Orders of magnitude (voltage)

Last updated

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various voltage levels.

Contents

SI prefix Factor (volt)ValueItem
Micro- 10−7500 nVChange in nerve cell potential caused by opening a single acetylcholine receptor channel [1]
10−62 μVNoise in an EEG taken at the scalp [2]
Milli- 10−510–100 μVPeak-to-peak amplitude of an average EEG taken at the scalp [2] [3]
15 μVMinimum terrestrial digital-TV RF antenna signal (−85 dBm over 75 Ω) [4] [5]
56 μVMinimum terrestrial analog-TV RF antenna signal (35 dB[μV]) [6] [7] [8]
10−4500–1000 μV Miniature endplate potentials, spontaneous fluctuations in neuron potentials [1]
10−31–2 mVPotential created at ambient temperatures from K Type Thermocouple
Centi- 10−2~10–50 mV Ripple voltage in the output of a good DC power supply [9]
75 mVNerve cell resting potential [10]
Deci- 10−1320 mVTypical voltage reference level in consumer audio electronics (0.316 V rms) [11]
~500 mVTypical MOSFET threshold voltage for modern processes [12]
~700 mVForward voltage drop of normal silicon diodes [13]
800–1000 mVTypical positive supply voltage of a low voltage CMOS digital integrated circuit [14]
900 mV Lemon battery cell (made with copper and zinc electrodes) [15]
N/A1000-3 VMagnitudes of standard reduction potentials in chemistry [16]
1.5 V Alkaline battery AAAA, AAA, AA, C or D battery [17]
3.3 VOne of the most common low voltage CMOS digital circuit supply voltages.
5 V USB power, used for example to charge a cell phone or a digital camera. [18] Also one of the most common digital circuit supply voltages for both TTL and CMOS technologies.
6 VA common voltage for medium-size electric lanterns. [19] A voltage for older electric systems of automobiles.
Deca- 10112 VTypical car battery [20]
Hecto- 102100–240 V Domestic wall socket voltage [21]
600 V Electric eel sends this voltage in an average attack
630 V London Underground railway tracks
Kilo- 1032450 V Electric chair execution in Nebraska [22]
3–10 kV Electric fence [23]
3 kVVoltage required to generate every 1mm of electric arc
3–35 kVAccelerating voltage for a typical television cathode ray tube [24]
4160-34,500 VTypical voltages in North America for distribution of power from distribution substations to end users [25]
10415 kVTrain 15 kV AC railway electrification overhead lines, 16+2⁄3 Hz
25 kV European high-speed train overhead power lines [26]
33 kVMaximum voltage allowed in an electricity distribution grid after 1919 in the UK until 1926 [27] (still used for heavy industry and factory overhead cable distribution systems) [28]
69–230 kVRange used in North American power high-voltage transmission substations [25]
105345–800 kVRange used in EHV power transmission systems [29] [30]
800 kVLowest voltage used by ultra-high voltage (UHV) power transmission systems [31] [30]
Mega- 1063 MVUsed by the ultra-high voltage electron microscope at Osaka University [32]
10725.5 MVThe largest man-made DC voltage – produced in a Van de Graaff generator at Oak Ridge National Laboratory [33]
108100 MVThe potential difference between the ends of a typical lightning bolt [34]
Peta- 10157 PVVoltage around a particular energetic highly magnetized rotating neutron star [35]
Ronna- 10271.04 RV Planck voltage

SI multiple

SI multiples of volt (V)
SubmultiplesMultiples
ValueSI symbolNameValueSI symbolName
10−1 VdVdecivolt101 VdaVdecavolt
10−2 VcVcentivolt102 VhVhectovolt
10−3 VmVmillivolt103 VkVkilovolt
10−6 VμVmicrovolt106 VMVmegavolt
10−9 VnVnanovolt109 VGVgigavolt
10−12 VpVpicovolt1012 VTVteravolt
10−15 VfVfemtovolt1015 VPVpetavolt
10−18 VaVattovolt1018 VEVexavolt
10−21 VzVzeptovolt1021 VZVzettavolt
10−24 VyVyoctovolt1024 VYVyottavolt
10−27 VrVrontovolt1027 VRVronnavolt
10−30 VqVquectovolt1030 VQVquettavolt

