Nordic race

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The Nordic race is an obsolete racial concept which originated in 19th-century anthropology. It was once considered a race or one of the putative sub-races into which some late-19th to mid-20th century anthropologists divided the Caucasian race, claiming that its ancestral homelands were Northwestern and Northern Europe, [1] [2] [3] [4] particularly to populations such as Anglo-Saxons, Germanic peoples, Balts, Baltic Finns, Northern French, and certain Celts and Slavs. [5] [6] The supposed physical traits of the Nordics included light eyes, light skin, tall stature, and dolichocephalic skull; their psychological traits were deemed to be truthfulness, equitability, a competitive spirit, naivete, reservedness, and individualism. [7] In the early 20th century, the belief that the Nordic race constituted the superior branch of the Caucasian race gave rise to the ideology of Nordicism.

Contents

With the rise of modern genetics, the concept of distinct human races in a biological sense has become obsolete. [8] In 2019, the American Association of Biological Anthropologists stated: "The belief in 'races' as natural aspects of human biology, and the structures of inequality (racism) that emerge from such beliefs, are among the most damaging elements in the human experience both today and in the past." [9]

Background

The Russian-born French anthropologist Joseph Deniker initially proposed "nordique" (meaning simply "northern") as an "ethnic group" (a term that he coined). He defined nordique by a set of physical characteristics: the concurrence of somewhat wavy hair, light eyes, reddish skin, tall stature and a dolichocephalic skull. [10] Of six 'Caucasian' groups Deniker accommodated four into secondary ethnic groups, all of which he considered intermediate to the Nordic: Northwestern, Sub-Nordic, Vistula and Sub-Adriatic, respectively. [11] [12]

Henry Keane's Man, Past and Present (1899) shows a Dane as an example of the Nordic type. MPP-Nord1.jpg
Henry Keane's Man, Past and Present (1899) shows a Dane as an example of the Nordic type.

The notion of a distinct northern European race was also rejected by several anthropologists on craniometric grounds. German anthropologist Rudolf Virchow attacked the claim following a study of craniometry, which gave surprising results according to contemporary scientific racist theories on the "Aryan race". During the 1885 Anthropology Congress in Karlsruhe, Virchow denounced the "Nordic mysticism", while Josef Kollmann, a collaborator of Virchow, stated that the people of Europe, be they German, Italian, English or French, belonged to a "mixture of various races", furthermore declaring that the "results of craniology" led to "struggle against any theory concerning the superiority of this or that European race". [13]

In 1873, Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland shows an Irishman as an example of the Nordic type. Irishman of Nordic type.jpg
In 1873, Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland shows an Irishman as an example of the Nordic type.

Other supposed "Caucasian sub-races" were the Alpine race, Dinaric race, Iranid race, East Baltic race, and the Mediterranean race.

William Z. Ripley (1899)

American economist William Z. Ripley purported to define a "Teutonic race" in his book The Races of Europe (1899). [14] He divided Europeans into three main subcategories: Teutonic, Alpine and Mediterranean. According to Ripley the Teutonic race resided in Scandinavia, northern France, northern Germany, the Baltic states and East Prussia, northern Poland, northwest Russia, Great Britain, Ireland, and parts of Central and Eastern Europe, and was typified by light hair, light skin, light eyes, tall stature, a narrow nose, and slender body type. It was Ripley who popularized this idea of three biological European races. Ripley borrowed Deniker's terminology of Nordic (he had previously used the term "Teuton"); his division of the European races relied on a variety of anthropometric measurements, but focused especially on their cephalic index and stature.

Compared to Deniker, Ripley advocated a simplified racial view and proposed the concept of a single Teutonic race linked to geographic areas where Nordic-like characteristics predominate, and contrasted these areas to the boundaries of two other types, Alpine and Mediterranean, thus reducing the "caucasoid branch of humanity" to three distinct groups. [15]

Early 20th century theories

"Expansion of the Pre-Teutonic Nordics" -- Map from The Passing of the Great Race by Madison Grant showing early hypothesized migrations of Nordic peoples. Passing of the Great Race - Map 2.jpg
"Expansion of the Pre-Teutonic Nordics" — Map from The Passing of the Great Race by Madison Grant showing early hypothesized migrations of Nordic peoples.

