Lupinus albus

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Lupinus albus
Lupinus albus 1.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Lupinus
Species:
L. albus
Binomial name
Lupinus albus
L.
Lupinus albus Lupinus albus MHNT.BOT.2021.17.6.jpg
Lupinus albus

Lupinus albus, commonly known as the white lupin or field lupine, is a member of the genus Lupinus in the family Fabaceae. It is a traditional pulse cultivated in the Mediterranean region.

Contents

Description

The white lupin is an annual, more or less pubescent plant that typically reaches 30 to 120 cm in height. It is widely distributed across the Mediterranean region, growing naturally throughout the southern Balkans, the French region of Provence, [1] the Italian mainland region of Apulia, the islands of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia, and the Aegean Sea, as well as in Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, and western Anatolia. It is found in meadows, pastures, and grassy slopes on both sandy and acidic soil. The white lupin is cultivated throughout the Mediterranean region and in Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Syria, Europe, North and South America, and tropical and southern Africa. The ancient cultivation of white lupin under the local name hanchcoly was practiced until recently in western Georgia.[ citation needed ]

White lupin is distinct within the large and polymorphous genus Lupinus for a small variation of morphological characteristics.[ which? ] However, the species has wide, intraspecific variability in physiological plant properties: the duration of vernalization time and growth rate, photoperiodic sensitivity, shape tolerance, drought resistance, and cold- and winter-hardiness. There are winter and spring forms of white lupin. The duration of the growing period under spring sowing varies from 106 to 180 days, seed mass per plant varies from 2.2 g to 40 g, green mass yield per from 9 g to 250 g, protein content in the seed from 35.0% to 53.7%, and oil content from 6.2% to 12.0%.[ citation needed ]

Classification

History and modern uses

Lupinus albus beans, cooked and pickled in brine. Lupinus albus.JPG
Lupinus albus beans, cooked and pickled in brine.

The beginning of lupin cultivation in the Old World is sometimes associated with Ancient Egypt. [3] It is more likely, however, that white lupin was originally introduced into cultivation in ancient Greece, where its greatest biodiversity was concentrated and where wild-growing forms have been preserved until today (ssp. graecus). [4] On the Balkan Peninsula, representatives of another subspecies of white lupin (ssp. termis and ssp. albus) turned wild and now grow in natural environments. Also, the Grecian genesis of cultivated lupin may be testified by lupin's Greek name thermos, which translates roughly to "hot". [4] White lupin dispersed from Greece to adjacent regions and states over time, particularly Egypt and Ancient Rome. The forms of lupin with white seeds and pink-and-blue or light-pink flowers (L. termis) spread mainly towards the south (Egypt, Libya, and Palestine), while the forms with white seeds and grayish-blue or white flowers (L. albus) moved to the west (Apennine Peninsula and beyond). [5]

According to Zohary and Hopf, "even today the white lupin is an appreciated food crop and it is still cultivated in some Mediterranean countries—particularly Egypt." [6] In Greece, especially on the island of Crete and in the Peloponnese area, lupin seeds are a very common snack during Lent. They are normally soaked in seawater for 2–3 hours to mellow the flavour and are then consumed raw. In France, Spain, Portugal, southern Italy, and parts of Brazil, lupin is a very popular snack (tramousse or lupin in French, lupini in Italian, tremoços in Portuguese, altramuces or chochos in Spanish, tramussos in Catalan). Lupin is known in Arabic as ترمسtermes, and the seeds are sold as a popular street snack in Egypt after being soaked and brined.

Cultivation

Since ancient times, white lupin has been widespread in the Mediterranean region and in the Middle East due to its high tolerance for acidic soils and its soil-restoration abilities. [7] It tolerates a soil acidity up to pH = 6.5, while alkaline or organic soils are not suitable for growth. [8] The soil must be well drained and loose because lupin is subject to root asphyxia. [7] White lupin flourishes in the same climate zones as maize, although lupin, except at the beginning of the growing season, requires little water thanks to its long tap root. [8]

Sowing

In hotter climate zones, such as in Italy, sowing occurs following plowing in October–November in order to bury the stubble of the previous crop (often a cereal.) Due to its branched structure, lupin can adapt to different sowing densities, compensating for a lower density with a higher branch growth. [7] In colder zones where lupin cannot survive the winter, white lupin is sowed in the spring, typically between March and April. The soil must be prepared as soon as possible after the last frost of the winter. The seedbed must be sufficiently fine, particularly in organic farming where mechanical weeding is done (so that harrowing the displacement of clods does not harm the plants). In regions where lupin is not indigenous, if it is cultivated for the first time in a soil or if the soil pH is higher than 6.5, lupin seeds must be inoculated with the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Rhizobium lupini. Soil acidity is an important factor for nitrogen fixation. [8]

