Mangifera odorata

Last updated

Mangifera odorata
Mangif odor 071229-2990 khjo.jpg
Mangif odor 071228-2948 khjo.jpg
Mangifera odorata tree from Pandeglang, Banten (western Java), Indonesia
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Anacardiaceae
Genus: Mangifera
Species:
M. odorata
Binomial name
Mangifera odorata
Synonyms [3]
  • Mangifera foetida var. odorata(Griff.) Pierre
  • Mangifera foetida var. bakkillMiq.
  • Mangifera foetida var. bombomBlume
  • Mangifera foetida var. kawiniBlume
  • Mangifera foetida var. mollisBlume
  • Mangifera oblongifoliaHook.f.

Mangifera odorata, commonly known as kwini (also spelled kuini, kuweni, kuwini, etc.), [4] huani, [5] or Saipan mango, [2] is a species of plant with edible fruit in the family Anacardiaceae. [1] It is similar to the related mango but is characterized by a strong turpentine-like smell on the skin and fibrous flesh. It is native to tropical Southeast Asia, but its exact original native range is unknown because it is only known from cultivated specimens and is believed to be a hybrid of Mangifera indica and Mangifera foetida . It is grown throughout Southeast Asia, from peninsular Thailand, to Malaysia, Indonesia and the southern Philippines. [6] [7] [8] It has also been occasionally cultivated in southern Vietnam and the Marianas Islands. [9]

Contents

Description

Fruits of Mangifera odorata Mangif odor 080130-4199 tdp.jpg
Fruits of Mangifera odorata

The fruit of M. odorata has a skin that is yellow to green in colour. [6] The flesh of the fruit has an orange to yellow colour and is sour or sweet when eaten. [6] The fruits are round in shape and have a smooth skin that range from yellow-green. [6] [10] The tree flowers have a pleasant fragrance. [6] [10]

It is a polymorphic species, and some varieties are known by different names, like the bembem which a stronger smell; the gandarassa of Banten, Indonesia which is sweeter and less pungent; and the sangay of Jolo, Philippines, which has yellow skin when ripe instead of green or yellowish green. [8]

Morphology

Mangifera odorata is a fruit plant that grows approximately 10–15 m in height, hardly ever growing past 20 m. [6] The crown has a wide round shape. [6] The trunk stands in an upright straight position that appears to have a grayish colour "containing an irritant sap". [6] Leaf morphology is "oblong-lance shaped" that has a "non-wavy edge". [6] Veins are also noticeable on the leaf. [6]

The plant has flowers are approximately 6 mm wide, emit a pleasant scent as well as appear to be yellowish-green in colour. [6] The rachis has a reddish-brown colour. [6] Petals are lance-shaped and at the base have a yellowish colour but turn dark red later on. [6] The apex or tip of the petal is pale pink in colour. [6] The sepals which appear to be brown-red or partly green in colour look oval shaped and are roughly 3–4 mm long. [6] Within the flower, there is 1 fertile stamen that serve in reproduction and is about 5 mm in length. [6] The staminodes which are approximately 1.5–2 mm long. [6] Another reproductive organ called the ovary is round in shape, yellowish to dark red and about 3–5 mm in length. [6] The pollen is "elliptic and tapering towards poles" [10]

The fruit has a yellow to green skin colour. [6] [10] When it is ripe the skin turns green. [10] The flesh is orange to yellow and can taste sweet or sour when consumed. [6] The seed inside is both flat in shape with a hairy/fibrous surface. [6]

Distribution and habitat

The exact origins of Mangifera odorata are unknown. [6] [11] However, the species represents a hybrid between the mango, Mangifera indica and the horse mango, Mangifera foetida . [6] [7] [12] It is grown throughout Southeast Asia, from peninsular Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and the southern Philippines. [6] [7] [8] It has also been occasionally cultivated in southern Vietnam and the Marianas Islands. [9]

