Malabar trevally

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Malabar trevally
Malabar trevally 2.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Carangiformes
Family: Carangidae
Genus: Carangoides
Species:
C. malabaricus
Binomial name
Carangoides malabaricus
(Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
C. malabaricus distribution.PNG
Range of the Malabar trevally
Synonyms
  • Scomber malabaricus,
    (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
  • Caranx malabaricus,
    (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
  • Carangoides rectipinnus,
    (Williams, 1958)
  • Carangoides rhomboides,
    (Kotthaus, 1974)

The Malabar trevally (Carangoides malabaricus), also known as the Malabar jack, Malabar kingfish or nakedshield kingfish, is a species of large inshore marine fish of the jack family, Carangidae. It is distributed throughout the Indian and west Pacific Oceans from South Africa in the west to Japan and Australia in the east, inhabiting reefs and sandy bays on the continental shelf. The Malabar trevally is similar to many of the other species in the genus Carangoides , with the number of gill rakers and the grey-brown colour of the tongue being the diagnostic features. The Malabar trevally is a predator, taking a variety of small fish, cephalopods and crustaceans. The species is of minor economic importance throughout its range, caught by a variety of net and handline methods.

Contents

Taxonomy and naming

The Malabar trevally is one of 21 species in the genus Carangoides which falls into the jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae, the Carangidae are part of the order Carangiformes. [2]

The Malabar trevally was first scientifically described by German ichthyologists Marcus Elieser Bloch and Johann Gottlob Schneider in the massive 1801 volume of Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum, a book which is the taxonomic authority of many fish species. The species was first published under the name Scomber malabaricus, implying the species was related closely to the true mackerels. This was found to be incorrect, and the species was first transferred to Caranx , another genus of jack, and finally to Carangoides by Williams and Venkataramani in 1978, remaining there since. [3] The species was also completely redescribed twice in its history, the first time by Williams in 1958 under the name Carangoides rectipinnus, and again in 1974 by Kotthaus, who named the species Carangoides rhomboides. These two names are considered junior synonyms under the ICZN rules for classification and therefore are discarded. [4] In English, the species nearly always goes under the common name of Malabar trevally, with the name Malabar kingfish rarely used. A wide number of local names in other languages are also in use. Malabar is a region of southern India, from where the type locality of the fish, Tranquebar, was recorded. [3]

Description

The Malabar travally is best distinguished from C. talamparoides be the lack of breast scales Malabar travally.jpg
The Malabar travally is best distinguished from C. talamparoides be the lack of breast scales

The Malabar trevally has the typical body profile of a jack, with a strongly compressed body almost ovate in shape with long dorsal and anal fins. [5] The top of the head is strongly elevated to nape, and almost straight. Both jaws have bands of small villiform teeth, although the anterior teeth may be conical in shape. The gill rakers number eight to 12 on the upper limb and 21 to 27 on the lower limb of the first gill arch. [6] The species has 24 vertebrae, 10 upper and 14 lower. The dorsal fin is divided into two segments; a short, high fin containing eight spines and a second, long fin consisting of one spine followed by 20 to 23 soft rays. The anal fin has 2 detached spines followed by a single spine connected to 17 to 19 soft rays. [7] The lateral line has a moderate anterior curve before, intersecting the straight section between the twelfth and fourteenth soft rays of the second dorsal fin. The straight section of the lateral line contains 19 to 36 weak scutes, and 31 to 55 combined scutes and scales on the entire line. [6] The breast area of the fish is devoid of any scales, reaching from each pectoral fin back to the pelvic fin and occasionally to the origin of the anal fin. The species reaches a maximum known length 60 cm (24 in), although is much more common below 30 cm (12 in). [8]

The colour of the Malabar trevally is usually a silver overlain by a bluish-grey hue on the upper side of the fish fading to a silvery white on the underside and lower flanks. The opercle has a single small black spot on the upper margin, and the tongue is a distinctive greyish brown to brown. [7] The caudal fin, soft dorsal and anal fins are pale greenish yellow to dusky, while other fins are hyaline in appearance. The tips of the dorsal, anal and caudal fins are occasionally edged in a shade of white. [8]