Fertilization

Due to its symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, white lupin does not need nitrogen fertilization, though it requires about 40 kg/ha of P2O5 and 60 kg/ha of K2O. Due to its long tap root, white lupin can exploit phosphorus reserves in the soil. The crop rotation for white lupin ideally lasts at least four or five years, and lupin is often grown after a cereal crop. Lupin is a good preculture since it leaves about 50 kg/ha of nitrogen in the field. [8]

Weed control

Lupin does not compete well with weeds, particularly in the colder zones, because it closes the stand[ clarification needed ] only in late summer. Mechanical weeding is feasible, as is hoeing if the rows are wide enough. [8] Chemical weeding is also used, by means of herbicides applied for other grain legumes. [7]

Yield

Depending on the climate zone of cultivation, pods ripen sometime between late June and late August. Seeds do not ripen all at once and are harvested when 90% of the pods are brown. To harvest with a combine harvester the ideal seed water content is 13-16%. Good yields are between 2 t/ha and 3.5 t/ha, [8] although average yields are lower. [7]

Diseases

As there are numerous diseases affecting Lupinus albus, management is complex and important. Higher yields can be obtained by sowing early in the year, but this strategy can increase the impact of pests and diseases. [9]

Fungal diseases are often controlled with fungicides. [9] To control non-fungal diseases, the most effective practices are crop rotation and the use of disease-free seeds. [9]

Fungi

The following three fungi are lupin-specific and fully adapted to the presence of alkaloids: [10]

Viruses

Bean mosaic virus is transmitted by aphids and infected seeds, and is the major viral disease for Lupinus albus. A major disease for other lupines is cucumber mosaic virus, but Lupinus albus is immune to it. [9]

Pests

Phorbia platura is the only insect which has historically significantly impacted Lupinus albus. [10] Insect larvae may damage the roots and hypocotyls, [10] and can be treated most effectively via soil insecticides or other seed treatments. [10]

Aphids are also a problem, particularly during the budding and early pod stages. [9] They reduce crop yield, limit the number of flower blooms, and also lead to pod formation[ clarify ]. [9] They can also transmit diseases. [9]

Other pests and detrimental organisms include: [9]

Nutritional aspects

Nutrient content per 100 g portion [13]
Lupin [14]

(mature seeds)

Soybean [15]

(mature seeds)

Wheat flour [16]

(whole grain)

Energy (kcal)371446332
Protein (g)36.1736.499.61
Total lipid (fat) (g)9.7419.941.95
Carbohydrate (g)40.3730.1674.48
Fibre (g)18.99.313.1

The chemical composition of lupin seeds depends on the cultivation region except for the protein content which is independent from environmental conditions. White lupin seeds contain a high amount of protein. The net protein utilization is slightly lower than that of animal protein. The fats have a 2:1 ratio of omega-6 (w-6) to omega-3 (w-3), whereby oleic acid (w-9) accounts for about 50% of the fat. The carbohydrates found in the seeds are mainly soluble and insoluble fibre and the starch content is very low. Therefore, lupin seeds have a low glycaemic index. The main macroelements found in white lupin seeds are K, Mn, and Mg, and the prevailing microelements are Ca, Fe, and Na.

The white lupin seeds have a low or very low content of antinutrients. Their removal is possible through food processing treatments (e.g., dehulling, germinating, cooking, soaking, fermentation, and extraction). Total alkaloid content in sweet white lupin cultivars does not currently exceed 0.02%. Some of the sulphur-containing amino acids (about 4% of the proteins) may have an allergenic effect. The main allergens are Lup-1 (a conglutin b, vicilin-like protein), and Lup-2 (conglutin a, legumin-like protein).

