List of volcanic eruptions 1500–2000

Last updated

This is a list of notable volcanic eruptions in the 16th to 20th centuries with a Volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 4 or higher, and smaller eruptions that resulted in significant damage or fatalities. Note that there may be uncertainties to dates with historical eruptions, and there are likely to be many large eruptions that have not been identified.

Contents

Large eruptions (VEI of 4 or higher)

20th century

VEIVolcanoCountryYearFatalitiesNotes
4 Ulawun [1] Papua New Guinea2000
4 Mount Tavurvur [2] Papua New Guinea19945Tavurvur, and nearby Vulcan, erupted and devastated Rabaul; however, due to planning for such a catastrophe, the townsfolk were prepared and only five people were killed. One of the deaths was caused by lightning, a feature of volcanic ash clouds. [3]
4 Láscar [4] Chile1993
4 Mount Spurr [5] Alaska, United States1992
5 Mount Hudson [6] Chile1991
6 Mount Pinatubo [7] Philippines1991847 Second largest eruption of the 20th century, and largest stratospheric disturbance since the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa. Many deaths were caused by complication of the arrival of Typhoon Yunya.
4 Kelud [8] Indonesia199032A strong and explosive eruption in early February 1990 produced a 12 km high column of tephra, heavy tephra falls and several pyroclastic flows. 32 people were killed, over 500 homes and 50 schools were destroyed and many others were damaged. [9]
4 Klyuchevskaya Sopka [10] Russia1987
4 Chikurachki [11] Russia1986
4 Augustine [12] Alaska, United States1986
4 Mount Colo [13] Indonesia1983
4 Galunggung [14] Indonesia198218Notable for bringing attention to the dangers of volcanic ash on aircraft after two Boeing 747 jets suffered engine failure from its ash cloud. [15]
5 El Chichón [16] Mexico19821,9009 villages were destroyed, killing at least 1,900 people. [17] Ejected 7 million metric tons of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere. [18]
4 North Pagan [19] Mariana Islands, United States1981-1985
4 Vulkan Alaid [20] Russia1981
5 Mount St. Helens [21] Washington, United States198057 Most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the United States. Ash from the eruption reached all the way to Montana. Casualties were limited, owing to the evacuation of the surrounding forest, with exception of loggers who did not depart in time; incinerated in large forest fire that was a result of one of seventeen pyroclastic flows. [22] Sound of eruption could be heard 700 miles (1127 km) away; entire flank of mountain collapsed. Noted for extremely large lahar that flooded the banks of the Toutle River and destroyed several bridges. [23]
4 Augustine [12] Alaska, United States1976
4 Tolbachik [24] Russia1975
4 Volcán de Fuego [25] Guatemala1974
4 Tyatya [26] Russia1973
4 Fernandina [27] Ecuador1968
4 Mount Awu [28] Indonesia1966
4 Kelud [8] Indonesia1966
4 Taal [29] Philippines1965
4 Shiveluch [30] Russia1964
5 Mount Agung [31] Indonesia19631,584
5 Bezymianny [32] Russia1955–1957
4 Carran-Los Venados [33] Chile1955
4 Mount Spurr [5] Alaska, United States1953
4 Bagana [34] Papua New Guinea1952
4 Kelud [8] Indonesia1951
4 Mount Lamington [35] Papua New Guinea19512,942 The only recorded eruption of Mount Lamington devastated Oro Province. Pyroclastic flows caused extreme destruction north of the volcano. Its effects were extensively studied by volcanologist Tony Taylor and his report was published in 1958. [36]
4 Ambrym [37] Vanuatu1950
4 Hekla [38] Iceland1947
4 Sarychev Peak [39] Russia1946
4 Avachinsky [40] Russia1945
4 Parícutin [41] Mexico1943–19523 1943-1952 eruption of Parícutin
4 Rabaul [2] Papua New Guinea1937507 [42]
4 Kuchinoerabu-jima [43] Japan1933-193488 people were killed and 26 others were injured. Nanakama Village was burned by fire from glowing blocks. [44]
4 Suoh [45] Indonesia1933Occurred two weeks after the 1933 Sumatra earthquake, which produced a surface rupture on the volcano. [46]
5 Kharimkotan [47] Russia1933
5 Cerro Azul [48] Chile1932It is the largest recorded eruption in the history of Chile, the eruption threw ash between the cities of Rancagua and Chillán, leaving them in the dark in broad daylight. The explosions were noticeable in Santiago, 245 km away. The ashes arrived in Buenos Aires (capital of Argentina), Montevideo (capital of Uruguay), the south of Brazil and South Africa. [49]
4 Volcán de Fuego [25] Guatemala1932
4 Mount Aniakchak [50] Alaska, United States1931
4 Klyuchevskaya Sopka [10] Russia1931
4 Hokkaidō Koma-ga-take [51] Japan1929
4 Avachinsky [40] Russia1926
5 Submarine Volcano NNE of Iriomote Island [52] Japan1924 Submarine Volcano
4 Raikoke [53] Russia1924
4 Manam [54] Papua New Guinea1919
4 Kelud [8] Indonesia19195,160Lahars killed over 5,000 people. [55]
4 Katla [56] Iceland1918
4 Tungurahua [57] Ecuador1916
4 Sakurajima [58] Japan191458Most powerful eruption in Japan in the twentieth century. The volcano had been dormant for over a century until 1914. [59] Almost all residents had left the island in the previous days; several large earthquakes had warned them that an eruption was imminent. Initially, the eruption was very explosive, generating eruption columns and pyroclastic flows, but after a very large earthquake on January 13, 1914, which killed 58 people, it became effusive, generating a large lava flow. [59]
4 Volcán de Colima [60] Mexico1913
6 Novarupta [61] Alaska, United States1912Largest eruption of the 20th century
4 Lolobau [62] Papua New Guinea1911
5 Ksudach [63] Russia1907
4 Mount Vesuvius [64] Italy1875-1906216
4 Lolobau [62] Papua New Guinea1904
4 Þórðarhyrna [65] Iceland1903
6 Santa María [66] Guatemala19026,000 1902 eruption of Santa María
4 Mount Pelée [67] Island of Martinique, French Overseas Territory, France190233,000 Deadliest eruption of the 20th century and the deadliest natural disaster in the history of France. Destroyed Saint-Pierre, Martinique. Only 2 people survived this eruption with 1 being held as a prisoner and was locked underground avoiding the pyroclastic flows.
4 La Soufrière [68] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines19021,7001,700 people were killed and a further 600 people were injured or burned. At least 4,000 people were left homeless. [69]

