Novymonas

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Novymonas
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
(unranked):
Excavata
Phylum:
Euglenozoa
Class:
Kinetoplastea
Order:
Trypanosomatida
Genus:
Novymonas
Species:
esmeraldas
Binomial name
Novymonas esmeraldas
Kostygov and Yurchenko, 2016 [1]

Novymonas esmeraldas is a protist and member of flagellated trypanosomatids. It is an obligate parasite in the gastrointestinal tract of a bug, and is in turn a host to symbiotic bacteria. It maintains strict mutualistic relationship with the bacteria as a sort of cell organelle (endosymbiont) so that it cannot lead an independent life without the bacteria. [2] Its discovery in 2016 suggests that it is a good model in the evolution of prokaryotes into eukaryotes by symbiogenesis. [1] The endosymbiotic bacterium was identified as member of the genus Pandoraea. [3]

Contents

Discovery

Novymonas esmeraldas was discovered from a bug, Niesthrea vincentii, from Ecuador. The bug was collected in July 2008 near Atacames in Esmeraldas Province, hence, the protist bears the species name. The genus name is after Frederick George Novy, an American bacteriologist and parasitologist who pioneered studies of insect trypanosomatids, [1] and described in 1907 the first known symbiont-harbouring trypanosomatid, later named Strigomonas culicis. [4] [5]

Biology

Protist

Novymonas esmeraldas spends it life cycle in the intestine (hindgut) of the bug, Niesthrea vincentii. During its life cycle it exists in two morphological forms, free-swimming promastigote and sedentary choanomastigote. Promastigotes are elongated and measure about 10.9 to 18 μm in length and about 1.3 to 4.8 μm in width. They bear a single flagellum in front that is 7.8 to 19.5 μm long. Choanomastigotes are more spherical in shape measuring 4.5 to 9.7 μm long and 2.8 to 6.4 μm wide. The flagellum is longer measuring 8.6 and 20.4 μm. The nucleus is centrally located, and in front of it is the kinetoplast. The kinetoplast is arranged in a compact disk which measures between 553 and 938 nm in diameter and 114 to 213 nm in cross section. [1]

Bacterium

The endosymbiont is a bacterium classified as ( Candidatus ) Pandoraea novymonadis that belongs to Gram-negative rod-shaped β-proteobacteria in the family Burkholderiaceae. Unlike in other symbiont-harbouring trypanosomatids such as Strigonomas culicis, Kentomonas sorsogonicus, and Angomonas deanei , the division of the endosymbiont is not synchronized with the host. Novymonas cells can bear a different number of the endosymbionts, and some do not have the bacteria at all. This indicates that the symbiosis in Novymonas is more recent than in the case of the other endosymbiont-bearing trypanosomatids. However, in contrast to its related free-living bacteria, P. novymonadis has highly reduced genome, less genes and lower GC contents. [3]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Endosymbiont</span> Organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism

An endosymbiont or endobiont is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism most often, though not always, in a mutualistic relationship. This phenomenon is known as endosymbiosis. Examples are nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which live in the root nodules of legumes, single-cell algae inside reef-building corals and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to insects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trypanosomatida</span> Flagellate kinetoplastid excavate order

Trypanosomatida is a group of kinetoplastid unicellular organisms distinguished by having only a single flagellum. The name is derived from the Greek trypano (borer) and soma (body) because of the corkscrew-like motion of some trypanosomatid species. All members are exclusively parasitic, found primarily in insects. A few genera have life-cycles involving a secondary host, which may be a vertebrate, invertebrate or plant. These include several species that cause major diseases in humans. Some trypanosomatida are intracellular parasites, with the important exception of Trypanosoma brucei.

<i>Crithidia</i> Genus of parasitic flagellate protist in the Kinetoplastea class

Crithidia is a genus of trypanosomatid Euglenozoa. They are parasites that exclusively parasitise arthropods, mainly insects. They pass from host to host as cysts in infective faeces and typically, the parasites develop in the digestive tracts of insects and interact with the intestinal epithelium using their flagellum. They display very low host-specificity and a single parasite can infect a large range of invertebrate hosts. At different points in its life-cycle, it passes through amastigote, promastigote, and epimastigote phases; the last is particularly characteristic, and similar stages in other trypanosomes are often called crithidial.

