County 52015-0823,000Dominion North Carolina Power
Taylorsville Solar [44] Taylorsville 12010-104,224 EnergyUnited
Tarboro Solar [45] Edgecombe County 52015-0423,000Dominion North Carolina Power
Washington Airport Solar [46] Beaufort County 52013-1223,000North Carolina Eastern Municipal Power Agency
Washington White Post Solar [47] Beaufort County 12.52012-1253,000North Carolina Eastern Municipal Power Agency
Wingate Solar [48] Murphy 12011-084,340Tennessee Valley Authority
Windsor Cooper Hill Solar [49] Bertie County 5201323,000Dominion North Carolina Power
Misenheimer Solar Park [50] Stanly County 52024-10Duke Energy Carolinas
Duke Energy Regulated Utility
NameLocationMWConstruction
completed		PV modules
Camp Lejeune Solar [51] Onslow County 17.252017-0355,000
Elm City Solar [52] [53] Wilson County 402016-06487,000
Fayetteville Solar [54] Cumberland County 232015-12105,000
Warsaw Solar [55] Duplin County 652016-06850,000
Solar installation, Sandy Grove Middle School, Robeson County Spotlight Solar at Sandy Grove Middle School (cropped).jpg
Solar installation, Sandy Grove Middle School, Robeson County

On September 15, 2014, Duke Energy committed US$500 million to an expansion of solar power in North Carolina. [56] Announced projects include:

In addition, Duke Energy plans to purchase energy from five new projects:

Since Duke Energy's $500 million commitment to expand solar power in North Carolina in 2014, the company has made significant progress in increasing its solar capacity and advancing renewable energy initiatives in the 2020 decade:

Duke Energy explains their investments in renewable energy are driven by a commitment to environmental sustainability, regulatory compliance, and customer demand for cleaner energy options. The company aims to reduce carbon emissions by 50% by 2030 and achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, aligning with environmental goals and regulatory expectations. [60]

Other Generators (20MW+)

Recurrent Energy
(A subsidiary of Canadian Solar)
NameLocationMWConstruction
completed
NC 102 [61] Cabarrus County 74.8
(102 MWP)		2018
IS-42 [62] Cumberland County 71
(92 MWP)		2018

    Generation

    Using data available from the U.S. Energy Information Agency's Electric Power Annual 2017 [63] and "Electric Power Monthly Data Browser", [64] [65] [66] [67] the following table summarizes North Carolina's solar energy posture.

    Solar-electric generation in North Carolina
    YearFacilitiesSummer capacity (MW)Electric energy (GWh or M kWh) Capacity factor Yearly growth of generating capacityYearly growth of produced energy% of NC renewable electric energy% of NC generated electric energy% of U.S. Solar electric energy
    2018523398269970.20118.7%25.4%53.5%5.2%10.5%
    2017481335555790.19037.7%63.1%51.6%4.3%10.5%
    2016411243734210.1669.6%149%32.9%2.6%9.5%
    20152621436.813740.11112.5%88.5%15.8%1.07%5.5%
    20146767290.123103%111%9.10%0.60%4.10%
    201384333.23450.176190.8%148.2%3.5%0.27%3.82%
    201238114.61390.199156.4%717.7%2.16%0.12%3.21%
    20111544.7170.04927.7%54.6%0.27%0.01%0.94%
    2010935110.0661067%120%0.16%0.01%0.91%
    20093350.1900%150%0.07%0.00%0.56%
    20083320.1520%0%0.04%0.00%0.23%
    200700000%0%0.00%0.00%0.00%

    In summary, solar-electric generation has increased from 2007 to 2018 at a decreasing rate. The percentage of solar generated electric energy has steadily increased, but the yearly growth of generating capacity and yearly growth of produced energy peaked in 2012-2013.

    Capacity factor for each year was computed from the end-of-year summer capacity. 2018 data is from Electric Power Monthly and is subject to change.