19th century

VEIVolcanoCountryYearFatalitiesNotes
4 Doña Juana [70] Colombia1899
4 Mount Mayon [71] Philippines1897350-400 [72]
4 Calbuco [73] Chile1893-1894
4 Suwanosejima [74] Japan1889
4 Volcán de Colima [60] Mexico1889
4 Mount Bandai [75] Japan1888477+ 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai
4 Niuafo'ou [76] Tonga1886
5 Mount Tarawera [77] New Zealand1886108+ Largest historical eruption in New Zealand
4 Tungurahua [57] Ecuador18862
4 Augustine [12] Alaska, United States1883-1884Augustine has had six significant eruptions: 1812, 1883–1884, 1935, 1963–1964, 1976, and 1986. Only the 1883 eruption produced a tsunami. [78]
6 Krakatoa [79] Indonesia188336,417The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa was one of the loudest explosions ever recorded, and was heard at least 3,000 miles (4,800 km) away. Caused a 5-year volcanic winter. The island had three volcanoes. Perboewatan (410 ft) and Danan (1,480 ft) were destroyed during the eruption, and Rakata (2,667 ft) was half destroyed and the surviving half remains above sea level. In 1928, a new volcano called Anak Krakatoa (1,063 ft) grew above sea level, forming a new island by Rakata's island.
4 Volcán de Fuego [25] Guatemala1880
4 Cotopaxi [80] Ecuador1877340 [81]
4 Suwanosejima [74] Japan1877
5 Askja [82] Iceland1875
4 Grímsvötn [65] Iceland1873
4 Mount Merapi [83] Indonesia1872200
4 Sinarka [84] Russia1872
4 Makian [85] Indonesia1861309–326
4 Katla [56] Iceland1860
4 Volcán de Fuego [25] Guatemala1857
4 Hokkaidō Koma-ga-take [51] Japan185620
5 Shiveluch [30] Russia1854
4 Mount Usu [86] Japan1853
4 Fonualei [87] Tonga1846
4 Hekla [38] Iceland1845
5 Mount Agung [31] Indonesia1843
5 Cosigüina [88] Nicaragua1835
4 Babuyan Claro [89] Philippines1831
4 Klyuchevskaya Sopka [10] Russia1829
4 Avachinsky [40] Russia1827
4 Kelud [8] Indonesia1826
5 Galunggung [14] Indonesia18224,011Lahars killed more than 4,000 people. [15]
4 Mount Usu [86] Japan182250 [90]
4 Volcán de Colima [60] Mexico1818
4 Mount Raung [91] Indonesia1817
7 Mount Tambora [92] Indonesia181571,000–250,100+ Largest and deadliest volcanic eruption in recorded history. Caused the "Year Without a Summer" in 1816.
4 Mount Mayon [71] Philippines18141,200The town of Cagsawa was buried and approximately 1,200 people were killed. [93]
4 Suwanosejima [74] Japan1813
4 Mount Awu [28] Indonesia1812
4 La Soufrière [68] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines181256 [94]
6Unknown sourceUnknown1808 Greenland and Antarctic ice samples suggest an undocumented eruption roughly half the magnitude of Mount Tambora occurred, contributing to the 1810s being the coldest decade in at least 500 years. [95] Recent searches of documents suggest that it may have taken place in South Western Pacific Ocean around Dec 4, 1808 and observed in Colombia from December 11, 1808. [96] It is also known that the Chilean Putana volcano had a major eruption around this time with an approximate date of 1810 (with a 10-year margin of error), but is located 22 degrees south. [97]
4 Tutupaca [98] Peru1802

