Crithidia

Not to be confused with the fungi genus Chytridium.

Crithidia
Crithidia luciliae (immunofluorescence pattern).
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Clade:	Discoba
Phylum:	Euglenozoa
Class:	Kinetoplastea
Order:	Trypanosomatida
Family:	Trypanosomatidae
Genus:	Crithidia Léger, 1902 [1]
Species
C. abscondita [2] C. acanthocephali [2] C. bombi C. brachyflagelli [2] C. brevicula [2] C. confusa [2] C. dedva [2] C. expoeki [2] C. fasciculata C. guilhermei C. insperata [2] C. luciliae C. mellificae [2] C. otongatchiensis [2] C. permixta [2] C. pragensis [2]

Crithidia is a genus of trypanosomatid Euglenozoa. They are parasites that exclusively parasitise arthropods, mainly insects. They pass from host to host as cysts in infective faeces and typically, the parasites develop in the digestive tracts of insects and interact with the intestinal epithelium using their flagellum. They display very low host-specificity and a single parasite can infect a large range of invertebrate hosts. ^[3] At different points in its life-cycle, it passes through amastigote, promastigote, and epimastigote phases; the last is particularly characteristic, and similar stages in other trypanosomes are often called crithidial.

The etymology of the genus name Crithidia derives from the Ancient Greek word κριθίδιον (krithídion), meaning "small grain of barley". ^{[4] [5]}

Species

• Crithidia bombi is a well documented species, notable for being a parasite of various bumblebee species, including common species like Bombus terrestris , Bombus muscorum , and Bombus hortorum . ^{[6] [7]}
• Crithidia mellificae is a parasite of the western honeybee, Apis mellifera.
• Crithidia brevicula might incorporate species of the genus Wallaceina (Wallaceina brevicula, W. inconstans, W. vicina, and W. podlipaevi) as suggested by molecular phylogenies based on 18S ribosomal RNA and glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase sequences. ^[8]
• Other species include C. fasciculata , C. guilhermei and C. luciliae .
• C. luciliae is the substrate for the antinuclear antibody test used to diagnose lupus and other autoimmune disorders

Impact on bumble bees

These parasites may be at least partially responsible for declining wild bumble bee populations. They cause the bumble bees to lose their ability to distinguish between flowers that contain nectar and those that don't. They make many mistakes by visiting nectar scarce flowers and in so doing, slowly starve to death. Commercially bred bumble bees are used in greenhouses to pollinate plants, for example tomatoes, and these bumble bees typically harbor the parasite, while wild bumble bees do not. It is believed that the commercial bumble bees transmitted the parasite to wild populations in some cases. They escape from the greenhouses through vents; a simple mesh could help prevent this. ^[9]

Bibliography

1. Léger, Louis. 1902. Sur un flagellé parasite de l'Anopheles maculipennis. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., 54: 354-356, .
2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Crithidia - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
3. Boulanger; et al. (2001). "Immune response of Drosophila melanogaster to infection of the flagellate parasite Crithidia spp". Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 31 (2): 129–37. doi:10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00096-5. PMID   11164335.
4. Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. ISBN   978-2010035289. OCLC   461974285.
5. Bailly, Anatole. "Greek-french dictionary online". www.tabularium.be. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
6. Runckel, Charles; DeRisi, Joseph; Flenniken, Michelle L. (2014-04-17). "A Draft Genome of the Honey Bee Trypanosomatid Parasite Crithidia mellificae". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e95057. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995057R. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095057 . PMC   3990616 . PMID   24743507.
7. Baer, B. and P. Schmid-Hempel (2001). "Unexpected consequences of polyandry for parasitism and fitness in the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris". Evolution. 55 (8): 1639–1643. doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1639:ucopfp]2.0.co;2. PMID   11580023.
8. Kostygov, Alexei Yu.; Grybchuk-Ieremenko, Anastasiia; Malysheva, Marina N.; Frolov, Alexander O.; Yurchenko, Vyacheslav (2014-09-01). "Molecular revision of the genus Wallaceina" . Protist. 165 (5): 594–604. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2014.07.001. ISSN   1434-4610. PMID   25113831.
9. Colla, Sheila R.; Otterstatter, Michael C.; Gegear, Robert J.; Thomson, James D. (2006-05-01). "Plight of the bumble bee: Pathogen spillover from commercial to wild populations". Biological Conservation. 129 (4): 461–467. Bibcode:2006BCons.129..461C. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.013.

Further reading

E Riddell, Carolyn; D Lobaton Garces, Juan; Adams, Sally (27 November 2014). "Differential gene expression and alternative splicing in insect immune specificity". BMC Genomics. 15 (1): 1031. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1031 . PMC   4302123 . PMID   25431190.

Otterstatter, Michael C.; Thomson, James D. (23 July 2008). "Does Pathogen Spillover from Commercially Reared Bumble Bees Threaten Wild Pollinators?". PLOS ONE. 3 (7): e2771. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2771O. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002771 . PMC   2464710 . PMID   18648661.

Daniel, Cariveau; Elijah, Powell; Hauke, Koch (April 2014). "Variation in gut microbial communities and its association with pathogen infection in wild bumble bees (Bombus)". The ISME Journal. 8 (12): 2369–2379. Bibcode:2014ISMEJ...8.2369C. doi:10.1038/ismej.2014.68. PMC   4260702 . PMID   24763369.

Ferenczei, J.; Blahout, V.; Dvorakova, H (2025). "Stereoanalysis of the Antiparasitic Natural Product Callunene and Its Synthetic Intermediates". Journal of Natural Products. 88 (3). doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.4c01424.