Symbiotic bacteria are bacteria living in symbiosis with another organism or each other. For example, rhizobia living in root nodules of legumes provide nitrogen fixing activity for these plants.

<i>Bodo saltans</i> Species of kinetoplastid flagellated phagotrophic protozoa

Bodo saltans is a free-living nonparasitic species of kinetoplastid flagellated phagotrophic protozoa that feed on bacteria. Bodo saltans cells have been reported in freshwater and marine environments.

Crithidia fasciculata is a species of parasitic excavates. C. fasciculata, like other species of Crithidia have a single host life cycle with insect host, in the case of C. fasciculata this is the mosquito. C. fasciculata have low host species specificity and can infect many species of mosquito.

<i>Angomonas deanei</i> Species of parasitic flagellate protist in the Kinetoplastea class

Angomonas deanei is a flagellated trypanosomatid protozoan. As an obligate parasite, it infects the gastrointestinal tract of insects, and is in turn a host to symbiotic bacteria. The bacterial endosymbiont Ca. "Kinetoplastibacterium crithidii" maintains a permanent mutualistic relationship with the protozoan such that it is no longer able to reproduce and survive on its own. The symbiosis, subsequently also discovered in varying degrees in other protists such as Strigomonas culicis, Novymonas esmeraldas, Diplonema japonicumand Diplonema aggregatum are considered as good models for the understanding of the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes, and on the origin of cell organelles.

Phytomonas is a genus of trypanosomatids that infect plant species. Initially described using existing genera in the family Trypanosomatidae, such as Trypanosoma or Leishmania, the nomenclature of Phytomonas was proposed in 1909 in light of their distinct hosts and morphology. When the term was originally coined, no strict criterion was followed, and the term was adopted by the scientific community to describe flagellate protozoa in plants as a matter of convenience. Members of the taxon are globally distributed and have been discovered in members of over 24 plant families. Of these 24, the two main families that are infected by Phytomonas are Euphorbiaceae and Asclepiadiacae. These protists have been found in hosts between 50° latitude North and South, and thus they can be found on all continents save for Antarctica.

Crithidia pragensis is a species of monoxenous trypanosomatid. It is known to parasitise Brachycera flies, and was first found in the Czech Republic.

Crithidia otongatchiensis is a species of monoxenous trypanosomatid. It is known to parasitise Brachycera flies, and was first found in Ecuador.

Wallaceina raviniae is a species of monoxenous trypanosomatid. It is known to parasitise Brachycera flies, and was first found in Ecuador.

<i>Blastocrithidia</i> Genus of parasitic flagellate protist in the Kinetoplastea class

Blastocrithidia is a genus of parasitic flagellate protist belonging to the family Trypanosomatidae. It is a monoxenous parasite of heteropteran insects, mainly inhabiting their hindgut and glands.

Wallaceina is a genus of parasitic flagellate protist belonging to the family Trypanosomatidae. This generic name is a replacement name for ProteomonasPodlipaev, Frolov et Kolesnikov, 1990 because the latter Proteomonas was already attributed to a cryptomonad. Wallaceina is a taxonomic patronym honoring the protistologist Franklin G. Wallace, a pioneer in the modern taxonomy of trypanosomatids.

<i>Leptomonas</i> Genus of parasitic flagellate protist in the Kinetoplastea class

Leptomonas is a genus of parasitic flagellate protist belonging to family Trypanosomatidae and subfamily Leishmaniinae sensu Maslov & Lukeš 2012. It is a monoxenous parasite of mainly Hemiptera, Diptera, and Siphonaptera insects.