Mangifera odorata thrives in tropical wet climates which have both heavy and moderate rainfall. [6] However, they are unable to survive and grow in places that have continuous dry climates. [6] M. odorata is common in cultivation but does not normally grow in the wild. [6]

Pests

Mangifera odorata is known to be a major host of Bactrocera dorsalis , Ciripestis eutraphera , Coptotermes , Coptotermes cuvignathus, Cryptorhynchus frigidus, Deanolis albizonalis, Marasmiellus scandens and Marasmius crinis-equi . [13]

As food

M.odorata is a fruit which can be consumed. [11] While it can be consumed in its raw form, the fruit is usually made or incorporated into something else such as chutneys. [7] M. odorata fruit pulp is also a good source of nutrition. [14] When M.odorata has not reached maturity, its pulp is a good source for "dietary fibre, vitamin C, vitamin E". [14] The mature pulp is good to eat because of "protein, ash, fat, soluble carbohydrate and B vitamin". [14] The fruit's seed kernel is "rich in fat, protein, carbohydrate, and ash". [15] The peel or skin is a great source of "fibre, minerals, β-Carotene and ascorbic acid". [15]

Conservation status

They are considered to be data deficient and are not label as endangered, threatened, or extinct. [1] Their genetic material is stored in germplasm repositories where it may be used for future cultivar and research uses. [11]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kumquat</span> Species of small fruit-bearing tree

Kumquats, or cumquats in Australian English, are a group of small, angiosperm, fruit-bearing trees in the family Rutaceae. Their taxonomy is disputed. They were previously classified as forming the now-historical genus Fortunella or placed within Citrus, sensu lato. Different classifications have alternatively assigned them to anywhere from a single species, Citrus japonica, to numerous species representing each cultivar. Recent genomic analysis defines three pure species, Citrus hindsii, C. margarita and C. crassifolia, with C. × japonica being a hybrid of the last two.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mango</span> Species of fruit

A mango is an edible stone fruit produced by the tropical tree Mangifera indica. It originated from the region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and northeastern India. M. indica has been cultivated in South and Southeast Asia since ancient times resulting in two types of modern mango cultivars: the "Indian type" and the "Southeast Asian type". Other species in the genus Mangifera also produce edible fruits that are also called "mangoes", the majority of which are found in the Malesian ecoregion.

<i>Mangifera</i> Genus of flowering plants in the cashew family

Mangifera is a genus of flowering plants in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae. It contains about 69 species, with the best-known being the common mango. The center of diversity of the genus is in the Malesian ecoregion of Southeast Asia, particularly in Sumatra, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula. They are generally canopy trees in lowland rainforests, reaching a height of 30–40 m (98–131 ft).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plum</span> Edible fruit

A plum is a fruit of some species in Prunus subg. Prunus. Dried plums are most often called prunes, though in the United States they may be just labeled as 'dried plums', especially during the 21st century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grapefruit</span> Citrus fruit

The grapefruit is a subtropical citrus tree known for its relatively large, sour to semi-sweet, somewhat bitter fruit. The interior flesh is segmented and varies in color from pale yellow to dark pink/red.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bell pepper</span> Group of fruits of Capsicum annuum

The bell pepper is the fruit of plants in the Grossum Group of the species Capsicum annuum. Cultivars of the plant produce fruits in different colors, including red, yellow, orange, green, white, chocolate, candy cane striped, and purple. Bell peppers are sometimes grouped with less pungent chili varieties as "sweet peppers". While they are botanically fruits—classified as berries—they are commonly used as a vegetable ingredient or side dish. Other varieties of the genus Capsicum are categorized as chili peppers when they are cultivated for their pungency, including some varieties of Capsicum annuum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guava</span> Tropical fruit

Guava is a common tropical fruit cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions. The common guava Psidium guajava is a small tree in the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), native to Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and northern South America. The name guava is also given to some other species in the genus Psidium such as strawberry guava and to the pineapple guava, Feijoa sellowiana. In 2019, 55 million tonnes of guavas were produced worldwide, led by India with 45% of the total. Botanically, guavas are berries.

