Monetaria moneta

Last updated

Money cowrie
Monetaria moneta - 2.jpg
Live animal, with mantle visible
Monetaria moneta 01.JPG
Five views of a shell of Monetaria moneta
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Caenogastropoda
Order: Littorinimorpha
Family: Cypraeidae
Genus: Monetaria
Species:
M. moneta
Binomial name
Monetaria moneta
Synonyms [1] [2]
  • Cypraea annulifera(Coen, 1949)
  • Cypraea barthelemyiBernardi, 1861
  • Cypraea circumvallata(M. Schilder & F. A. Schilder, 1933)(Synonym)
  • Cypraea gibbosaSchröter, 1804
  • Cypraea mercatorium(Rochebrunne, 1884)
  • Cypraea moneta Linnaeus, 1758 (basionym)
  • Cypraea monetacongoGmelin, J.F., 1791
  • Cypraea numismaRöding, P.F., 1798
  • Cypraea gibbosaSchröter, J.S., 1804
  • Cypraea marginataKiesenwetter, 1872
  • Erosaria moneta(Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Erosaria monetoidesIredale, T., 1939
  • Monetaria britannicaSchilder, F.A., 1927
  • Monetaria bulgaricaKojumdgieva, E., 1960
  • Monetaria chionellaSulliotti, G.R., 1924
  • Monetaria ethnographicaRochebrune, A.-T. de, 1884
  • Monetaria ethnographica circumvallataSchilder, F.A. & M. Schilder, 1933
  • Monetaria etoluSteadman & Cotton, 1943
  • Monetaria harrisiIredale, 1939
  • Monetaria icterina(Lamarck, 1810)
  • Monetaria isomeresIredale, T., 1939
  • Monetaria mercatoriumRochebrune, A.-T. de, 1884
  • Monetaria pleuronectesRochebrune, A.-T. de, 1884
  • Monetaria plumariaRochebrune, 1884
  • Monetaria pseudomonetaC.-H. Hu, 1992
  • Monetaria rhomboidesSchilder & Schilder, 1933
  • Monetaria vestimentiRochebrune, A.-T. de, 1884
  • Monetaria moneta subalata(f) Schilder, F.A. & M. Schilder, 1933
  • Monetaria moneta enduaSteadman, W.R. & B.C. Cotton, 1943
  • Monetaria moneta eruaSteadman, W.R. & B.C. Cotton, 1943
  • Monetaria moneta etoluSteadman, W.R. & B.C. Cotton, 1943

Monetaria moneta, common name the money cowrie, is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries. [1]

Contents

This species is called "money cowrie" because the shells were historically widely used in many Pacific and Indian Ocean countries as shell money before coinage was in common usage.

Description and characteristics

It is a quite small cowry, up to 3 cm (1.2 in), irregular and flattened, with very calloused edges and roughly subhexagonal. The color is pale (from white to dirty beige), but the dorsum seems transparent, often greenish grey with yellowish margins, with sometimes darker transverse stripes and a delicate yellow ring. The opening is wide and white, with pronounced denticules. The mantle of the live animal is mottled with black and off-white.

The shell of Monetaria moneta varies widely in shape and color, with some of these varieties having been described as full species. As a result, this species has numerous taxonomic synonyms.

Distribution

A distribution map of Monetaria moneta Wyst-moneta.jpg
A distribution map of Monetaria moneta

This is a very common species which is found widely in Indo-Pacific tropical waters. It is present in numerous regions, including East and South Africa, Madagascar, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, Maldives, eastern Polynesia, Galapagos, Clipperton and Cocos islands off Central America, southern Japan, Midway and Hawaii, and northern New South Wales and Lord Howe Island. [3]

Habitat

This cowrie lives in intertidal rocky areas and shallow tide pools among sea weed, coral remains, and empty bivalve shells. [3] It can be found on and under rocks in shallow water and on exposed reefs at low tide. It feeds on algae and marine vegetation growing on loose rocks and pieces of dead coral.

Subspecies and forms

Subspecies:

Forms:

Human uses

The shell is used in jewelry and in other decorative items such as baskets and wall hangings.

As money

Shells of this cowrie were commonly used as a medium of exchange [3] in many areas of Africa, Asia and the Pacific islands until the late 19th century.

The Maldives provided the main source of cowrie shells, throughout Asia and parts of the East African coast. Huge amounts of Maldivian cowries were introduced into Africa by slave traders. [10]

It was also traded to Native Americans by European settlers.

For divination

The shell is used in divination rituals in some African religions. [3] In the State of Kerala, in India, special money cowrie shells (which are known in Malayalam as കവിടിKavidi) are used for divination as a practice of Hindu astrology known as prasnam. During Prasnam, the astrologer draws shells of Monetaria moneta while reciting mantras and prayers. The number of cowries drawn is tied to a planet, and its astrological position provides an answer to a given question or the basis to a prediction. [11]

References

  1. 1 2 WoRMS : Monetaria moneta; accessed : October 20, 2010
  2. ↑ "Monetaria moneta". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Poutiers, J. M. (1998). Gastropods in: FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes: The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific Volume 1. [ dead link ] Seaweeds, corals, bivalves and gastropods. Rome, FAO, 1998. page 503.
  4. ↑ Gastropods.com : Monetaria moneta barthelemyi; accessed : October 20, 2010
  5. ↑ Gastropods.com : Monetaria moneta erosaformis; assessed : October 20, 2010
  6. ↑ Gastropods.com : Monetaria moneta harrisi; accessed : October 20, 2010
  7. ↑ gastropods.com : Monetaria moneta icterina; accessed : October 20, 2010
  8. ↑ Gastropods.com : Monetaria moneta rhomboides; accessed : October 20, 2010
  9. ↑ Gastropods.com : Monetaria moneta tuberculosa; accessed : October 20, 2010
  10. ↑ Hogendorn, Jan and Johnson Marion: The Shell Money of the Slave Trade. African Studies Series 49, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986.
  11. ↑ Tarabout, Gilles. "Religious Uncertainty, Astrology and the Courts in South India 1." Of Doubt and Proof. Routledge, 2016. 59-76. pp. 5 - 10.
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