By 1902 the German archaeologist Gustaf Kossinna identified the original Aryans (Proto-Indo-Europeans) with the north German Corded Ware culture, an argument that gained in currency over the following two decades. He placed the Indo-European Urheimat in Schleswig-Holstein, arguing that they had expanded across Europe from there. [16] By the early 20th century this theory was well-established, though far from universally accepted.[ citation needed ] Sociologists were soon using the concept of a "blond race" to model the migrations of the supposedly more entrepreneurial and innovative components of European populations.

By the early 20th century, Ripley's tripartite Nordic/Alpine/Mediterranean model was well established. Most 19th century race-theorists like Arthur de Gobineau, Otto Ammon, Georges Vacher de Lapouge and Houston Stewart Chamberlain preferred to speak of "Aryans", "Teutons", and "Indo-Europeans" instead of a "Nordic race". The British-born German racialist Houston Stewart Chamberlain considered the Nordic race to be made up of Celtic and Germanic peoples, as well as some Slavs. Chamberlain called those people Celt-Germanic peoples, and his ideas would influence the ideology of Nordicism and Nazism.

"Expansion of the Teutonic Nordics and Slavic Alpines" -- Map from Passing of the Great Race by Madison Grant showing the expansion of the Nordics and Alpines in Europe from the 1st century BC to the 11th century AD. Passing of the Great Race - Map 3.jpg
"Expansion of the Teutonic Nordics and Slavic Alpines" — Map from Passing of the Great Race by Madison Grant showing the expansion of the Nordics and Alpines in Europe from the 1st century BC to the 11th century AD.

Madison Grant, in his 1916 book The Passing of the Great Race , took up Ripley's classification. He described a "Nordic" or "Baltic" type:

"long skulled, very tall, fair skinned, with blond, brown or red hair and light coloured eyes. The Nordics inhabit the countries around the North and Baltic Seas and include not only the great Scandinavian and Teutonic groups, but also other early peoples who first appear in southern Europe and in Asia as representatives of Aryan language and culture." [17]

According to Grant, the "Alpine race", shorter in stature, darker in colouring, with a rounder head, predominated in Central and Eastern Europe through to Turkey and the Eurasian steppes of Central Asia and Southern Russia. The "Mediterranean race", with dark hair and eyes, aquiline nose, swarthy complexion, moderate-to-short stature, and moderate or long skull was said to be prevalent in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. [18] [19]

Only in the 1920s did a strong partiality for "Nordic" begin to reveal itself, and for a while the term was used almost interchangeably with Aryan. [20] Later, however, Nordic would not be co-terminous with Aryan, Indo-European or Germanic. [21] For example, the later Nazi minister for Food, Richard Walther Darré, who had developed a concept of the German peasantry as a Nordic race, used the term 'Aryan' to refer to the tribes of the Iranian plains. [21]

In Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes (Racial Science of the German People), published 1922, Hans F. K. Günther identified five principal European races instead of three, adding the East Baltic race (related to the Alpine race) and Dinaric race (related to the Nordic race) to Ripley's categories. This work was influential in Ewald Banse's publication of Die Rassenkarte von Europa in 1925 which combined research by Deniker, Ripley, Grant, Otto Hauser, Günther, Eugen Fischer and Gustav Kraitschek. [22]

Carleton S. Coon (1939)

Carleton S. Coon in his book of 1939 The Races of Europe subdivided the Nordic race into three main types, "Corded", "Danubian" and "Hallstatt", besides a "Neo-Danubian" type [23] and a variety of Nordic types altered by Upper Palaeolithic or Alpine admixture. [24] [25] [26] Types found in "places distant from the present northwestern European center of Nordic concentration" that he determined to be morphologically Nordic, were called "Exotic Nordics". [27]

