List of reconstructed Dacian words

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Map of the geographical distribution of attested placenames with the -dava suffix, a Dacian word meaning "settlement" or "fort." Teritoriul onomastic al elementului dava - Sorin Olteanu.jpg
Map of the geographical distribution of attested placenames with the -dava suffix, a Dacian word meaning "settlement" or "fort."

This article contains a list of reconstructed words of the ancient Dacian language . They have been restored by some linguists from attested place and personal names (toponyms and anthroponyms) from the historical region of Dacia. [1] [2]

Contents

In the case of words reconstructed from onomastic evidence, the original meanings ascribed to the names in question are derived from examination of closely cognate words and placenames in other Indo-European languages, complemented by analysis of the historical evolution of such placenames. [3] [4] However, the results are hypothetical and subject, in many cases, to divergent etymological interpretations. [5]

Reconstructions derived from Romanian and Albanian words that have not been attested to be Dacian or that have not been documented in Dacian territory are speculatively based on the unproven theory that Dacian constitutes the main linguistic substratum of Romanian and a closely related language to Albanian, a circular method criticised by mainstream historical linguistics. [6]

Reconstruction of words from place and personal names

Methodology

Both Georgiev and Duridanov use the comparative linguistic method to decipher ancient Thracian and Dacian names, respectively.

Georgiev argues that one can reliably decipher the meaning of an ancient place-name in an unknown language by comparing it to its successor-names and to cognate place-names and words in other IE languages, both ancient and modern. He gives several examples of his methodology, of which one is summarised here:

The city and river (a tributary of the Danube) in eastern Romania called Cernavodă. In Slavic, the name means "black water". The same town in Antiquity was known as Άξίοπα (Axiopa) or Άξιούπολις (Axioupolis) and its river as the Άξιος (Axios). The working assumption is, therefore, that Axiopa means "black water" in Dacian. According to the known rules of formation of IE composite words, this breaks down as axi = "black" and opa or upa = "water" in Dacian (the -polis element is ignored, as it is a Greek suffix meaning "city"). The assumption is then validated by examining cognate placenames. The axi element is validated by a tributary of the Vardar called the Axios, which is today known as Crna reka (located in Republic of Macedonia "black river") and by the older Greek name for the Black Sea, Άξεινος πόντος (Axeinos pontos, later altered to the euphemism Euxeinos pontos = "Hospitable sea"). The opa/upa element is validated by the Lithuanian cognate upė ("river"). [4] This etymology is questioned by Russu: Axiopa, a name attested only in Procopius' De Aedificiis, may be a corrupt form of Axiopolis. [7] Even if correct, however, Russu's objection does not invalidate the decipherment of the axi- element.

Apart from Duridanov and Georgiev, other scholars have attempted to reconstruct Dacian and Thracian words. Russu (1967) attempted to decipher Thracian and Dacian onomastic elements (placenames and personal names) by reference to presumed proto-Indo-European roots-words. [8] Georgiev considers such a methodology (known as Wurzeletymologien = "root-etymologies") to be "devoid of scientific value". [9] This is because the root-words themselves are reconstructions, which are in some cases disputed and in all cases subject to uncertainty; multiple root-words can often explain the same word; and the list of proposed IE root-words may not be complete. Reichenkron (1966) [8] assumed that so-called "substratum" words in Romanian (those whose etymology cannot be ascribed to any of the fully documented languages that have influenced Romanian: Latin, Slavic, Hungarian, Greek, Turkish etc.) are of Dacian origin. But Polomé considers that such a methodology is not reliable. [10] This is because there is no guarantee that the substratum words are, in fact, Dacian. Instead, they could derive from other, unknown or little-known tongues at some period current in Dacia or Moesia: for example, possible pre-Indo-European language(s) of the Carpathians.

Methodological problems

The methodology used by Georgiev and Duridanov has been questioned on a number of grounds, including:

  1. The phonetic systems of Dacian and Thracian and their evolution are not reconstructed from elements derived directly from the ancient languages in question but from their approximative Greek and Latin transcripts. [11] [12] For example, Greek and Latin had no dedicated graphic signs for phonemes such as č, ġ, ž, š and others. Thus, if a Thracian or Dacian word contained such a phoneme, a Greek or Latin transcript would not represent it accurately. [13] This could result in the wrong cognate being selected to decipher the Dacian name.
  2. The etymologies that are adduced to validate the proposed Dacian and Thracian vowel- and consonant- changes (that are, in turn, used for word-reconstruction by the comparative method) are open to divergent interpretations, since the material is strictly onomastic, with the exception of Dacian plant-names and of the limited number of glosses. [14] Because of this, there are divergent and even contradictory assumptions for the phonological structure and development of the Dacian and Thracian languages. [14] Polomé (1982) notes that, in the case of personal names, the choice of etymology is often based on such assumed phonological rules. [15]
  3. Dana argues that both Georgiev and Duridanov ignore the context of the names and start from arbitrary assumptions, such as considering a name to be of Dacian origin simply because it is attested in Dacia. In Dana's opinion, the Dacian origin of some of the names is doubtful or even excluded. Also, Duridanov's method is unreliable because most of the names he considers are unique. [16]
  4. Dana questions the validity of the Baltic etymologies used to decipher the Dacian names. [16]
  5. According to Messing, Duridanov's results are in contradiction with the reconstruction of a Balto-Slavic language group, as they show many parallels between Dacian and Baltic, but only a few with Slavic languages. [17] (This objection is irrelevant if Baltic and Slavic constitute separate branches of IE (i.e. "Balto-Slavic" never existed, as some linguists maintain); or if, as Duridanov argues, Dacian acquired Baltic words through long-term proximity interaction with Baltic languages, rather than through a genetic link).