18th century

VEIVolcanoCountryYearFatalitiesNotes
5 Mount St. Helens [21] Washington, United States1800
4 Witori [99] Papua New Guinea1800
4 Mount Westdahl [100] Alaska, United States1795
4 San Martin Tuxtla [101] Mexico1793
4 Kilauea [102] Hawaii, United States1790400+ Keanakakoi eruption
4 Mount Etna [103] Italy1787
4 Laki [65] Iceland1783–178410,000+ 1783-1784 eruption of Laki
4 Mount Asama [104] Japan17831,500–1,624 Tenmei eruption
4 Raikoke [53] Russia177815 [105]
4 Mount Usu [86] Japan1769
4 Cotopaxi [80] Ecuador1768
4 Hekla [38] Iceland1766–1768
4 Miyake-jima [106] Japan1763
4 Mount Pavlof [107] Alaska, United States1762
4 Makian [85] Indonesia1760–1761
4 El Jorullo [41] Mexico1759-1774
5 Katla [56] Iceland1755
5 Taal [29] Philippines175450-60+Erupted continuously for 200 days and buried the Town of Taal on the shore of the lake
4 Taal [29] Philippines1749
4 Cotopaxi [80] Ecuador1744
4 Oshima–Ōshima [108] Japan1741–17421,467–2,033 1741 eruption of Oshima–Ōshima and the Kampo tsunami
5 Mount Tarumae [109] Japan1739
4 Volcán de Fuego [25] Guatemala1737
4 Öræfajökull [110] Iceland1727-1728
5 Katla [56] Iceland1721
4 Cerro Bravo [111] Colombia1720
4 Raoul Island [112] Kermadec Islands, New Zealand1720
4 Volcán de Fuego [25] Guatemala1717
4 Taal [29] Philippines1716
5 Mount Fuji [113] Japan1707 Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji

17th century

VEIVolcanoCountryYearFatalitiesNotes
4 Hekla [38] Iceland1693
5 Tangkoko [114] Indonesia1680
5 Mount Gamkonora [115] Indonesia1673
5 Mount Tarumae [109] Japan1667
5 Mount Usu [86] Japan1663
4 Katla [56] Iceland1660–1661
4 Guagua Pichincha [116] Ecuador1660
6 Long Island [117] Papua New Guinea1660
5 Shiveluch [30] Russia1652
4 Kolumbo [118] Santorini, Greece165070 [119]
4 Makian [85] Indonesia1646
4 Kelud [8] Indonesia1641
5 Mount Melibengoy [120] Philippines1640–1641
5 Hokkaido Komagatake [51] Japan1640700A partial summit collapse caused a tsunami that killed 700 people. [121]
4 Raung [91] Indonesia1638
5 Mount Vesuvius [64] Italy16314,000+ 1631 eruption of Mount Vesuvius
5 Furnas [122] Azores, Portugal1630
4 Raoul Island [112] Kermadec Islands, New Zealand1630
5 Katla [56] Iceland1625
4 Volcán de Colima [60] Mexico1622
4 Katla [56] Iceland1612
4 Volcán de Colima [60] Mexico1606