Animal nutrition

Ruminants

Although an excessive use of L. albus or other lupine species can cause unwanted side-effects, this species may prove useful as a feeding supplement for livestock. [10] While L. albus is used in Australia to provide sheep with protein in the form of a whole-grain feed supplement, there are concerns regarding product quality and safety. This is due to the susceptibility of some lupine cultivars towards Diaporthe toxica . [17] This fungus can cause a fatal intoxication with lupine seed called lupinosis, which appears to mainly affect sheep. [18]

While there no major negative health effects have been found in cattle, it has been found that supplementation with L. albus can cause a decrease in milk protein concentration and milk protein yield in dairy cows. [9] Nonetheless, roasted seeds of L. albus appear to be a good source of rumen protected fatty acids. [9]

Non-ruminants

Unlike its use with ruminants, L. albus should not be considered as an optimal feed for pigs. Research indicates that a diet based on white lupine results in poorer growth rates due to reduced feed intake when compared with other lupine species, such as L. angustifolius . [10] Experiments have indicated that ingesting L. albus can negatively affect digestibility and nutrient uptake in piglets. [19]

Although broilers can tolerate a high share of lupine seeds in their diet, excess use should be avoided, as it causes moist feces that negatively affects hygiene and promotes health risks. [10] It has been shown that L. albus has the potential to partly replace the use of soybean in poultry production. [20]

White lupin seeds have also been recommended as rabbit feed, and may prove useful as a partial replacement for fish meal or soybean meal in aquaculture. [21]

See also

General references

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Legume</span> Plant in the family Fabaceae

Legumes are plants in the family Fabaceae, or the fruit or seeds of such plants. When used as a dry grain for human consumption, the seeds are also called pulses. Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for human consumption, but also as livestock forage and silage, and as soil-enhancing green manure. Well-known legumes include beans, chickpeas, peanuts, lentils, lupins, mesquite, carob, tamarind, alfalfa, and clover. Legumes produce a botanically unique type of fruit – a simple dry fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually dehisces on two sides.

<i>Lupinus polyphyllus</i> Species of legume

Lupinus polyphyllus, the large-leaved lupine, big-leaved lupine, many-leaved lupine, blue-pod lupine, or, primarily in cultivation, garden lupin, is a species of lupine (lupin) native to western North America from southern Alaska and British Columbia and western Wyoming, and south to Utah and California. It commonly grows along streams and creeks, preferring moist habitats.

<i>Lupinus</i> Genus of leguminous plants

Lupinus, commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet, is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur in North Africa and the Mediterranean. They are widely cultivated, both as a food source and as ornamental plants, but are invasive to some areas.

<i>Lupinus arboreus</i> Species of plant

Lupinus arboreus, the yellow bush lupine (US) or tree lupin (UK), is a species of flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mung bean</span> Species of plant

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<i>Vigna subterranea</i> Species of plant

Vigna subterranea is a member of the family Fabaceae. Its name is derived from the Bambara ethnic group. The plant originated in West Africa. As a food and source of income, the Bambara groundnut is considered to be the third most important leguminous crop in those African countries where it is grown, after peanut and cowpea. The crop is mainly cultivated, sold and processed by women, and is, thus, particularly valuable for female subsistence farmers.

<i>Salvia hispanica</i> Species of flowering plant in the mint and sage family Lamiaceae

Salvia hispanica, one of several related species commonly known as chia, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae, native to central and southern Mexico and Guatemala. It is considered a pseudocereal, cultivated for its edible, hydrophilic chia seed, grown and commonly used as food in several countries of western South America, western Mexico, and the southwestern United States.

<i>Lupinus mutabilis</i> Species of plant

Lupinus mutabilis is a species of lupin grown in the Andes, mainly for its edible bean. Vernacular names include tarwi, chocho, altramuz, Andean lupin, South American lupin, Peruvian field lupin, and pearl lupin. Its nutrient-rich seeds are high in protein, as well as a good source for cooking oil. However, their bitter taste has made L. mutabilis relatively unknown outside the Andes, though modern technology makes removing the bitter alkaloids easier. Like other species of lupin beans, it is expanding in use as a plant-based protein source.

<i>Silybum marianum</i> Species of plant of genus Silybum in family Asteraceae

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lupin bean</span> Yellow legume seeds used as food

Lupin are the yellow legume seeds of the genus Lupinus. They are traditionally eaten as a pickled snack food, primarily in the Mediterranean basin, Latin America and North Africa. The most ancient evidence of lupin is from ancient Egypt, dating back to the 22nd century BC. The bitter variety of the beans are high in alkaloids and are extremely bitter unless rinsed methodically. Low alkaloid cultivars called sweet lupins have been bred, and are increasingly planted.

<i>Lupinus angustifolius</i> Species of legume

Lupinus angustifolius is a species of lupin known by many common names, including narrowleaf lupin, narrow-leaved lupin and blue lupin. It is native to Eurasia and northern Africa and naturalized in parts of Australia and North America. It has been cultivated for over 6000 years as a food crop for its edible legume seeds, as a fodder for livestock and for green manure.

<i>Lupinus luteus</i> Species of flowering plant

Lupinus luteus is known as annual yellow-lupin, European yellow lupin or yellow lupin. It is native to the Mediterranean region of Southern Europe.