Distribution and habitat

The Malabar trevally is broadly distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It occurs from South Africa and Madagascar in the west, [5] north along the east African coast and into the Persian Gulf, but has not been recorded from the Red Sea [9] since 1860, where a capture was reported under the name Caranx malabaricus. [10] Its range stretches east to Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia, and a number of small Pacific islands including Vanuatu and New Caledonia. It reaches as far north as Japan, and south to northern Australia. The species is rare in a number of Pacific nations, including Taiwan and Japan, with only a few recorded captures. [11]

The species lives in a variety of inshore habitats, generally present in waters 30 to 140 m deep [9] on coral and rocky reefs. Juveniles tend to school in shallow sandy bays and are able to tolerate moderately turbid waters. [11] At least one recorded capture from an estuary in Thailand has been reported. [12]

Biology

An anglers catch of Malabar trevally Malabar trevally 3.png
An anglers catch of Malabar trevally

The Malabar trevally often schools, especially as juveniles in shallow bays, becoming more solitary as they age. [6]

The species is not particularly aggressive, feeding on small planktonic and pelagic crustaceans such as krill, prawns, shrimp, and mysids, as well as small squids and fishes. Geographical variation in diet is common, with fish in Malaysia taking species of polychaete worms as the preferred species. [13] Studies on gill filtering mechanisms has shown the Malabar trevally's anatomy lies between two extremes, one which is a high filtration area characteristic of planktivorous species and the other of very low area which is associated with species which take large prey items. This further suggests the Malabar trevally can filter the small krill type prey, as well as taking larger fishes and squid. [14] Seasonal diet fluctuation in the species has been observed in northern Australia, where a seasonal abundance of squid causes the preferred prey to change from paenid shrimp to these squid. [15]

Little is known of its breeding cycle, with the only publication on the subject part of a 1984 study in Indian waters. The Malabar trevally's breeding period was reported as between February and October in this location, with the main peak from July to September. [16] Each individual spawned only once per year. The size at which the species is first able to breed is 161 mm (6.3 in) for both sexes, with the number of eggs produced related to each individual's length and weight. [16] In South Africa, seasonal small shoals of juveniles are known from parts of the coast, suggesting a single spawning event, also. [8] The species is relatively short-lived like many tropical species, but has a fairly rapid population turnover. [17]

Relationship to humans

The Malabar trevally is of minor importance to fisheries in most regions it inhabits, often considered too small to be worth actively targeting. [8] In these regions, it still forms a considerable proportion of the bycatch, and studies have shown that at the current level of removal, the species is ecologically sustainable. [18] In India and parts of Southeast Asia, however, the species is more commercially important and taken in larger quantities than elsewhere. [13] The FAO recorded a total of 278  t (274 long tons ; 306 short tons ) of the fish were caught as bycatch from the Persian Gulf in 2001. [4] The species is caught by a variety of methods - hook-and-line, bottom trawls, gill nets, and traps. [7] In South Africa, the species is often caught by anglers using light tackle and baits such as prawns and small fish, as well as occasionally being speared by divers. [8] It is considered, like most carangids, to be poor to fair table food, becoming dryer at larger sizes with larger fish having an increased chance of carrying ciguatera poisoning. [19]

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The bludger, also known as the bludger trevally, nakedbreast trevally or Bleeker's jackfish, is a widespread species of large marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. The bludger inhabits the tropical and subtropical regions of the Indo-west Pacific Ocean, distributed from South Africa in the west to Japan and New Caledonia in the east. It is a large fish, growing to a maximum recorded length of 90 cm, and is very similar to the yellowspotted trevally, Carangoides fulvoguttatus, but can be separated by the complete absence of breast scales and a number of other anatomical features. The species inhabits moderately deep offshore coral and rocky reefs, where it preys on small crustaceans and fish. The reproductive biology of the species is poorly known, but it appears to move to more tropical waters to spawn. The bludger is of intermediate importance to fisheries throughout its range, taken by hook and line and various netting methods. It is of some value to anglers also, considered a good gamefish, but generally regarded as poor eating due to its soft oily flesh, which is used as bait by many anglers. The name ‘bludger’ is said to either refer to the blunt head of the species, or the destination of the fish when caught by professional fishermen who treat the fish as discard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cleftbelly trevally</span> Species of fish