Despite these objections, Georgiev and Duridanov claim a high degree of reliability for their reconstructions. However, Polomé (1982), in his survey of the state of research into paleo-Balkan languages for Cambridge Ancient History, considers that only "20–25 Dacian, and 40–45 Thracian words have had reasonable, but not certain, Indo-European etymologies proposed". [18] This compares with c. 100 Dacian words reconstructed by Duridanov, and c. 200 Thracian words by Georgiev.

Reconstructed Dacian words

Key
TABLE A: ATTESTED DACIAN WORDS
(exc Dacian plant names)
Dacian
word
MeaningAttestationPossible Indo-European
root-word(s)
Ancient cognatesModern cognatesNotes
davacity, settlemente.g. PN Rusidava
person (child)inscription Decebal per Scorilo ("Decebal son of Scorilus") [19] Thrac. -por ("son of": PRN Mucapor = "son of Muka")
Iranic -pur (e.g. Shapur = "son of the king"
Latin puer ("boy")
Alb. bir ("son")
Lith. bernas ("lad"), peras [20] ("whelp"),

Latv. bērns ("child"), Rom."prichindel"("small child")

-zila or
-dila
plant, herb (bot.) Dacian plant-names Gaulish dula ("leaf")Lith. žolė
Latv. zāle
Per Georgiev, the suffixes -dela, -dil(l)a, -zila and -tilia indicate names of medicinal plants. [21]
TABLE B: DACIAN WORDS RECONSTRUCTED FROM ANCIENT NAMES
Reconstructed
Dacian word [22]
MeaningAttestationPossible Indo-European
root-word(s)
Ancient cognates
(same meaning unless stated)
Modern cognates
(same meaning unless stated)
Cognate
placenames
Notes
*aba, apawater, riverRN *Calabaeus, [23] river in Scythia Minor
RN Apos
*ab- ("water", "river")

It derived from akwa (shift kw>p, gw>b) [24]

Latin amnis (der.< arch. Latin *abnis), Old Persian ap- ("river")Old Pr. ape ("river") Lith: Upė, Latv. upe ("river"), Romanian: apă,
Alb. amë "river bed" also hap "opening" (< PAl *abnā)
Latv. RN Abava, Abula
Dac. RN Apos
Apos is a Dacian or an Illyrian river name [25] [26]
*akmonstone, rockPN Άκμονία [27]
(Acmonia) [28]
in R. Dacia between river Thibiscum and Sarmizegethusa
*ak- ("sharp")Greek άχμον (akmon, "meteorite")Lith. akmuo
Old Latv. akmuons, Latv. akmens, akmenis
Alb. kmesë "sickle"
Romanian: ac ("needle")
Lith. RN Akmene, LN Akmenas
Phrygian PN Άκμονία (Akmonia)
Acmonia was spelled Augmonia and Agmonia by the Geographer of Ravenna [29]
*aksi-blackPN Άξίοπα (Axiopa), town in Scythia Minor, RN Axios, Macedonian river (now Vardar) [30] Old Persian a-xsei 'black, dark' [30] Alb. i zi "black", nxij "tarnish"(i) According to Georgiev, Dacian Axiopa was translated by Slavic successor-population into mod. name Cernavoda ("Black Water"). River Axios was similarly translated into mod. Bulg. name Crna Rijeka ("Black River")

(ii) Acc. to Parvulescu, Axios name reflects the Iranic (via the Scythian language) root a-xsei 'black, dark' . [30] (iii) Russu argues Axiopa is not a Dacian name, but a corrupt rendition of Axiopolis (a town of Scythia Minor). [7]

*albo [31] whitePN Alboca (Dacia) [31]

TN = Albocensi [31]