Notes

  1. 1 2 "Synaptic transmission". NeuroWiki. Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  2. 1 2 Epstein, Charles M. "Home built EEG" . Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  3. ↑ Ernst Neidermeyer (1999). "9. The Normal EEG of the Waking Adult" (PDF). In Niedermeyer, Ernst; Lopes da Silva, F. (eds.). Electroencephalography: basic principles, clinical applications, and related (4th ed.). pp. 149–173. ISBN   978-0-683-30284-4 . Retrieved 1 November 2011. The amplitudes of the scalp EEG are markedly reduced and lie between 10 and 100 μV
  4. ↑ eecs.berkeley.edu - Spectrum Sensing, Fundamental Limits and Practical Challenges, page 82, 2005
  5. ↑ Decibel#Voltage P=pow(10,-3)*pow(10,(dBmW)/10) ; U=pow(R*P,1/2) ; R=75 Ω ; pow(10,-3)*pow(10,(-85)/10) = 3.162278 pW ; pow(75*pow(10,-3)*pow(10,(-85)/10) , 1/2) = 15.400351 μV
  6. ↑ as76.net - How to use the booster. (To see the terrestrial digital broadcasting beautifully.) Archived 2011-10-28 at the Wayback Machine , 2011-12-01
  7. ↑ maxim-ic.com - CATV dBm, dBmV, and dBμV Conversions - Tutorial - Maxim, 2002-07-17
  8. ↑ Decibel#Voltage pow(10,-6)*pow(10,35/20) = 56 μV
  9. ↑ "DC Power Supply Specifications". Radio-Electronics.Com. Retrieved 10 November 2011. Most good supplies should offer noise and ripple figures of better than 10 mV rms and for switching supplies figures of 50mV or less should be achievable
  10. ↑ Bullock, Orkand, and Grinnell, pp. 150–151; Junge, pp. 89–90; Schmidt-Nielsen, p. 484
  11. ↑ "Pro Audio Reference D". AES. Retrieved 2017-12-17. -10 dBV Standard voltage reference level for consumer and some pro audio use
  12. ↑ Ortiz-Conde, A.; et al. (2002). "A review of recent MOSFET threshold voltage extraction methods". Microelectronics Reliability. 42 (4–5): 583–596. doi:10.1016/S0026-2714(02)00027-6. p. 594.
  13. ↑ "Diodes". The Electronics Club. Retrieved 11 November 2011. about 0.7V for all normal diodes which are made from silicon
  14. ↑ "Intel Xeon E3-1200v3 family datasheet, a typical LVCMOS chip" (PDF). Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  15. ↑ "Lemon Battery". Hila Science Camp. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
  16. ↑ Nave, Rod. "Standard Electrode Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25°C". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  17. ↑ David Linden, Thomas B. Reddy (ed). Handbook of Batteries, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2002 ISBN   0-07-135978-8 chapter 4
  18. ↑ "About USB-IF". USB Implementers Forum, Inc. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
  19. ↑ Eveready Battery Company. "EVR-1209 Engineering Data" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-08-16. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  20. ↑ Horst Bauer Bosch Automotive Handbook 4th Edition Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart 1996 ISBN   0-8376-0333-1, pages 803–807
  21. ↑ "ita.doc.gov - Electric current abroad" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
  22. ↑ "Electrocution protocol questioned". Lincoln Journal Star. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  23. ↑ "Electric Fencing for Pastured Livestock" (PDF). Soil & Crop Improvement Association of Nova Scotia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  24. ↑ "Voltage of a Television Picture Tube". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  25. 1 2 "Electric Power eTool: Illustrated Glossary: Substations". Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (Voltage of a Television Picture Tube). Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  26. ↑ Caltrain-Electrification Project
  27. ↑ Hannah, Leslie (1979). Electricity Before Nationalisation: A study of the development of the electricity supply industry in Britain to 1948. Macmillan. p. 109. ISBN   9781349034437.
  28. ↑ "UK electricity networks" (PDF). Postnote 163. London: The Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology. October 2001. p. 1. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  29. ↑ "Definitions: E". Bonneville Power Administration. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  30. 1 2 Gönen, T. (2014). Electrical Power Transmission System Engineering: Analysis and Design (3 ed.). CRC Press. p. 3,36. ISBN   9781482232233.
  31. ↑ "Definitions: TUV". Bonneville Power Administration. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  32. ↑ "Features of 3 MV Ultrahigh voltage electron microscope". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-03-06.
  33. ↑ http://www.osti.gov/bridge/purl.cover.jsp?purl=/6446725-T101Ai Oak Ridge Physics Division progress report for period ending September 30, 1988
  34. ↑ "Voltage of a Lightning Bolt". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  35. ↑ "Chandra Examines a Quadrillion-Volt Pulsar". Chandra X-ray Observatory Center. September 6, 2001. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
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