16th century

VEIVolcanoCountryYearFatalitiesNotes
4 Suwanosejima [74] Japan1600
6 Huaynaputina [123] Peru16001,500 1600 eruption of Huaynaputina, Russian famine of 1601–1603
4 Hekla [38] Iceland1597
4 Nevado del Ruiz [124] Colombia1595636This eruption caused lahars, which traveled down the valleys of the nearby Gualí and Lagunillas rivers, clogging up the water, killing fish and destroying vegetation. More than 600 people died as a result of the lahar. [125]
5 Raung [91] Indonesia1593
5 Kelud [8] Indonesia158610,000+ [55]
4 Volcán de Colima [60] Mexico1585
4 Volcán de Fuego [25] Guatemala1581
4 Katla [56] Iceland1580
6 Billy Mitchell [126] Papua New Guinea1580
5 Água de Pau [127] Azores, Portugal1563
4 Katla [56] Iceland1550
4 Cotopaxi [80] Ecuador1534
4 Cotopaxi [80] Ecuador1532
4 Hekla [38] Iceland1510
4 Katla [56] Iceland1500

Smaller eruptions resulting in fatalities or significant damage

VEIVolcanoCountryYearFatalitiesNotes
3 Guagua Pichincha [116] Ecuador20002A phreatic eruption on March 12 killed two volcanologists working on the lava dome. [128]
3 Soufrière Hills [129] Montserrat 199719A major eruption on 25 June 1997 caused pyroclastic flows to move at 60–100 mph, which killed 19 people and destroyed towns. [130]
2 Kanlaon [131] Philippines1996324 mountain climbers hiked the volcano when it erupted without warning on August 10, 1996, resulting in 3 fatalities. [132]
1 Yakedake [133] Japan19954Four people at a highway construction site were killed by a hydrothermal explosion on February 11, 1995. [134]
2 Mount Merapi [83] Indonesia199464A pyroclastic flow on November 22, 1994 killed 64 people. [135]
3 Rinjani [136] Indonesia 199430A cold lahar from the summit of Rinjani on November 3, 1994 travelled down the Kokok Jenggak River, killing 30 people. [137]
2 Mayon [71] Philippines199379Pyroclastic flows killed 79 people. [138]
2 Galeras [139] Colombia19939 Galeras tragedy
2 Karangetang [140] Indonesia19926Six people were killed by a pyroclastic flow from an eruption on May 18, 1992. [141]
1 Mount Unzen [142] Japan199143A destructive and fatal eruption on June 3, 1991 at 4:08 pm caused the first large-scale pyroclastic flow, unprecedented at the time, which killed 43 people in the evacuation zone. Among these were French volcanologists Katia and Maurice Krafft, as well as American geologist Harry Glicken. The other 40 fatalities consisted largely of those involved in the mass media, as well as firefighters, police officers, farmers and taxi drivers. [143]
3 Mount Redoubt [144] Alaska, United States1989-1990Second costliest volcanic eruption in United States history. Caused engine failure of all four engines on KLM Flight 867 after it flew through the ash cloud.
3 Nevado del Ruiz [124] Colombia198523,000 Armero tragedy
3 Mount Etna [103] Italy19799A sudden phreatic explosion killed 9 tourists [145]
2 Mount Marapi [146] Indonesia197980A landslide on April 30, 1979 killed 80 people, damaged five villages and destroyed farmland. [147]
1 Dieng Volcanic Complex [148] Indonesia1979149149 people died of gas poisoning in Pekisaran Village on February 20, 1979. [149]
1 Mount Nyiragongo [150] Democratic Republic of the Congo197770Lava flows killed 70 people and left 800 people homeless. About 1,200 hectares of agricultural land was destroyed. [151]
3 Eldfell [152] Iceland19731 [153] [154] [155]
2 Villarrica [156] Chile197115-30 [157]
3 Mount Hudson [6] Chile19715Lahars killed 5 people and many more were evacuated. [158]
2 Didicas [159] Philippines19693Triggered a Volcanic tsunami that killed 3 fishermen. [160]