<i>Morinda citrifolia</i> Species of plant

Morinda citrifolia is a fruit-bearing tree in the coffee family, Rubiaceae, native to Southeast Asia and Australasia, which was spread across the Pacific by Polynesian sailors. The species is now cultivated throughout the tropics and widely naturalised. There are over 100 names for this fruit across different regions, including great morinda, Indian mulberry, noni, beach mulberry, vomit fruit, awl tree, and rotten cheese fruit.

<i>Spondias purpurea</i> Species of plant

Spondias purpura is a species of flowering plant in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae, that is native to tropical regions of the Americas, from Mexico to northern Colombia and the southwest Caribbean Islands. It has also been introduced to and naturalized to other parts of the American tropics, Southeast Asia, and West Africa. It is commonly known as jocote, which derives from the Nahuatl word xocotl, meaning any kind of sour or acidic fruit. Other common names include red mombin, Spanish plum, purple mombin, Jamaica plum, and hog plum.

<i>Mangifera caesia</i> Species of fruit and plant

Mangifera caesia is a species of flowering plant in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae. Known in English as jack or white mango, among other names. It belongs to the same genus as the mango and is widely cultivated in areas of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Papua New Guinea and the Philippines.

<i>Spondias mombin</i> Species of tree

Spondias mombin, also known as yellow mombin, hog plum, amra or cajazeira, is a species of tree and flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is native to the tropical Americas, including the West Indies. The tree was introduced by the Portuguese in South Asia in the beginning of the 17th century. It has been naturalized in parts of Africa, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, The Bahamas, Indonesia, and other Caribbean islands. It is rarely cultivated except in parts of the Brazilian Northeast.

<i>Mangifera foetida</i> Species of tree

Mangifera foetida is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae.

<i>Mangifera pajang</i> Species of flowering plant

Mangifera pajang, commonly known as wild mango, is a species of tree in the family Anacardiaceae. It is endemic to Borneo, where it is known by the various native names: buahbambangan, buah mawang and buah embang.

<i>Mangifera zeylanica</i> Species of tree

Mangifera zeylanica or "Sri Lanka wild mango" is a wild species of mango tree endemic to Sri Lanka. This stately tree is the tallest member of the mango genus, Mangifera, and one of the two tallest trees in the family Anacardiaceae. The mango fruits are edible and have an excellent taste. It is called "aetamba" (ඇටඹ) or "wal amba" in Sinhala and “kaddu-ma” in Tamil. The well-known British botanist and explorer Joseph Dalton Hooker first described the tree in 1876.

<i>Mangifera indica</i> Species of flowering plant in the cashew family Anacardiaceae

Mangifera indica, commonly known as mango, is a species of flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is a large fruit tree, capable of growing to a height of 30 metres. There are two distinct genetic populations in modern mangoes – the "Indian type" and the "Southeast Asian type".

<i>Butia capitata</i> Species of palm

Butia capitata, also known as jelly palm, is a Butia palm native to the states of Minas Gerais and Goiás in Brazil. It is known locally as coquinho-azedo or butiá in (northern) Minas Gerais. This palm grows up to 8m. It has feather palm pinnate leaves that arch inwards towards a thick stout trunk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zill (mango)</span> Mango cultivar

The 'Zill' mango is a named mango cultivar that originated in south Florida.

Mangifera decandra is a species of mango trees in the genus Mangifera. It was described by Ding Hou in 1972.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Raspuri</span> Variety of mango

The 'Raspuri' mango is an extremely popular variety of mango in South Indian state of Karnataka especially grown in and around Bengaluru, Ramanagara, Kolar, Chikkaballapura, Tumakuru. This fruit is also known as sweet mango. It is also known as the Pairi mango in Maharashtra state.