Coon took the Nordics to be a partially depigmented branch of the greater Mediterranean racial stock. [28] This theory was also supported by Coon's mentor Earnest Albert Hooton, who in the same year published Twilight of Man, which stated: "The Nordic race is certainly a depigmented offshoot from the basic long-headed Mediterranean stock. It deserves separate racial classification only because its blond hair (ash or golden), its pure blue or grey eyes". [29] [28]

Coon suggested that the Nordic type emerged as a result of a mixture of "the Danubian Mediterranean strain with the later Corded element". Hence his two main Nordic types show Corded and Danubian predominance, respectively . [30] A third "Hallstatt" type Coon took to have emerged in the European Iron Age, in Central Europe, where he said that it was subsequently mostly replaced, but "found a refuge in Sweden and in the eastern valleys of southern Norway." [31]

Coon's theories on race were widely disputed in his lifetime, [32] and are considered pseudoscientific in modern anthropology. [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]

Post-World War II theories

In 1975, a mainstream Polish encyclopedia used this image as example of the "Nordic race" 01975 0022 Portrait of a Swedish woman.jpg
In 1975, a mainstream Polish encyclopedia used this image as example of the "Nordic race"

The depigmentation theory received notable support from later anthropologists, thus in 1947 Melville Jacobs noted: "To many physical anthropologists Nordic means a group with an especially high percentage of blondness, which represent a depigmentated Mediterranean". [38] In her work Races of Man (1963, 2nd Ed. 1965) Sonia Mary Cole went further to argue that the Nordic race belongs to the "brunette Mediterranean" Caucasoid division but that it differs only in its higher percentage of blonde hair and light eyes. The Harvard anthropologist Claude Alvin Villee Jr. also was a notable proponent of this theory, writing: "The Nordic division, a partially depigmised branch of the Mediterranean group." [39] Collier's Encyclopedia as late as 1984 contains an entry for this theory, citing anthropological support. [40]

The Swedish anthropologist Bertil Lundman introduced the term "Nordid" to describe the Nordic race in his book The Races and Peoples of Europe (1977) as:

"The Nordid race is light-eyed, mostly rather light-haired, low-skulled and long-skulled (dolichocephalic), tall and slender, with more or less narrow face and narrow nose, and low frequency of blood type gene q. The Nordid race has several subraces. The most divergent is the Faelish subrace in western Germany and also in the interior of southwestern Norway. The Faelish subrace is broader of face and form. So is the North-Atlantid subrace (the North-Occidental race of Deniker), which is like the primary type, but has much darker hair. Above all in the oceanic parts of Great Britain the North-Atlantic subrace is also very high in blood type gene r and low in blood type gene p. The major type with distribution particularly in Scandinavia is here termed the Scandid or Scando-Nordid subrace."

Some forensic scientists, pathologists and anthropologists up to the 1990s continued to use the tripartite division of Caucasoids: Nordic, Alpine and Mediterranean, based on their cranial anthropometry. The anthropologist Wilton M. Krogman for example identified Nordic racial crania in his work "The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine" (1986) as being "dolichochranic". [41]

See also

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Carleton Stevens Coon was an American anthropologist. A professor of anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania, lecturer and professor at Harvard University, he was president of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Coon's theories on race were widely disputed in his lifetime and are considered pseudoscientific in modern anthropology.

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The Dinaric race, also known as the Adriatic race, were terms used by certain physical anthropologists in the early to mid-20th century to describe the perceived predominant phenotype of the contemporary ethnic groups of southeast Europe.

The Caucasian race is an obsolete racial classification of humans based on a now-disproven theory of biological race. The Caucasian race was historically regarded as a biological taxon which, depending on which of the historical race classifications was being used, usually included ancient and modern populations from all or parts of Europe, Western Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa.