3 Volcán Arenal [161] Costa Rica196887On Monday, July 29, 1968, at 7:30 am, the Arenal Volcano suddenly and violently erupted. The eruptions continued unabated for several days, burying over 15 square kilometers (5.8 sq mi) under rocks, lava and ash. The eruptions killed 87 people and buried 3 small villages – Tabacón, Pueblo Nuevo and San Luís – and affected more than 232 square kilometers (90 sq mi) of land. Crops were spoiled, property was ruined, and large numbers of livestock were killed. [162]
1 Dieng Volcanic Complex [148] Indonesia1964114 [163]
2 Villarrica [156] Chile196425 [164]
3 Surtsey [152] Iceland1963-1967
2 Bayonnaise Rocks [165] Japan195231An eruption on 18 September 1952 killed 31 researchers and crewmen aboard the Maritime Safety Agency survey ship No.5 Kaiyo-Maru. [166]
3 Hibok-Hibok [167] Philippines1951500-2,000+This eruption was a turning point for the Philippine government to establish a dedicated agency to focus on volcanoes and its activities. It led to the creation of COMVOL (Commission on Volcanology) which would later be PHILVOLCS. [168] [169]
3 Villarrica [156] Chile194823Mudflows buried 1000 hectares of arable land and forest and destroyed numerous buildings. 23 people were killed and 31 others were missing. [170]
2 Dieng Volcanic Complex [148] Indonesia1944117 [163]
3 Mount Vesuvius [64] Italy194420Most recent eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Eruption took place during liberation of Italy by American and British soldiers. [171] Destroyed original village of San Sebastiano al Vesuvo. Extreme damage to the city of Naples in form of ash and building collapses.
1 Dieng Volcanic Complex [148] Indonesia193910 [163]
3 Mount Merapi [83] Indonesia1930-19311,369 [172]
2 Stromboli Italy19304 [173]
3 Paluweh [174] Indonesia1928160+A volcanic landslide triggered a tsunami 5–10 m high, killing more than 160 people. [175]
2 Dieng Volcanic Complex [148] Indonesia192840 [163]
1 Mount Etna [103] Italy1928Effusive eruption resulting in the complete destruction of the municipality of Mascali. [176]
3 Lassen Peak [177] California, United States1915First volcano in the Cascades Volcanic Arc heading northwards, possibly the first volcanic eruption recorded using motion picture camera. Pyroclastic flows caused massive fires and evidence of the eruption still present in form of unusual growth patterns of trees as of 2020, 105 years later and charred trees. Area now forbidden to settle in as it is now Lassen Volcanic National Park.
3 Taal [29] Philippines19111,335Base surge and tsunami inside the Taal lake caldera killed thousands of people living near the Taal Volcano island. The ash reached as far as Manila. [178]
3 Tori-shima [179] Japan1902150 [180]
3 Mount Awu [28] Indonesia18921,532 [181]
2 Ritter Island [182] Papua New Guinea1888500–3000 1888 Ritter Island eruption and tsunami
2 Ruang [183] Indonesia1871416 1871 Ruang eruption and tsunami
3 Dubbi [184] Eritrea1861106 [181]
3 Mount Awu [28] Indonesia18562,806 [181]
3 Nevado del Ruiz [124] Colombia18451,000 [125]
2 Mount Etna [103] Italy184356 [181]
2 Mount Unzen [142] Japan179215,000 1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami
2 Dieng Volcanic Complex [148] Indonesia178638Ground fissuring destroyed the village of Jamping, killing 38 people. [163]
3 Gamalama [185] Indonesia17751,300 [186]
3 Mount Papandayan [187] Indonesia17723,000An eruption in 1772 caused the northeast flank to collapse producing a catastrophic debris avalanche that destroyed 40 villages and killed nearly 3,000 people. [188]
? Tseax Cone Canada17002,000 [189] [190]
3 Mount Etna [103] Italy1669 1669 eruption of Mount Etna
3 Monte Nuovo (Phlegraean Fields) [191] Italy153824 [192]