The cleftbelly trevally, also known as the cleftbelly kingfish, Kuweh trevally or thin crevalle, is a species of tropical marine fish of the jack family, Carangidae. The species inhabits coastal waters throughout the Indo-West Pacific region from South Africa in the west to Japan in the east, often found near the water's surface. The cleftbelly trevally is the only member of the genus Atropus and is distinguished by a number of anatomical characteristics, with a deep median groove in the belly giving the species its common name. It is not a large fish, growing to a maximum recorded length of 26.5 cm. Cleftbelly trevally are predatory fish, taking a variety of small crustaceans and fish. The species is of minor importance to fisheries throughout its range.

<i>Carangoides</i> Genus of fishes

Carangoides is a genus of tropical to subtropical marine fishes in the jack family, Carangidae. They are small- to large-sized, deep-bodied fish characterised by a certain gill raker and jaw morphology, often appearing very similar to jacks in the genus Caranx. They inhabit the subtropical and tropical regions of the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, often occupying coastal areas, including reefs, bays, and estuaries, rarely venturing far offshore. They are all predatory fishes, taking a variety of smaller fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods as prey. The genus was first erected in 1851 by Pieter Bleeker for an unknown taxon and currently contains 20 species. Many make up significant proportions of various fisheries, although a number of ciguatera cases have been attributed to them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Longfin trevally</span> Species of fish

The longfin trevally, also known as the longfin kingfish, longfin cavalla or armed trevally, is a species of inshore marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. The species is common in tropical to subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific, ranging from South Africa in the west to Japan in the east, typically inhabiting inshore reefs and bays. The species is easily distinguished by its elongate dorsal and anal fin lobes and filamentous dorsal rays, as well as its scaleless breast. Longfin trevally are pelagic predators, taking a variety of small fish, cephalopods and crustaceans, and reach sexual maturity at around 21 cm. The species has a maximum known length of 57 cm and weight of 3.5 kg. The longfin trevally has a very complex taxonomic history which is closely intertwined with another currently valid species, Carangoides ciliarius, which may yet prove to be synonymous. Longfin trevally are of minor importance to fisheries throughout their range and are considered good table fish, and are occasionally taken by anglers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Longnose trevally</span> Species of fish

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coastal trevally</span> Species of fish

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shadow trevally</span> Species of fish

The shadow trevally, also known as the shadow kingfish, twothread trevally or Aldabra trevally, is a species of inshore marine fish in the jack family Carangidae. The species is patchily distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian and west Pacific Oceans, from South Africa in the west to Japan and Samoa in the east, reaching as far south as Indonesia and New Caledonia. It is most easily distinguished from similar species by as series of dark rectangular blotches under the second dorsal fin, giving a 'shadowed' appearance, from which its common name is derived. The shadow trevally is a reasonably large fish, growing to 85 cm in length and at least 2.6 kg in weight. It inhabits shallow coastal waters, including reefs, bays, and estuaries, where it takes small fish and benthic crustaceans as prey. Nothing is known of the species' ecology and reproductive biology. It is of little importance to fisheries, and is occasionally taken by bottom trawls and other artisanal fishing gear.

<i>Caranx</i> Genus of fishes

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Duskyshoulder trevally</span> Species of fish

The duskyshoulder trevally or epaulet trevally, is a species of small inshore marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. It is distributed through the eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans, ranging from eastern India to northern Australia and Taiwan. It is relatively small by carangid standards, reaching only 27 cm maximum length, and can be distinguished by the large, black blotches on its shoulders. The duskyshoulder trevally is an inshore fish living in waters less than 50 m deep, over sandy substrates in bays and on the continental shelf. It is a predatory fish, taking demersal fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods, with nothing known of its reproductive habits. It is of little value to fisheries, often taken as bycatch in prawn trawling operations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coachwhip trevally</span> Species of fish