*albho ("white") [31] Latin albusRomanian: alb
Alb. elb (<PA albi) "barley"
*alda (noun),
*alta- (adj.)
swamp, waterlogged placePN Άλδανες (Aldanes): [32] fort near Naissus (Moesia Sup.)
PN Αλτίνα (Altina): [33] fort nr. Tramarisca
*olda, *olta ("water", "odorous")Lith. aleti ("flooded")
Latv. aluots, avuots ("source")
Arm. ałt ("filthy")
Alb. balta ("mud", "clay", "dirt")
Rom. baltă ("puddle", "pond")
Latv. RN Aldes. SN Altenes
Lith. RN Altis
The Dacian origin of Aldanes is controversial. [34]
*alm-to flow, to streamRN Almus, [35] Dacia Ripensis (Lom, Bulg.}, PN Almo (fort at river-mouth)Lith. almėti ("to flow uninterruptedly"), Latv. aluot, aluoti
*amalasmistletoe (Bot. Viscum album )PN Amlaidina, [36] prob. in Scythia Minor (Dobrogea, Rom.)Lith. ãmalas
Latv. amuols
Rus. oméla
*arariver-course, tideRN Arine [37] river in Dacia, PN Αρίνα, (Arina) [38] fort in Moesia Inf.Gothic runs ("flow")Rom. Arieş, Mureş, Siret, Criş river names in Modern Romania Lith. RN Arina
*auras, *auro [39] [40] water, moisture, poolRN Αύρας (Auras), [41] river near Istros, Scythia Min.*uer, *au(e)r 'wet, moisten' [40] Greek αν-αυρος (an-auros, "without water")Alb. ujera "waters".Old Pr. RN Aure
*baidasfrightening, repulsivePRN Baedarus (from Drobeta), [42] PRN Bedarus (from Potaissa) [43] *bhoidho-s (Pok. IEW 162)Lith. baidýti ("to frighten")
Latv. baîdās, bailes ("fear", "anxiety"), Russian боиться (boit'sja) "to fear"
*balas,*balos [44] strong [44] PRN Decebalus [44] *bel ('strong'), [44] [45] Sanskrit bala-m- 'force, strong' [45] Rom. fală, fălos - pride, imposing Alb. (Gheg) ballas "facing danger",për-balcë "to face, defy"
*balaswhitePRN Balius (from Dacia) [46] *bhel- ('white, bright') [47] Ancient Greek phalos, phalios, anc. Greek balios "dappled"(< balios is considered a loan from Thracian or Illyrian; it is attested as far back as Homer's Iliad ) [48] Rom. bălan (white (horse), blonde), bălai (blonde)
Lith. bãltas
Latv. bãls
Alb. bardhë "white", Alb. bal, "piebald dog or horse"[ citation needed ]
*berzabirch-tree (Bot. Betula)PN Bersovia, [49] Berzobis [50] town in SW Dacia*bhereg "shine", "white" including "birch-tree" [51] Old Bulg. *brězaLith. béržas
Latv. bērzs
Alb. bredh (< earlier *berdh)
Here, it is no observable difference between Thracian and Dacian [52]
*bur, buris [53] plentiful, rich, swollen [53] PRN Burebista and PRN Mucabur [53] *b(e)u-, bh(e)u-('to swell, inflate, plentiful') [53] Old Indian bhū́-ri-ḥ 'rich, a lot, immense' [53] Lith. būrys ("a lot, a bunch, a flock")
Latv. burvis (a mag), bur, buris (conjuring)
Alb. boll ("plenty")
*brukla cranberry (Bot. Vaccinium Oxycoccus)PN Brucla [54]
(fort in Dacia, W of R. Mureş)
*bhreu-k- ("to spread")Latv. brūkle, brūklene, brūklenāys (cowberry plant-place)
Lith. bruknė
Alb.brukë "tamarind"
Latv. MN Brùkļu
Lith. SN Bruklynė
*buta(s)house, hut, dwellingPN Βούττις (Buttis) [55] (fort in Dacia Med.)
PN Boutae [56] (mountain pass into Dacia)
Lith. bùtas, butà
Latv. buts, būda ("small house")
Old Pr. buttan
Alb. bujt "dwell, accommodate", bujtinë "small house"
Latv. PN Butani
Old Pr. PN Butyn
Lith. RN Butėnių (kaimas)
The Dacian origin of Bouttis is controversial. [57]
*čuk- [58] peak, summitPN Thōkyōdis Via [59]
PN *Thoukysidantikī [60]
*ḱu- ("sharp", "pike")Rom. ciucă, cioc "beak"
Bulg. čuka "small hill"
Latv. čuk-ur-s (summit of roof)
Alb. çuka "crest", suka "hillock"
Greek τσούκα "tumulus"
Hung. csùcs
Rom. MN Ciuc (possibly from Hung. csík)
Rom. MN Ciucaș
*dabacharacter, naturePRN Δαβεις (Dabis)Old Slavonic dob-Lith. dabá
Latv. daba
Rom. teapă
Pol. PRN Doba, Dobe
*dabaput in order, good [61] PRN Dabeis [61] *dabh ('arrange, suitable') [61]
*d(i)egisburning, shiningPRN Degisdhegʷh ('to burn') [62] Sanskrit dáhati ("it burns"), Mid Iranian daigLith. dègti ("to burn")
Latv. deglis ("burning torch")
Alb. djeg ("burn")
*dina(s)place, region, plainPN Amlaidina, AsbolodinaOld Pr. PN Resedynen
*dita(s)light (noun), bright (adj.)PRN Ditugentus [63] *dei-, *di- (to shine, shimmer)Thrac. *ditasAlb. ditë ("day")Old Pr. PRN Ditte
Lith. PN Ditava
*drasda thrush (bird) PN DrasdeaOld Slav. drozdaBulg. drozd thrush
Latv. strazds ("thrush")