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Aryanism is an ideology of racial supremacy which views the supposed Aryan race as a distinct and superior racial group which is entitled to rule the rest of humanity. Initially promoted by racist theorists such as Arthur de Gobineau and Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Aryanism reached its peak of influence in Nazi Germany. In the 1930s and 40s, the regime applied the ideology with full force, sparking World War II with the 1939 invasion of Poland in pursuit of Lebensraum, or living space, for the Aryan people. The racial policies which were implemented by the Nazis during the 1930s came to a head during their conquest of Europe and the Soviet Union, culminating in the industrial mass murder of six million Jews and eleven million other victims in what is now known as the Holocaust.

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References

Notes

  1. ↑ Hutton, Christopher (2005). Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk. Polity. p. 133. ISBN   9780745631776 . Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  2. ↑ Hayes, Patrick J. (2012). The Making of Modern Immigration: An Encyclopedia of People and Ideas. ABC-CLIO. ISBN   9780313392030.
  3. ↑ Porterfield, Austin Larimore (1953). Wait the Withering Rain?. Leo Potishman Foundation. ISBN   9780912646374 . Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  4. ↑ Hutton, Christopher (2005). Race and the Third Reich: Linguistics, Racial Anthropology and Genetics in the Dialectic of Volk. Polity. ISBN   9780745631776 . Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  5. ↑ File:Passing of the Great Race - Map 4.jpg
  6. ↑ Grant, Madison (1921) The Passing of the Great Race, New York: Scribner's Sons. p.167
  7. ↑ Gunther, Hans F. K. (1927). The Racial Elements of European History. Translated by Wheeler, G. C. London: Methuen. p. 3.
  8. ↑ American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 March 2019). "AAPA Statement on Race and Racism". American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Retrieved 19 June 2020. Race does not provide an accurate representation of human biological variation. It was never accurate in the past, and it remains inaccurate when referencing contemporary human populations. Humans are not divided biologically into distinct continental types or racial genetic clusters.
  9. ↑ American Association of Physical Anthropologists (27 March 2019). "AAPA Statement on Race and Racism". American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  10. ↑ "Deniker, J., The Races of Man". nordish.net. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
  11. ↑ Deniker, J. - Les Races de l'Europe (1899);The Races of Man (London: Walter Scott Ltd., 1900);Les Races et les Peuples de la Terre (Masson et Cie, Paris, 1926)
  12. ↑ Deniker (J.) "Essai d'une classification des races humaines, basée uniquement sur les caractères physiques". Bulletins de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris. Volume 12 Numéro 12. 1889. pp. 320-336.
  13. ↑ Andrea Orsucci, "Ariani, indogermani, stirpi mediterranee: aspetti del dibattito sulle razze europee (1870–1914) Archived 2012-12-18 at archive.today , Cromohs , 1998 (in Italian)
  14. ↑ William Z. Ripley, in The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1899)
  15. ↑ J.G. (1899). "review of The Races of Europe by William Z. Ripley". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland . 29 (1/2): 188–189.
  16. ↑ Arvidsson, Stefan (2006). Aryan Idols . USA: University of Chicago Press. p.  143. ISBN   978-0-226-02860-6.
  17. ↑ Madison Grant, "The Passing of the Great Race", Scribner's Sons, 1921, p. 167
  18. ↑ John Higham (2002). Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 . Rutgers University Press. p.  273. ISBN   978-0-8135-3123-6.
  19. ↑ Bryan S Turner (1998). The Early Sociology of Class. Taylor & Francis. p. 241. ISBN   978-0-415-16723-9.
  20. ↑ Field, Geoffrey G. (1977). "Nordic Racism". Journal of the History of Ideas . 38 (3): 523–40. doi:10.2307/2708681. ISSN   1086-3222. JSTOR   2708681.
  21. 1 2 Anna Bramwell. 1985. Blood and Soil: Richard Walther Darré and Hitler's "Green Party". Abbotsbrook, England: The Kensal Press. ISBN   0-946041-33-4, p. 39&40
  22. ↑ Gunther, Hans F. K., The Racial Elements of European History, translated by G. C. Wheeler, Methuen & Co. LTD, London, 1927