    2017 NC Solar Energy Generation Profile 2017 NC Solar Energy Generation Profile.jpg
    2017 NC Solar Energy Generation Profile
    NC Utility Scale solar generation (GWh, Million kWh) [68] [69]
    YearJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSeptOctNovDecTotal
    201117
    2012224666979172348139
    2013101724213234343236403035345
    2014314156587467697568884954729
    2015635295110160151167156109100761351,374
    20161681753483002653203364483282541822983,421
    20172653354234775344825374804734233723145,115
    20184023565146326296776436584404833693086,111
    20194103986616807727538387496835564814727,451
    20204774926418728738509557666506605524848,274
    20215175208171018108599010379869167757155489,922
    202263571996911571173125111741111104893866453411,373

    Beginning with the 2014 data year, the Energy Information Administration (EIA) has estimated the distributed solar-photovoltaic generation and distributed solar-photovoltaic capacity. [70] These non-utility-scale appraisals evaluate that North Carolina generated the following amounts of additional solar energy:

    Estimated distributed solar electric generation in North Carolina [71]
    YearSummer capacity (MW)Electric energy (GWh or M kWh)
    201456.872
    201571.784
    2016109.7167
    2017114.9186
    2018140.1212
    2019180.2260
    2020200.0310
    2021230.5360
    2022260.7420
    2023290.0430
    2024320.0473

    Duke Energy rebates

    On January 22, 2018, Duke Energy Renewables proposed a $62 million rebate program for both residential and nonresidential customers. It was the first of three programs Duke is proposing as part of "Competitive Energy Solutions for North Carolina" legislation, signed into law in 2017 by Gov. Roy Cooper. The program requires approval from the North Carolina Utilities Commission. [72]

    Proposal details
    Electricity customerEligible rebateMaximum rebate
    Residential
    (10 kilowatts or less)    		60 cents per watt$6,000
    Nonresidential50 cents per watt$50,000
    Nonprofit entity75 cents per watt$75,000

    Customers would also have the option of leasing solar equipment from a third-party.

    On April 16, 2018, the North Carolina Utilities Commission approved the program. It applies to Duke Energy's residential, nonresidential and nonprofit customers who installed a solar system and a bi-directional meter on their property on or after January 1, 2018. [73]

    EnergizeNC: North Carolina's Solar For All Program

    The EnergizeNC coalition was awarded a $156 million grant on April 22, 2024 by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The grant is part of the $7 billion Solar for All program, which seeks to invest in solar projects for low-income and disadvantaged communities. EnergizeNC has three focus areas for solar: rooftop installation in single-family homes, behind-the-meter installations in multifamily housing and non-profit buildings and community solar programs (electric co-ops). The program is expected to launch statewide in Fall 2025. [74]

    Duke Energy Solar Centers

    A solar center is a facility that has thousands of installed solar panels. Duke Energy has proposed projects for a variety of solar centers using PV panels. The plan is to have the centers operating by late 2025 and they are estimated to produce enough electricity to power 23,000 homes. [75]

    Solar CenterLocationMegawattsSolar Panel Amount
    Bailey Mill [76] Jefferson County74.9 MW~163,000
    Half Moon [77] Sumter County74.9 MW~142,000
    Rattler [78] Hernando County74.9 MW~210,000

    In the chart above are the plans for facilities in various areas. Also, a proposed plan in North Carolina, known as the Longleaf Solar Center, will be located in New Hill, NC. It is proposed to be completed in 2028. It is said to be a 100 MW facility with about 215,000 solar panels and the ability to power 27,900 homes. [79]

    Pricing of solar energy

    The price of solar power in North Carolina has been steadily decreasing since its introduction. Currently, the average price for one watt of solar power is $2.29 during the installation process. [80] This has also decreased further via economic incentives and subsidies. [80] The federal solar tax credit reduces the cost of installation by up to 30%. [80] The average period for the solar powers to pay for their own installation, however, is 11 years in North Carolina. [80]

    WattageCost
    6W$13.72
    7W$16.00
    8W$18.29
    9W$20.56
    10W$22.26

    There are also systems in place such as home equity loans, also known as home equity line of credit (HELOC), which utilize the house as collateral, providing a lump sum payment that can be paid back over the course of several years. [80] This aids in covering the initial high cost of a full 3-10 kW solar power system, which may not be affordable for some people without financing. [80]

    Solar power distribution potential

    Research efforts are ongoing to improve and maximize the amount of North Carolina's energy that is sourced from solar energy. One area of interest is agricultural land that has an adjacent water shed. A case study was performed in 2020 to find potential areas that would maximize the economic impact of solar farms and minimize the impacts on land and the environment. [7] The environmental impacts were found to be minimal compared to other energy sources like coal and fossil fuels that create pollution in the runoff and water sheds. [7] The study also found that in the eastern part of the state there already exists a relationship between farmlands and active solar farms.[ clarification needed ] It was shown that many agricultural areas are located by watersheds that have high levels of water pollution and damage caused by current energy practices. [7] The study concluded that using agricultural land adjacent to water sheds has high potential. [7] With the availability of this land and the benefits associated, solar energy has the potential to source up to 40% of North Carolina's total energy production. [7]