Lith. strazdas ("thrush")
Alb. trishta

Lith. strãzdas
Lat. draza
Eng. thrush
Swe. trast
Irish truid
Old Pr. PN Drasda
*dribas/*drigaswild, restlessPRN Dribalus [64]
PRN Aurelius Drigissa, [65] a veteran of Legio VII Claudia
Latv. dribis, dribulis ("a restless man")
Lith. drignis
Alb. dridhem "to shake, tremble"
Latv. PN Driba
Lith. PN Drigotas
Old Latv. RN Dryzel
Rus. (Baltic origin) RN Drigin'a
*duiaswamp or mist, drizzlePN Δουιανα (Duiana), fort in Dacia Mediterranea [66] Lith. dujà (both meanings)
Latv. dujs ("dirty")
Alb. ndyj "dirt"
Latv. PN Dujas
Russian (Baltic origin) RN Dyja
Lith. PN Daujėnai
The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial. [67]
*dūmasdark brownPN Dimum (from *Dumum)Old Irish dumhach ("dark, foggy")Lith. dūmas
Latv. dūms
Alb.tym ("fog, smoke, uncertainty")
E.Bengali. "dhuma" (smoke, fog)
Bulg. tama ("darkness, uncertainty")
Thrac. PN Δὐμη (Dimi)
*galtissheet-ice, frostPN Galtisgel(ǝ) ('cold, freeze') [68] Latv. gàla
Rus. golot
Lith. gailus (cold) gelti (to bite, to sting, to ache)
Old Pr. PN Galtengarb
*genuklapasture, meadowPN Γένουκλα ( Genucla ) [69]
(fortress of Getan king Zyraxes on Danube)
Lith. ganyklà
Latv. ganīkla
Alb. gjanë "river mud"
Latv. SN Dzęnuklis
*ger [70] smart, awake [70] PRN Gerula [70] *ger-4, grēi-(to grow; to awake) [71] [70] Latin agilis

Rom. "ager" "smart, clever"