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. ↑ "Ulawun". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  2. 1 2 "Rabaul". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  3. ↑ "Report on Rabaul (Papua New Guinea)". Global Volcanism Program . 19 (9). Smithsonian Institution. 1994. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199409-252140.
  4. ↑ "Lascar". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  5. 1 2 "Spurr". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  6. 1 2 "Cerro Hudson". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  7. ↑ "Pinatubo". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Kelud". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  9. ↑ "Report on Kelud (Indonesia) — January 1990". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199001-263280.
  10. 1 2 3 "Klyuchevskaya". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  11. ↑ "Chikurachki". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  12. 1 2 3 "Augustine". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  13. ↑ "Colo". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  14. 1 2 "Galunggung". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  15. 1 2 "Galunggung Volcano". Volcano Live . John Seach.
  16. ↑ "El Chichon". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  17. ↑ "Looking Back at the 1982 eruption of el Chichón in Mexico". Wired.
  18. ↑ Robock, Alan (2002), "Volcanic eruption, El Chichon" (PDF), The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environment Change, 1, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Chichester: 736
  19. ↑ "Pagan". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  20. ↑ "Alaid". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  21. 1 2 "St Helens". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  22. ↑ "Pyroclastic Flow Hazards at Mount St. Helens | U.S. Geological Survey".
  23. ↑ "Lahar Hazards at Mount St. Helens | U.S. Geological Survey".
  24. ↑ "Tolbachik". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Fuego". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  26. ↑ "Tyatya". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  27. ↑ "Fernandina". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  28. 1 2 3 4 "Awu". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 "Taal". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  30. 1 2 3 "Shiveluch". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  31. 1 2 "Agung". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  32. ↑ "Bezymianny". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  33. ↑ "Carran-Los Venados". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  34. ↑ "Bagana". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  35. ↑ "Lamington". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  36. ↑ "Lamington". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2022-01-23.
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  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Hekla". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  39. ↑ "Sarychev Peak". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  40. 1 2 3 "Avachinsky". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  41. 1 2 "Michoacán-Guanajuato". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
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  48. ↑ "Cerro Azul". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
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  51. 1 2 3 "Hokkaido Komagatake". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
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  53. 1 2 "Raikoke". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  54. ↑ "Manam". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  55. 1 2 "Kelud". Volcano Discovery.
  56. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Katla". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  57. 1 2 "Tungurahua". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
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  62. 1 2 "Lolobau". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  63. ↑ "Ksudach". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  64. 1 2 3 "Vesuvius". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  65. 1 2 3 "Grímsvötn". An Armchair Volcanologist. 22 June 2020.
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  67. ↑ "Mount Pelée". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  68. 1 2 "La Soufriere". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
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  71. 1 2 3 "Mayon". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
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  73. ↑ "Calbuco". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  74. 1 2 3 4 "Suwanosejima". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
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  76. ↑ "Niuafo'ou". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  77. ↑ "Tarawera". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  78. ↑ "Augustine Volcano, Alaska". Volcano Live . John Seach.
  79. ↑ "Krakatau". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  80. 1 2 3 4 5 "Cotopaxi". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  81. ↑ "Ecuador Volcanoes". World Data.
  82. ↑ "Askja". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  83. 1 2 3 "Merapi". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  84. ↑ "Sinarka". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  85. 1 2 3 "Makian". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  86. 1 2 3 4 "Usu". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
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  88. ↑ "Cosiguina". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  89. ↑ "Babuyan Claro". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  90. ↑ "ASTER Images Mt. Usu Volcano". NASA . Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
  91. 1 2 3 "Raung". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  92. ↑ "Tambora". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  93. ↑ "Mayon Volcano | Eruption, History, & Facts | Britannica".
  94. ↑ "The La Soufrière National Park". UNESCO .
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  96. ↑ "September: Unknown eruption | News and features | University of Bristol".
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  99. ↑ "Witori". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  100. ↑ "Westdahl". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  101. ↑ "San Martin". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  102. ↑ "Kilauea". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  103. 1 2 3 4 5 "Etna". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  104. ↑ "Asamayama". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  105. ↑ Report on Raikoke (Russia) — August 2019. Global Volcanism Program (Report). Smithsonian Institution.