The coachwhip trevally, also known as the oblong trevally or oblique-banded trevally, is a species of inshore marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae. The coachwhip trevally is distributed through the Indo-west Pacific region, ranging from South Africa in the west to Fiji and Japan in the east. It is a moderately large fish, growing to a known maximum length of 46 cm and can be distinguished from similar species by an array of detailed morphological features including dentition, fin ray counts and scale patterns. The coachwhip trevally inhabits coastal waters throughout its range, known to prefer estuarine waters in a number of localities. Nothing is known of its diet or reproductive biology, and is of little importance to fisheries, occasionally taken as bycatch in trawl and hook and line fisheries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barcheek trevally</span> Species of fish

The barcheek trevally, also known as the barcheek kingfish, shortridge trevally or oblique-banded trevally, is a species of moderately large marine fish of the jack family Carangidae. The barcheek trevally is distributed throughout the tropical waters of the Indo-west Pacific region, ranging from South Africa in the west to Japan, Australia and a number of small central Pacific islands in the east. The species inhabits inshore and offshore waters, found along the slopes of lagoons and out to deeper reefs on the continental shelf, where it preys on small fish and benthic crustaceans. It is a moderately large fish, growing to a maximum recorded length of 50 cm, and can be distinguished from similar species by its somewhat protruding lower jaw and the dark banding on its operculum. It is of minor importance to fisheries throughout its range, taken by trawling, hook and line methods and various inshore fish netting methods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Imposter trevally</span> Species of fish

The imposter trevally, also known as the imposter jack or white-tongued trevally, is a species of small coastal marine fish in the jack family Carangidae. The imposter trevally is distributed through the tropical waters of Indian and west Pacific oceans, from the Gulf of Oman in the west to Japan and Australia in the east. The species is quite similar to the Malabar trevally, but can be distinguished by its gill raker count, and is identifiable from other species by having a white to pale grey tongue. It is a relatively small species, growing to a maximum recorded length of 30 cm. The imposter trevally inhabits coastal waters of the continental shelf in depths of up to 140 m, often associating with closely related carangid species. It preys on a range of small fish, crustaceans and cephalopods, but little is known of its reproductive biology. The imposter trevally is of minor importance to fisheries throughout its range, taken by hook and line, bottom trawls and several types of artisanal gear.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blacktip trevally</span> Species of fish

The blacktip trevally, also known as the blacktip kingfish or yellowtail kingfish, is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae. The blacktip trevally is distributed throughout the tropical to subtropical Indian and West Pacific Oceans, ranging from South Africa in the west to Fiji, Japan and northern Australia in the east. It inhabits coastal waters throughout its range, preferring moderately deep clear waters over rocky and coral reefs. The blacktip trevally is easily distinguished by its yellow fins and a dark upper caudal fin lobe which gives the species its common name, as well as a host of other anatomical features. The species is known to reach a maximum size of 1 m. It is a benthopelagic predator, commonly forming small shoals where it takes a variety of fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans as prey. Little is known of reproduction in the species, and spawning is assumed to take place in more tropical regions of its range, with juveniles known to inhabit bays and large estuaries. Blacktip trevally are often caught using hook and line and various nets in commercial fisheries although don't make up a large part of the market. They are also popular with anglers due to their fighting ability and decent table qualities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brassy trevally</span> Species of fish

The brassy trevally, Caranx papuensis is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tille trevally</span> Species of fish

The tille trevally, also known as the tille kingfish, is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae. The tille trevally is distributed through the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific region, ranging from South Africa in the west to Fiji, Japan and Australia in the east. The species is best distinguished by its rounded, strongly convex anterior profile, with other detailed anatomical features also useful. The tille trevally reaches a maximum length of 80 cm and a weight of 7.2 kg. It is predominantly an inshore species, inhabiting coastal reef and lagoon environments, although has been recorded on deep offshore seamounts. It is a predatory fish, taking various species of fish and crustaceans as prey, with little known of its reproductive cycle. It is of minor importance to fisheries throughout its range, taken by hook and line, gill nets and purse seines. The tille trevally is also considered a good game fish, and an excellent table fish. The species acquired its scientific and common names from a local name used by Pondicherry fishermen, koton tille, which Georges Cuvier then used when he named the species in 1833.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Longrakered trevally</span> Species of fish