*gerasgood (-natured), kindPRN Gerulo
PRN Gerula
*guer(α)- [72] Lith. gēras,
Alb. gjorë "miserable, wretched"
Lith. PN Gerulių, RN Gerùlis
*germashot, warmPN Γέρμαζα (Germaza), PN Γερμἰζερα (Germizera)*ghwer-Latin formus
Sanskrit gharma
Rom. "jar" "embers"
Latv. gařme
Gr. θερμὀς,
Alb. zjarm "fire, heat"
Thrac. PN Γερμανἰα
Bulg. RN Germania
*gilusdeepPN Gildoba , [73] unknown "Thracian" location where St. Julius was reveredLith. gilùs
Latv. dziļš
Old Pr. gillin
Lith. RNs Gilijà, Gilupis, Gỹlė
Old Pr. LN Gilge
Latv. LN Dziļaune
*gira (giria)forest or mountainPN Giridava gʷeru ('pole, pike') [74] Sanskrit girí-h ("mountain")Lith. girė, girià ("forest")
Latv. dzire ("mountain")
Rus. gora 'mountain'
Bulg. gora 'forest'
Alb. gur "stone"
*grandaplankPN Γράνδετον (Grandeton), fort near Naissus (Moesia Superior)Bulg. greda ("beam")
Lith. grandà ("bridge-plank")
Old Pr. grandico
Latv. gruõdi
Lith. PN Grandų káimas
Latv. RNs Gruõds, Gruõdi, Gruõdupis
Rom. grinda
The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial. [75]
*grivariver-bed or river-mouthPN Γρίβο (Grivo), [76] fort near Naissus (moesia Sup.)Thrac. ? *grava ("valley" or "river-bed")Latv. grĩva ("river-mouth")
Lith. greva ("river-bed")
Alb. gravë "cave, lair"
Lith. RN Grýva
Latv. RNs Grīva, Grīvīte
The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial. [77]
kaga [78] sacred, holykaga [79] *kʷog(h)- (< *kʷeg(h)-)Old Slav. kazat, skazat ("to tell", "to say")
*kalascatfish (?)RN CalabaeusLatin squālus ("large sea fish, shark")
Old Norse hualr ("whale")
Old Pr. kalis ("catfish")
*kapashill, slopePN Καπίδαυα (Capidava)Lith. kãpas
Latv. kãpa ("dune, slope")
Alb. kapë ("huge heap")
*kapurahillPN Capora [80] (in basin of river Tyras (Dniester)Lith. kapùrna ("mossy mound")
*karpato cut, stone [81] MN Carpates TN Karpoi, Carpi, [81] [82] *sker, *ker ("to cut"), [81] [82] Latv. kārpa (from kārpīt ("to dig and to kick"))
Alb. karpe (*karp-m-) ("stone"), [81] këput "to cut".
Carpathian Mts., [81] Carpi tribe . [82]
*karsacavePN Carsion
Thrac. PN Carsaleon
*katasstable, animal enclosurePN Κάττουζα (Cattuza)Avestan kata- ("cellar")Alb. katoq, kotec, "animal enclosure"Latv. PN Katužs
*kedaseat, stoolPN Cedonia Lith. kedė
*kerbaswampy groundPN CerbatisLith. kirbaLith. RN Kerbẽsas
*kernabushPN *CernaOld. Pr. kirno
Lith. kirna ("undergrowth")
Lith. LN Kernỹs
*kertaclearing in a woodPN CertieLith. kertė
Latv. cirte (clearing in a wood), cērte (pickaxe)
*kinadry ground (mound) in a swampPN CiniscusLith. kinė, kinis
Latv. cine, cin(i)s
*klevas maple-tree (Bot.)PN ClevoraLith. klevas
Latv. klavs
Bulg. klen maple
*krataswampy place or pile, heapPN Κρατίσκαρα (Cratiscara)Lith. kratà ("heaped"), kritùs ("swampy")
Latv. krata ("shaking when driving on bumpy road")
The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial. [83]
*kurtagrove (stand of planted trees, often sacred)PN Κουρτα (Curta); Thrac. PN Κουρτουσουρα (Curtusura)Old Pr. korto
Alb. korije "grove"
*lug-swamp, bogRN Λύγινος (Luginos)Illyr. ἔλος ΛοὐγεονLatv. luga
Rus. luža ("puddle")
Alb.lug ("trough"), ligatinë ("bog"), luginë ("valley")
Gallic PN Lugdunum (Lyon)
*mala(river) bank, shore, beachPN Dacia Malvensis (name of Roman province)Rom. mal
Latv. mala
Alb. mal = elevated ground, mountain, hill. Dacia Malvensis meant "river-bank Dacia", ref. to its situation on (north) bank of Danube. Name Latinised to Dacia Riparia or Ripensis (Latin: rīpa = "riverbank") in new province created by Aurelian on south side of Danube after evacuation of Dacia.
*maskapool, puddlePN Μασκάς (Maskas)Latv. PN Mãskas
*mauda(s)hemlock (Conium)(bot.)PN PomodianaLith. maudá, máudasIllyrian PN Pamodus (island)
*medekaglade (clearing in a forest)PN Μέδεκα (Medeka)Lith. medėkasThe Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial. [84]
*musasmould, mossRN Μουσαίος (Museos), Thrac. PN Μωσυπα (Muspa)Old Slav. мъсһъ
Old High German mos ("swamp")
Gr. μὐσος (músos)
Lith. mūsas (mùsas)
Alb. myshk "mould, moss"
*nara(s)river, brookRN (Rom. from Dac.) NǎrujaLith. nérti ("to dive", "swim underwater")
Latv. nāra ("mermaid" from nirt ("to dive"))
Alb. hum-nerë "precipice, chasm"
Lith. RN Neris, Narùpis
Illyr. RN Νάρον
*net-flowPN Νετίνδαυα (Netindava), RN NetupaLatin natāre ("to swim")Alb.not "to swim" Rom.înot "to swim"
*padasthreshing-floorPN Παδισάρα (Padisara)Lith. pãdas
Bulg. pad fall
*pala, *palmaswamp, bogPN Παλαδεινα (Paladina); PN PalmatisLatin palūsLith. pãlios
Latv. pali ("floods")
Alb.pellg ("swamp")
Lith. RN Palminỹs
*pil-to flowRN GilpilLith. pilti ("to pour, to flow")
Latv. pilt ("to drip, to fill up"), pile ("a drop")