  106. ↑ "Miyakejima". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  107. ↑ "Pavlof". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  108. ↑ "Oshima-Oshima". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  109. 1 2 "Shikotsu". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  110. ↑ "Oraefajokull". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  111. ↑ "Cerro Bravo". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  112. 1 2 "Raoul Island". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  113. ↑ "Fujisan". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  114. ↑ "Tangkoko". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  115. ↑ "Gamkonora". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  116. 1 2 "Guagua Pichincha". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  117. ↑ "Long Island". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  118. ↑ "Kolumbo". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
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  121. ↑ Report on Hokkaido-Komagatake (Japan) — September 1998. Global Volcanism Program (Report). Smithsonian Institution. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199809-285020.
  122. ↑ "Furnas". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  123. ↑ "Huaynaputina". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  124. 1 2 3 "Nevado del Ruiz". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  125. 1 2 "BBC:On this day: November 13: 1985: Volcano kills thousands in Colombia". British Broadcasting Corporation . November 13, 1985. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
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  127. ↑ "Agua de Pau". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  128. ↑ "Guagua Pichincha Volcano". Volcano Live. Retrieved 2018-04-19.
  129. ↑ "Soufriere Hills". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  130. ↑ "BBC country profile: Montserrat". BBC News. 22 September 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
  131. ↑ "Kanlaon". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  132. ↑ "Canlaon Volcano Eruption". aenet.org. Retrieved December 13, 2015.
  133. ↑ "Yakedake". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  134. ↑ Report on Yakedake (Japan) — February 1995. Global Volcanism Program (Report). Smithsonian Institution. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199502-283070.
  135. ↑ "Mount Merapi". Britannica . The editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  136. ↑ "Rinjani". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  137. ↑ "Rinjani Volcano". Volcano Live . John Seach.
  138. ↑ "Mayon Volcano | Eruption, History, & Facts | Britannica".
  139. ↑ "Galeras". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  140. ↑ "Karangetang". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  141. ↑ "Karangetang [Api Siau]". 24 April 2011.
  142. 1 2 "Unzen". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  143. ↑ "Mount Unzen". Britannica . The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Accessed 17 July 2022
  144. ↑ "Redoubt". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
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  147. ↑ Report on Marapi (Indonesia) — May 1979. Global Volcanism Program (Report). Smithsonian Institution. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.SEAN197905-261140.
  148. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Dieng Volcanic Complex". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  149. ↑ Report on Dieng Volcanic Complex (Indonesia) — March 1979. Global Volcanism Program (Report). Smithsonian Institution. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.SEAN197903-263200.
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  151. ↑ "Report on Nyiragongo". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution. doi:10.5479/si.GVP.NSEB197703-223030.
  152. 1 2 "Vestmannaeyjar". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  153. ↑ "Deadly Gases". Oregon State University . 14 April 2010.
  154. ↑ "Which Way The Wind Blows – The Reykjavik Grapevine". The Reykjavik Grapevine . 26 September 2014.
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  157. ↑ "Villarrica volcano, Chile". Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences.
  158. ↑ "Hudson". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  159. ↑ "Didicas". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  160. ↑ "Global Volcanism Program | Didicas".
  161. ↑ "Arenal". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  162. ↑ "Arenal Volcano 1968 eruption". Arenal.net. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
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  164. ↑ "Villarrica volcano, Chile". Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences.
  165. ↑ "Myojinsho". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  166. ↑ "66. Beyonesu (Bayonnaise) Rocks (including Myojinsho)" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
  167. ↑ "Hibok-Hibok". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  168. ↑ "Hibok-Hibok Volcano". Volcano Live . John Seach.
  169. ↑ "Hibok-Hibok at Camiguin Philippines". Bohol Philippines.
  170. ↑ "Villarrica volcano, Chile". Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences.
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  172. ↑ "A Look Inside Mount Merapi". Live Science. 8 November 2010.
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  174. ↑ "Paluweh". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  175. ↑ "Paluweh volcano eruptions - eruptive history, info / VolcanoDiscovery".
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  177. ↑ "Lassen Peak". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  178. ↑ "Taal Volcano". Volcano Live . John Seach.
  179. ↑ "Tori-shima". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  180. ↑ "INHABITANTS OF ISLAND ALL KILLED BY VOLCANO:; The 150 Japanese Residents of Torishima Dead – Eruption Still Proceeding" (PDF).
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  183. ↑ "Ruang". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  184. ↑ "Dubbi". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  185. ↑ "Gamalama". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  186. ↑ "Eruption of the Gamalama volcano". earthquake-report.com. December 7, 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-02-12.
  187. ↑ "Papandayan". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution.
  188. ↑ "Papandayan". Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2021-06-24.
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