<i>Strigomonas culicis</i> Species of parasitic flagellate protist in the Kinetoplastea class

Strigomonas culicis is a protist and member of flagellated trypanosomatids. It is an obligate parasite in the gastrointestinal tract of mosquito, and is in turn a host to symbiotic bacteria. It maintains strict mutualistic relationship with the bacteria as a sort of cell organelle (endosymbiont) so that it cannot lead an independent life without the bacteria. Along with Angomonas deanei, S. culicis is researched as model organism for the evolution of symbiotic relationsships with intracellular bacteria.

<i>Paramecium biaurelia</i> Species of parasitic protist

Paramecium biaurelia is a species of unicellular ciliates under the genus Paramecium, and one of the cryptic species of Paramecium aurelia. It is a free-living protist in water bodies and harbours several different bacteria as endosymbionts. Although the bacteria are parasites by definition, they also exhibit mutual relationship with the protist by providing survival benefits. It is used as an organism model in the study of the effects of gravitational forces in different environments.

Postgaardia is a proposed basal clade of flagellate Euglenozoa, following Thomas Cavalier-Smith. As of April 2023, the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera treats the group as a subphylum. A 2021 review of Euglenozoa places Cavalier-Smith's proposed members of Postgaardia in the class Symbiontida. As Euglenozoans may be basal eukaryotes, the Postgaardia may be key to studying the evolution of Eukaryotes, including the incorporation of eukaryotic traits such as the incorporation of alphaproteobacterial mitochondrial endosymbionts.

Angomonas desouzai is a parasitic protist from the order Trypanosomatida.

Strigomonas oncopelti is a parasitic protist from the order Trypanosomatida.

Strigomonadinae is a subfamily of protists in the order Trypanosomatida. All species in this taxon harbor endodymbiontic bacteria of the Candidatus Kinetoplastibacterium genus.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Kostygov, Alexei Y.; Dobáková, Eva; Grybchuk-Ieremenko, Anastasiia; Váhala, Dalibor; Maslov, Dmitri A.; Votýpka, Jan; Lukeš, Julius; Yurchenko, Vyacheslav (2016). "Novel Trypanosomatid-Bacterium Association: Evolution of Endosymbiosis in Action". mBio. 7 (2): e01985. doi:10.1128/mBio.01985-15. PMC   4807368 . PMID   26980834.
  2. ↑ Harmer, Jane; Yurchenko, Vyacheslav; Nenarokova, Anna; Lukeš, Julius; Ginger, Michael L. (2018). "Farming, slaving and enslavement: histories of endosymbioses during kinetoplastid evolution". Parasitology. 145 (10): 1311–1323. doi:10.1017/S0031182018000781. PMID   29895336. S2CID   48358857.
  3. 1 2 Kostygov, Alexei Y.; Butenko, Anzhelika; Nenarokova, Anna; Tashyreva, Daria; Flegontov, Pavel; Lukeš, Julius; Yurchenko, Vyacheslav (2017). "Genome of Ca. Pandoraea novymonadis, an Endosymbiotic Bacterium of the Trypanosomatid Novymonas esmeraldas". Frontiers in Microbiology. 8: 1940. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01940 . PMC   5632650 . PMID   29046673.
  4. ↑ Novy, F. G.; MacNeal, W. J.; Torrey, H. N. (1907). "The Trypanosomes of Mosquitoes and Other Insects". Journal of Infectious Diseases. 4 (2): 223–276. doi:10.1093/infdis/4.2.223. JSTOR   30072673.
  5. ↑ Teixeira, Marta M.G.; Borghesan, Tarcilla C.; Ferreira, Robson C.; Santos, Marcia A.; Takata, Carmen S.A.; Campaner, Marta; Nunes, Vania L.B.; Milder, Regina V.; de Souza, Wanderley; Camargo, Erney P. (2011). "Phylogenetic Validation of the Genera Angomonas and Strigomonas of Trypanosomatids Harboring Bacterial Endosymbionts with the Description of New Species of Trypanosomatids and of Proteobacterial Symbionts". Protist. 162 (3): 503–524. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.01.001. PMID   21420905.
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