Bulg. pilea scatter

*preida pine-tree (Bot. pinus)PN Πρέιδις (Pridis)Latv. priẽde
Alb.bredh ("fir tree")
Bulg. bor ("pine-tree")
*put-to swell, thickenPN PutinaLith. pūstis ("to swell"); Lith pùtinas ("snowball")Old Latv. PRN Putte
*rabo, rebo'to move' 'to flow' 'be in motion'RN Rabon river in Dacia (Jiul?) It was etymologically connected with Arabon (Narabon?) from Pannonia [85] *rebh 'to move' 'to flow' 'be in motion' [86] Alb. rrjedh ("to flow")
*ramuspeaceful, restfulPN Ραμίδαυα (Ramidava); Thrac. PN RhamaeSanskrit rámateLith. ramùs
Latv. rāms ("calm, peaceful")
Alb. ramun ("fallen asleep")
Latv. Rāmava
*rō(u)kadrizzle, fine rainPN (from RN) RhocobaeLith. rõkė
Alb. rrjedh "to flow" or rajka "falling(snow, rain etc.)"
*rus-to flowPN Rusidava ; Thrac. PN ΡοὐσιονLith. ruséti ("to flow slowly")
Alb.rreshje "precipitation"
*san-apaconfluence (of two rivers)RN SanpaeusLith. SantakaLith. LN Sampė (< *San-upė)
*sausasdryPRN Sausa*saus- ('dry') [87] Lith. saũsas
Latv. sauss ("dry")
Alb. thatë "dry"
Bulg. suh ("dry")
*sermasriver, river-currentPN Sirmium
*skabassharp, quick, livelyPRN Σκαβης (Scabis)Latin scābēre ("to scratch")Lith. skubus ("prompt, swift"), skabùs ("sharp"), skabrùs ("quick, lively")
Latv. skuba ("hurry"), skubināt ("to hurry, to rush")
Alb. i shkathët "quick, prompt"
*skauduspainful, sad or powerfulTN ScaugdaeLith. skaudùs
Latv. skauds, skaudrs ("very intensive" (pain))
*skenaclearing (in a wood)PN ScenopaLith. nuo-skena
*skuiafir-tree (Bot.)PN Σκουάνες (Scuanes)sk(h)u̯oi̯-, sk(h)u̯i(i̯)- ('needle, thorn') [87] Old Slav. chvoja (pine needles/branches)Latv. skuja ("spruce-needle")
Alb. hu "stake, picket, pole"
The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial. [88]
*skumbrashill, downPN Σκουμβρο (Scumbro)Old Alb. zëmbres, zbres ("to go down)Latv. kumbrs ("rounded top of a hill")The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial. [89]
*spirusfast, quick, rapidRN Πασπίριος (Paspirios)Lith. spėrus
Latv. spars ("force, zeal"), spert ("to hit quickly")


Old Alb. shpjertë, Alb. shpejtë "fast, quick"
Bulg. skoro ("quickly, fast")

*stendasstiff, rigid, viscosePN Στένδαι (Stende)Lith. standùs, Alb. tendos "rigid", Bulg. stena ("wall")Latv. RN SteñdeThe Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial. [90]
*sukarip, tear, gapPN Σουκίδαυα (Sucidava); Thrac. PN Succi (mt. pass)Lith. šùkė
Latv. sukums
Alb. shuk or shkun "to shake, beat, push"
*sunkaliquid, to flowPN (from RN) Σονκητα (Sunkita)Lith. sunkà ("liquid", "tree-sap"),
Alb. lëng "liquid"
Lith. RN Sunkìnė
*surassaltyPN Σούρικον (Suricon)Lith. sūras
Latv. sūrs ("salty and bitter")
Alb. shurrë "urine", "sour liquid"
*taraschatterer, gossiperPRN TaraAlb.thërras "call"
*tautapeople, nation, countryPRN TautomedesOld Pr. tauto ("country")
Goth. thiuda ("people")
Old Irish tuath ("people")
Lith. tautà ("people, country")
Latv. tauta ("people"),
Alb.Tënde ("your kin", "your own")
*tirasbare, barren, desolateFN Τίριξις (Tirizis)Lith. týras
Latv. tīrs ("clean")
*tut-blow, emit smokeRN Τοὐτης (Tutes)Lith. tűtúoti ("to blow", "to sound horn")
Ger. tuten ("to hoot")
Alb. tyta "pipe, barrel", tym/tymos "smoke, to smoke"
Lith RN Tūtupis
*upariverPN ScenopaLith. upė
Latv. upe ("river")
*urda(s)stream, brookRN Όρδησσός (Ordessos); Thrac. PN (from RN) Οὐρδαυς (Urdanes)Lith. urdulỹs
Latv. urdaviņa
Alb. hurdhë "brook"
Celtic RN Urda, Bulg. RN Arda
*vaigasfast, rapidPN (from RN) AegetaLith. RN Váigupis
*varpawhirlpoolPN (from RN) Άρπις (Harpis)Lith. verpetas
Latv. virpa ("whirlpool")
Alb. vorbull "whirlpool"
Lith. RN Varpė
*visasfertile, fruitfulPN Βισ-δίνα (Visdina)Lith. vislus, vaisùsLith. PN Visalaukė
*zalmo-fur, skin, shieldPRN Ζαλμοδεγικος (Zalmodenicos)
Ζάλμοξις (Zalmoxis)
Alb. thelmë "rag, patch" (in sewing)
*zelmasshoot (of a plant)PRN ΖαλμοδεγικοςLith. želmuo
Latv. zelmenis ("a field of shoots, shoots in the field"), zelt ("to grow, to become green")
Alb. çel ("blossom")
*zud-ascareful, precisePRN ZudeLatv. zūdit ("to take care")Lith. PN Zude, ZudiusAlb. kujdes ("to take care")
*zurashot, shiningRN ZyrasSanskrit jūrvati ("scorched")Latv. zvêruot ("to light up", "shine"), Lith.žaros ("sparkles, glow"),
Alb.Ziej, i zier ("boiling" "hot")
Latv. PN (< RN) Zūras
Lith. RN Žiūrà