Mangifera torquenda is a species of flowering plant, a fruit tree in the mango family, that is native to Southeast Asia.

References

  1. 1 2 3 World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Mangifera odorata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 1998: e.T31401A9630399. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T31401A9630399.en . Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 "Mangifera odorata". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  3. ↑ "Mangifera odorata Griff". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved May 11, 2024.
  4. ↑ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Mangifera odorata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  5. ↑ Cortaga, Cris Q.; Lachica, John Albert P.; Lantican, Darlon V.; Ocampo, Eureka Teresa M. (December 2022). "Genome-wide SNP and InDel analysis of three Philippine mango species inferred from whole-genome sequencing". Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. 20 (1): 46. doi: 10.1186/s43141-022-00326-3 . PMC   8917249 . PMID   35275322.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Bompard, JM (1991). Mangifera odorata Griffith. Wagenigen, Netherlands: Verheij EWM, Coronel RE, editors. pp. 218–220.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Teo, L. L.; Kiew, R.; Set, O.; Lee, S. K.; Gan, Y. Y. (2002). "Hybrid status of kuwini, Mangifera odorata Griff. (Anacardiaceae) verified by amplified fragment length polymorphism". Molecular Ecology. 11 (8): 1465–1469. Bibcode:2002MolEc..11.1465T. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01550.x. ISSN   0962-1083. PMID   12144666. S2CID   21114338.
  8. 1 2 3 Mangifera odorata Griffith (PDF). Agroforestree database, World Agroforestry Centre.
  9. 1 2 "Mangifera odorata Griffith". PROSEA. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Sankaran, M.; Dinesh, M. R.; Chaitra, N.; Ravishankar, K. V. (2018). "Morphological, Cytological, Palynological and Molecular Characterization of Certain Mangifera Species" (PDF). Current Science. 115 (7): 1379–1384. doi:10.18520/cs/v115/i7/1379-1386. ISSN   0011-3891. S2CID   132914531.
  11. 1 2 3 Knight, Robert J.; Schnell, Raymond J. (1994). "Mango Introduction in Florida and the 'Haden' Cultivar's Significance to the Modern Industry". Economic Botany. 48 (2): 139–145. doi:10.1007/BF02908201. ISSN   0013-0001. JSTOR   4255600. S2CID   20407156.
  12. ↑ Yonemori, K.; Honsho, C.; Kanzaki, S.; Eiadthong, W.; Sugiura, A. (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships of Mangifera species revealed by ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA and a possibility of their hybrid origin". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 231 (1/4): 59–72. Bibcode:2002PSyEv.231...59Y. doi:10.1007/s006060200011. ISSN   0378-2697. JSTOR   23644347. S2CID   23331942.
  13. ↑ "Mangifera odorata (kurwini mango)". 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
  14. 1 2 3 Gámez, Ignacio Barbosa; Montoya, Karla P. Caballero; Ledesma, Noris; Ayerdi, Sonia G. Sáyago; Magaña, María de Lourdes García; Wettberg, Eric J. Bishop von; Montalvo-González, Efigenia (2017). "Changes in the nutritional quality of five Mangifera species harvested at two maturity stages". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 97 (14): 4987–4994. Bibcode:2017JSFA...97.4987B. doi:10.1002/jsfa.8377. ISSN   1097-0010. PMID   28406526.
  15. 1 2 Lasano, Nur Fatimah; Hamid, Azizah Haji; Karim, Roselina; Dek, Mohd Sabri Pak; Shukri, Radhiah; Shazini Ramli, Nurul (2019). "Nutritional Composition, Anti-Diabetic Properties and Identification of Active Compounds Using UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS/MS in Mangifera odorata L. Peel and Seed Kernel". Molecules. 24 (2): 320. doi: 10.3390/molecules24020320 . ISSN   1420-3049. PMC   6359265 . PMID   30654598.

Commons-logo.svg Media related to Mangifera odorata at Wikimedia Commons

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.