  23. ↑ Coon, Carleton Stevens (1939). "Photographic Supplement". The Races of Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. Plate 31. Archived from the original on 2010-05-14. The term Neo-Danubian has been used in this work to designate a general class of central and eastern European blond or partially blond brachycephals who seem to be derived in a racial sense from a de-Corded Nordic (and hence Danubian) prototype brachycephalized by Ladogan admixture.
  24. ↑ Coon, Carleton Stevens (1939). "Photographic Supplement". The Races of Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. Plate 32. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010.
  25. ↑ Coon, Carleton Stevens (1939). "Photographic Supplement". The Races of Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. Plate 33. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010.
  26. ↑ Coon, Carleton Stevens (1939). "Photographic Supplement". The Races of Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. Plate 34. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010.
  27. ↑ Coon, Carleton Stevens (1939). "Photographic Supplement". The Races of Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. Plate 30. Archived from the original on 2010-05-14.
  28. 1 2 Melville Jacobs, Bernhard Joseph Stern. General anthropology. Barnes & Noble, 1963. P. 57.
  29. ↑ Twilight of Man, Earnest Albert Hooton, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1939 p. 77.
  30. ↑ Coon, Carleton Stevens (1939). "Photographic Supplement". The Races of Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. Plate 27. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010.
  31. ↑ Coon, Carleton Stevens (1939). "Photographic Supplement". The Races of Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. Plate 29. Archived from the original on 1 September 2010.
  32. ↑ Jackson, John P. (2001). ""In Ways Unacademical": The Reception of Carleton S. Coon's The Origin of Races". Journal of the History of Biology. 34 (2): 247–285. doi:10.1023/A:1010366015968. S2CID   86739986.
  33. ↑ Spickard, Paul (2016). "The Return of Scientific Racism? DNA Ancestry Testing, Race, and the New Eugenics Movement". Race in Mind: Critical Essays. University of Notre Dame Press. pp. 142–174. doi:10.2307/j.ctvpj76k0.11. ISBN   978-0-268-04148-9. JSTOR   j.ctvpj76k0.11 – via JSTOR, "For more than four decades beginning in the late 1930s, the Harvard anthropologist Carleton Coon wrote a series of big books for an ever shrinking audience in which he pushed a pseudoscientific racial angle of analysis."{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  34. ↑ Sachs Collopy, Peter (2015). "Race Relationships: Collegiality and Demarcation in Physical Anthropology". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 51 (3): 237–260. doi:10.1002/jhbs.21728. PMID   25950769.
  35. ↑ Selcer, Perrin (2012). "Beyond the Cephalic Index: Negotiating Politics to Produce UNESCO's Scientific Statements on Race". Current Anthropology. 53 (S5): S173–S184. doi:10.1086/662290. S2CID   146652143, "Most disturbingly for liberal anthropologists, the new generation of racist "pseudoscience" threatened to return to mainstream respectability in 1962 with the publication of Carleton Coon’s The Origin of Races (Coon 1962)."{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  36. ↑ Loewen, James W. (2005). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. New York: New Press. ISBN   9781565848870, "Carleton Coon, whose The Origin of Races [...] claimed that Homo sapiens evolved five different times, blacks last. Its poor reception by anthropologists, followed by evidence from archaeology and paleontology that mankind evolved once, and in Africa, finally put an end to such pseudoscience."{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  37. ↑ Regal, Brian (2011). "The Life of Grover Krantz". Searching for Sasquatch. Palgrave Studies in the History of Science and Technology. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 81–104. doi:10.1057/9780230118294_5. ISBN   978-0-230-11829-4, "Carleton Coon fully embraced typology as a way to determine the basis of racial and ethnic difference [...] Unfortunately for him, American anthropology increasingly equated typology with pseudoscience."{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  38. ↑ Outline of Physical Anthropology, 1947, p. 49.
  39. ↑ Biology, 1972, Saunders, p. 786.
  40. ↑ Collier's Encyclopedia, Vol. 9, William Darrach Halsey, Emanuel Friedman, Macmillan Educational Co., 1984, p. 412.
  41. ↑ "The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine", Wilton Marion Krogman, M. Yaşar İşcan, C.C. Thomas, 1986, p. 270, p. 489.
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