Alleged words reconstructed from Romanian and Albanian

Georgiev, Duridanov and Russu concur that the Dacian language constitutes the main pre-Latin substratum of the modern Romanian language. Duridanov also accepts Georgiev's theory that modern Albanian is descended from "Daco-Moesian". Where words in modern Albanian and/or Romanian can be plausibly linked to an Indo-European root and modern cognates of similar meaning, a reconstruction of the putative Dacian originals have been proposed by Duridanov, who included them in a separate list from words reconstructed from placenames.

CAVEAT: The following word-reconstructions are based on the assumption that the Albanian language is descended from "Daco-Moesian". This theory is contested by many linguists, especially Albanian, who consider the language a direct descendant of the extinct Illyrian language. [91] Thus, reconstructions based on modern Albanian words, or Romanian substratum words with Albanian cognates, may in reality represent ancient Illyrian, rather than Dacian, elements. In addition, the reconstructions below, unlike those in Table A above, are not validated by Dacian place- or personal names. The "Dacianity" of the reconstructions is therefore completely speculative, in comparison to those derived from placenames. (N.B. Even if Albanian is descended from Illyrian, the reconstructions below could nevertheless represent Dacian elements if the "Daco-Illyrian" theory - that the Dacian and Illyrian languages were closely related - is correct; or if the words below represent Illyrian borrowings from "Daco-Moesian", but not if they represent "Daco-Moesian" borrowings from Illyrian)

TABLE C: ALLEGED DACIAN WORDS RECONSTRUCTED FROM ALBANIAN AND ROMANIAN WORDS [92]
Dacian
word
MeaningAlbanian and Romanian wordPossible Indo-European
root-word(s)
Modern cognatesNotes
*bred-fir-tree (Abies alba)Alb. bredh
Rom. brad
*bhreg'-os, *bhrog'-os (Pokorny IEW 139)Lith. brãzas (resin), Old Slav. brěza (birch)
*dainasongRom. dialect daină, doină
Alb. zana "mountain fairy"
*doinaLith. dainà , Lat. daīņa
*mal-bank, shore or mountainAlb. mal (mountain)
Rom. mal (bank, shore)
*mol- (Pok. aaO. 721f)Lat. mala (beach, shore)
*spand- hellebore (plant: Helleborus purpurescens)Alb. shpendër
Rom. spînz
*sponǎ(i)- (Georgiev 1965 p80)Lat. spuóds (bright)
*skrumbash, burnt materialAlb. shkrumb
Rom. scrum
*skrṃb(h)-Lith. skrembù (skrebti)Old Prussian placename Scrumbayn (today Schrombehnen)
*strungamilking-enclosureAlb. shtrungë
Rom. strungă
*strṇgāDacian placename Στρὁγγες (Proc. Aed. IV.4)
*zuv-fishRom. juvete (a species of fish)*g'hduụ- (Pok. IEW 416)Lith. žuvis Lat. dial. zuvaDac. placename Ζουσἱδαυα