The longrakered trevally, also known as the cale cale trevally and heavyjawed kingfish, is a species of marine fish in the jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae. The longrakered trevally is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian and west Pacific Oceans, from Mozambique and Madagascar in the west, to Japan and northern Australia in the east. A large species growing to a recorded length of 1 m, the longrakered trevally is distinguished by is protruding lower jaw, elongated gill rakers and lack of villiform teeth on its tongue. It is an inshore species, restricted to coastal and estuarine regions, where it preys on fishes and crustaceans. Little is known of the species reproductive cycle or growth. The longrakered trevally is of minor importance to fisheries and is often taken as bycatch in finfish and prawn trawls, as well as by recreational fishermen.

References

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  2. ↑ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 380–387. ISBN   978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2019-11-24.
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  4. 1 2 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2007). "Carangoides malabaricus" in FishBase . November 2007 version.
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  6. 1 2 3 Randall, John Ernest; Roger C. Steene; Gerald R. Allen (1997). Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University of Hawaii Press. p. 161. ISBN   0-8248-1895-4.
  7. 1 2 3 Carpenter, Kent E.; Volker H. Niem, eds. (2001). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 5. Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae) (PDF). Rome: FAO. p. 2684. ISBN   92-5-104587-9.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 van der Elst, Rudy; Peter Borchert (1994). A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. New Holland Publishers. p. 142. ISBN   1-86825-394-5.
  9. 1 2 Randall, John E. (1995). Coastal Fishes of Oman. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 183. ISBN   0-8248-1808-3.
  10. ↑ Ludwig, Albert Carl; Gotthilf Günther (1860). Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. The Trustees. p. 437.
  11. 1 2 Lin, Pai-Lei; Shao, Kwang-Tsao (16 April 1999). "A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records". Zoological Studies. 38 (1): 33–68. Archived from the original on 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
  12. ↑ Vidthayanon, Chavalit; Siraprapha Premcharoen (2002). "The status of estuarine fish diversity in Thailand". Marine and Freshwater Research. CSIRO. 53 (2): 471–478. doi:10.1071/MF01122. S2CID   84019167.
  13. 1 2 Ibrahim, Sakri; Muhammad, Muhaimi; Ambak, Mohd Azmi; et al. (2003). "Stomach contents of six commercially important demersal fishes in the South China Sea". Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 3 (1): 11–16. ISSN   1303-2712.
  14. ↑ Salman, Nadir A.; Al-Mahdawi, Ghaith J.; Heba Hassan M.A. (2005). "Gill rakers morphometry and filtering mechnism [mechanism] in some marine teleosts from Red Sea coasts of Yemen". Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research. 31: 286–296.
  15. ↑ Salini, J. P.; S. J. M. Blaber; D. T. Brewer (1994). "Diets of Trawled Predatory Fish of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia, with Particular Reference to Predation on Prawns". Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. CSIRO. 45 (3): 397–411. doi:10.1071/MF9940397.
  16. 1 2 Venkataramani, V.K.; Natarajan, R. (1984). "Breeding biology of carangid fishes Carangoides malabaricus (Bloch and Schn.) and Alepes kalla (Cuv. and Val.) along Porto Novo Coast". Indian Journal of Marine Sciences. New Delhi. 13 (1): 14–18. ISSN   0379-5136.
  17. ↑ Silvestre and, Geronimo T.; Len R. Garces (2004). "Population parameters and exploitation rate of demersal fishes in Brunei Darussalam". Fisheries Research (Amsterdam). Elsevier. 69 (1): 73–90. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2004.03.004.
  18. ↑ Stobutzki, Ilona; Margret Miller; David Brewer (2001). "Sustainability of fishery bycatch: a process for assessing highly diverse and numerous bycatch". Environmental Conservation. Foundation for Environmental Conservation. 28 (2): 167–181. doi:10.1017/S0376892901000170. S2CID   85573659.
  19. ↑ Davidson, Alan (2004). Seafood of South-East Asia: A Comprehensive Guide with Recipes. Ten Speed Press. p. 70. ISBN   1-58008-452-4.
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