<i>Lupinus succulentus</i> Species of legume

Lupinus succulentus is a species of lupine known by the common names hollowleaf annual lupine, arroyo lupine, and succulent lupine.

<i>Lupinus bicolor</i> Species of legume

Lupinus bicolor is a species of lupine known as the miniature lupine, Lindley's annual lupine, pigmy-leaved lupine, or bicolor lupine.

<i>Lupinus nootkatensis</i> Species of legume

Lupinus nootkatensis, the Nootka lupine, is a perennial plant of the genus Lupinus in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is native to North America and was introduced to Europe in the late 18th century. It grows up to 60 cm tall, and has bright bluish-purple flowers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boguslav Kurlovich</span> Russian-Finnish scientist (born 1948)

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<i>Pachyrhizus ahipa</i> Species of legume

Pachyrhizus ahipa, also called the ahipa or Andean yam bean, is a tuberous root-producing legume, which is distributed mainly in the Andean region.

<i>Neustanthus</i> Species of legume

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adzuki bean</span> East and south Asian crop

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References

  1. ↑ Hamlyn (2018-08-02). New Larousse Gastronomique. Octopus. ISBN   978-0-600-63587-1.
  2. ↑ BK (2006-08-04). "lupindiversity.blogspot.com/2006/08/lupinus-albus-l-white-lupin.html". Lupindiversity.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-08-04.
  3. ↑ Zhukovsky, P. M. (1929). "A contribution to the knowledge of genus Lupinus Tourn". Bull. Appl. Bot. Genet. Plant Breed. 21 (1): 16–294.
  4. 1 2 Kurlovich, B. S. (2002). Lupins: geography, classification, genetic resources, and breeding. St. Petersburg: Pub. House "Intan". ISBN   5-86741-034-X . Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  5. ↑ BK (2006-07-17). "lupins-bk.blogspot.com/2006/07/history-of-lupin-domestication.html". Lupins-bk.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-08-04.
  6. ↑ Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria (2000). Domestication of plants in the old world: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. 123. ISBN   978-0-19-850357-6.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "Lupino - Lupinus spp". Istruzione agraria online.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Merkblatt Biolupinen". Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau (FiBL).
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Joy, Robert. "Plant Guide". Usda NRCS: 5–8.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Huyghe, Christian (1997). "White Lupin (< I> Lupinus Albus L.)". Field Crops Research. 53 (1–3): 147–160. Bibcode:1997FCrRe..53..147H. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(97)00028-2.
  11. ↑ Jansen, P. C. M. "Lupinus albus". Protabase.
  12. ↑ Romer, P, K; et al. "Further trials to control Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.) in white lupins (Lupinus albus) with chemicals". Proceeding 9th International Lupin Conference: 25–27.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ Prusinski, J.A., 2017. White Lupin (Lupinus albus L.) – Nutritional and Health Values in Human Nutrition – a Review. Czech J. Food Sci, 35(2), pp.95–105.
  14. ↑ "Lupins, mature seeds, raw - FoodData Central". fdc.nal.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
  15. ↑ "Soybeans, mature seeds, raw - FoodData Central". fdc.nal.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
  16. ↑ "Wheat flour, whole-grain, soft wheat - FoodData Central". fdc.nal.usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
  17. ↑ "Plants Profile for Lupinus albus (white lupine)". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2017-11-18.
  18. ↑ Williamson, P. M.; Highet, A. S.; Gams, W.; Sivasithamparam, K.; Cowling, W. A. (December 1994). "Diaporthe toxica sp. nov., the cause of lupinosis in sheep". Mycological Research. 98 (12): 1364–1368. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81064-2.
  19. ↑ Sujak, Agnieszka; Kotlarz, Anna; Strobel, Wacław (2006). "Compositional and nutritional evaluation of several lupin seeds". Food Chemistry. 98 (4): 711–719. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.06.036.
  20. ↑ Diaz, Duarte; Morlacchini, Mauro; Masoero, Francesco; Moschini, Maurizio; Fusconi, Giorgio; Piva, Gianfranco (2006-01-01). "Pea seeds (Pisum sativum), faba beans (Vicia faba var. minor) and lupin seeds (Lupinus albus var. multitalia) as protein sources in broiler diets: effect of extrusion on growth performance". Italian Journal of Animal Science. 5 (1): 43–53. doi: 10.4081/ijas.2006.43 .
  21. ↑ Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Nozière P., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2018. White lupin (Lupinus albus) seeds. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/279
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