    See also

    Related Research Articles

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    References

    1. ↑ http://www.eia.gov/electricity/annual /2017/06/19
    2. ↑ Stokes, Leah C.; Breetz, Hanna L. (February 2018). "Politics in the U.S. energy transition: Case studies of solar, wind, biofuels and electric vehicles policy". Energy Policy. 113: 76–86. Bibcode:2018EnPol.113...76S. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.10.057. ISSN   0301-4215.
    3. ↑ Lauren Shwisberg (February 27, 2014). "Utility Scale Solar Energy: North Carolina's Emergent Success". The Energy Collective. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
    4. ↑ Daniel Gross (July 5, 2014). "NC quietly becomes a star on solar energy stage". The News & Observer. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
    5. ↑ Steve DeVane (July 18, 2014). "Solar farms taking root in North Carolina". The Fayetteville Observer. Retrieved September 5, 2014.[ permanent dead link ]
    6. ↑ "Solar For All | NC DEQ". www.deq.nc.gov. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
    7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Curtis, Scott; Etheridge, Randall; Malali, Praveen; Peralta, Ariane L.; Filho, Faete (2020). "Planning for Future Solar Farm Development in North Carolina: A Geographic Food Energy-Water Approach". Southeastern Geographer. 60 (1): 48–64. doi:10.1353/sgo.2020.0004. ISSN   1549-6929.
    8. ↑ Molly A. Seltzer. "There's a New Job in the Solar Industry." Smithsonian Magazine. February 6, 2018.
    9. ↑ Curtis, Scott; Etheridge, Randall; Malali, Praveen; Peralta, Ariane L.; Filho, Faete (2020). "Planning for Future Solar Farm Development in North Carolina: A Geographic Food Energy-Water Approach". Southeastern Geographer. 60 (1): 48–64. doi:10.1353/sgo.2020.0004. ISSN   1549-6929.
    10. ↑ https://www.duke-energy.com/our-company/environment/renewable-energy/solar-energy/solar-power-in-nc.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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    12. ↑ https://www.eia.gov/state/print.php?sid=NC
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    14. ↑ Sherwood, Larry (July 2010). "U.S. Solar Market Trends 2009" (PDF). Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2010. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
    15. ↑ Sherwood, Larry (June 2011). "U.S. Solar Market Trends 2010" (PDF). Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
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    19. ↑ "North Carolina Solar Projects". solarlove.org. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
    20. ↑ "North Carolina Solar". Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA). Retrieved May 6, 2020.
    21. ↑ "Solar Market Insight Report". SEIA. Retrieved November 16, 2024.
    22. ↑ "PV Watts". NREL. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
    23. ↑ "North Carolina Solar Projects". dominionenergy.com. Archived from the original on February 1, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
    24. ↑ "Solar Power Projects" (PDF). duke-energy.com. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
    25. ↑ "Bethel Price Solar Project Highlights". duke-energy.com. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
    26. ↑ "Solar Power Projects" (PDF). duke-energy.com. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
    27. ↑ "Solar Power Projects" (PDF). duke-energy.com. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
    28. ↑ "Conetoe II". sunenergy1.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
    29. ↑ "Massive Duke Energy solar farm signs contract with Lockheed Martin". bladenonline.com. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
    30. ↑ "Duke Energy signs large out-of-state deal for power from N.C. solar farm". bladenonline.com. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
    31. ↑ "North Carolina solar was hot in 2015; Duke Energy led the charge". news.duke-energy.com. January 20, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
    32. ↑ "Duke looking to the sun". Davie County Enterprise Record. November 2, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
    33. ↑ "Dogwood Solar Project Highlights". duke-energy.com. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
    34. ↑ "Solar Power Projects" (PDF). duke-energy.com. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
    35. ↑ "Duke Energy acquires Halifax Solar Project in Eastern North Carolina". duke-energy.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
    36. ↑ "Holiness Solar Project Highlights". duke-energy.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
    37. ↑ "Martins Creek Solar Project Highlights". duke-energy.com. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
    38. ↑ "Millfield Solar Project Highlights". duke-energy.com. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
    39. ↑ "Duke Energy delivered sunshiny days in North Carolina in 2017". duke-energy.com. January 30, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
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