See also

Notes

  1. Duridanov (1969) 90–5
  2. Georgiev (1976) 276–8
  3. Duridanov (1969) 12–13
  4. 1 2 Georgiev (1976) 277
  5. Polomé 1982 , p. 878
  6. Ledesma, Manuel Sanz (1996). Ediciones Clásicas (ed.). El Albanés: gramática, historia, textos. Instrumenta studiorum: Lenguas indoeuropeas (in Spanish). pp. 37–38. ISBN   9788478822089..
  7. 1 2 See Russu 1963 , p. 131 and Russu 1969 , p. 76. Ἀξιόπλ is assumed to be an abbreviation for Axiopolis in the manuscripts of De Aedificiis.
  8. 1 2 Posner & Green 1981, p. 71.
  9. Georgiev 1977, p. 276.
  10. Polomé 1982, p. 876.
  11. Fisher 2003, p. 570.
  12. Polomé 1982, p. 885.
  13. Paliga 1986, p. 120.
  14. 1 2 Polomé 1982, pp. 878–879.
  15. Polomé 1982, p. 881.
  16. 1 2 Dana 2003, p. 169-170.
  17. Messing 1972, p. 962.
  18. Polomé 1982, p. 872.
  19. McKendrick (1965) 45
  20. "Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian)". lkz.lt. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
  21. Georgiev, Vladimir I.. "Thrakisch und Dakisch". Band 29/2. Teilband Sprache und Literatur (Sprachen und Schriften [Forts.]), edited by Wolfgang Haase, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1983. p. 1180. doi : 10.1515/9783110847031-015
  22. Source unless otherwise specified: Duridanov (1969) pp90-5
  23. ISM I 68
  24. Walde-Pokorny 1959 , p. 46
  25. Kitson 1996, p. 218.
  26. Athanassakis 1999, p. 108.
  27. Ptolemy III.8.4
  28. Rav. 203.14
  29. Schütte 1917, p. 85.
  30. 1 2 3 Parvulescu 1989, p. 291.
  31. 1 2 3 4 Russu 1967, p. 90.
  32. Proc. De Aed IV.4
  33. Proc. De Aed. IV.11
  34. Thracian according to Detschew 1957 , p. 11, but Celtic according to Beševliev 1970 , p. 104, cf. Aldaniae, Aldaniacus mons.
  35. It. Ant. 219.4; Tab. Peut. VII.5
  36. CIL III. 13743
  37. Rav. IV.14
  38. Proc. De Aed. IV.11
  39. Duridanov (1969) 91
  40. 1 2 Russu 1967, p. 137, 143.
  41. Herod. IV.49
  42. CIL III.8021
  43. CIL III.917
  44. 1 2 3 4 Russu 1969, p. 150, 163.
  45. 1 2 Walde & Pokorny 1973, p. 110.
  46. CIL III.8064
  47. Walde & Pokorny 1973, p. 118-120.
  48. Athanassakis, Apostolos N. (2002). "Akhilleus's Horse Balios: Old and New Etymologies". Glotta. 78 (1/4): 1–11. ISSN   0017-1298. JSTOR   40267134.
  49. Rav. 204.3; Tab. Peut. VII.3
  50. Prisc. Inst. VI.13
  51. Walde & Pokorny 1973, p. 170.
  52. Solta 1980, p. 22.
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 Russu 1967, p. 97, 132.
  54. Tab. Peut. VIII.2
  55. Proc. De Aed IV.4; Hes. 122.26
  56. Jord. Get. 74
  57. Thracian according to Detschew 1957 , p. 84, but Celtic according to Beševliev 1970 , p. 99.
  58. Olteanu (2007)
  59. Olteanu 2007. Θωκύωδις βία in Proc. De Aed., IV.11,15
  60. Olteanu 2007. *Θουκυσιδαντικη is one of the strategies of Thrace. Θουκυσιδαντικῆς on IGB IV 2338.
  61. 1 2 3 Russu 1969, p. 151, 158.
  62. Walde & Pokorny 1973, p. 240.
  63. CIL III.835
  64. CIL III.3888
  65. CIL III.14507
  66. Proc. De Aed. IV.4; Hes. 121, 17
  67. Thracian according to Detschew 1957 , p. 151, but Latin according to Russu 1962 , p. 398 and Beševliev 1970 , p. 97, derived with suffix -iana.
  68. Walde & Pokorny 1973, p. 366.
  69. Dio LI.26
  70. 1 2 3 4 Russu 1967, p. 137, 140.
  71. Walde-Pokorny 1959, p. 598f.
  72. Pokorny 478
  73. Acta SS Nov. II.155 XIII Kal. ian.
  74. Walde & Pokorny 1973, p. 479.
  75. Thracian according to Detschew 1957 , p. 108, but Latin according to Beševliev 1970 , p. 106: Granditum [castellum].
  76. Proc. De Aed. IV.4; H. 124, 9
  77. Thracian according to Detschew 1957 , p. 109, but Latin or Celtic according to Beševliev 1970 , pp. 25, 114: Gribus possibly derived from a Celtic *gravo = "sand".
  78. Sluşanschi (1989)
  79. Olteanu 1989. The word καγα occurs twice, in ISM II 36 and in ISM II 138, with the meaning sacrum.
  80. Rav. 178, 3
  81. 1 2 3 4 5 Russu 1969, pp. 114, 205.
  82. 1 2 3 Poghirc 1989, p. 302.
  83. Thracian according to Detschew 1957 , p. 266, possibly derived from a Greek name, but Celtic according to Beševliev 1970 , p. 93.
  84. Thracian according to Detschew 1957 , p. 291, but Latin according to Beševliev 1970 , p. 97: the adjective medicus.
  85. Russu 1969, p. 134.
  86. Russu 1969, p. 153, 158.
  87. 1 2 Walde & Pokorny 1973, p. 880.
  88. Thracian according to Detschew 1957 , p. 461, but Latin according to Beševliev 1970 , p. 100: squama = "scale, metal plate".
  89. Thracian according to Detschew 1957 , p. 459,461, related to the Thracian tribe Σκόμβροι, and to the mountain name Σκόμβρος, but Latin according to Beševliev 1970 , pp. 57, 111: scomber = "mackerel".
  90. Thracian according to Detschew 1957 , p. 479, but Latin according to Beševliev 1970 , pp. 94, 114.
  91. Polomé 1982, p. 888.
  92. Duridanov 1969 93–5 unless otherwise stated

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Further reading