Pacific crevalle jack

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Pacific crevalle jack
Pacific crevalle jack Mexico 2.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Carangiformes
Family: Carangidae
Genus: Caranx
Species:
C. caninus
Binomial name
Caranx caninus
(Günther, 1867)
Caranx caninus distribution.png
Approximate range of the Pacific crevalle jack
Synonyms

The Pacific crevalle jack (Caranx caninus) is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae. The species is distributed through the tropical waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean from California in the north to Peru in the south, including several offshore islands. The species is best identified by its deep body and mostly unscaled breast, as well as other more detailed anatomical features. The species is known to grow to a maximum length of 101 cm and a weight of 19.7 kg. Disagreement on the status of the species has been significant in the scientific literature, with many claiming it to be conspecific with or subspecific to the Atlantic Caranx hippos (crevalle jack). The most recent review of the crevalle jacks strongly concluded it to be a separate species based on the development of hyperostosis and fin colouring. It is predominantly a schooling inshore species, inhabiting sandy and rocky substrates, although larger individuals are occasionally found living pelagically to depths of 350 m. The Pacific crevalle jack is a fast-swimming predator, taking a variety of fish, crustaceans, and other small invertebrates. Spawning is thought to occur year-round, although peaks occur during November and May. The Pacific crevalle jack is an important species to commercial fisheries, with data available from Colima in Mexico indicating it accounts for up to 15% of the entire yearly catch. Pacific crevalle jack are highly rated gamefish, taken by both bait and a variety of lures, but are considered relatively poor quality food.

Taxonomy and naming

The Pacific crevalle jack is classified within the genus Caranx , one of a number of groups known as the jacks or trevallies. Caranx itself is part of the larger jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae, part of the order Carangiformes. [2] The species is part of what William Smith-Vaniz and Kent Carpenter term the Caranx hippos species complex, a group of three closely related and anatomically similar species, which also includes Caranx hippos (Crevalle jack) and Caranx fischeri (Longfin crevalle jack). [3]

The species was first properly scientifically described by the British zoologist Albert Günther in 1867 based on a specimen taken from Panama, which was designated to be the holotype. [4] He named the species Caranx caninus, with the specific epithet meaning 'dog like'. Apart from disagreements pertaining to the possible conspecificity of the species with Caranx hippos, the taxonomy has been very stable, with not one independent redescription and naming. There has, however, been considerable debate in the past as to whether the Pacific crevalle jack is the same species as its Atlantic counterpart, Caranx hippos. To this end it has previously been referred to as C. hippos, and John Nichols argued it was a subspecies, creating the trinomial name Caranx hippos caninus. [5] Yoshio Hiyama also referred the species to a subgenus he created; Tricropterus, creating the name Caranx (Tricropterus) hippos, which is now considered invalid. The most recent review of the species by Smith-Vaniz and Carpenter treated the fish as a separate species, citing differences in the development of hyperostosis and differing anal fin colours as evidence of different species. [3] The species is commonly referred to as the 'Pacific crevalle jack' or 'Pacific jack crevalle' due to its close appearance to the Atlantic 'crevalle jack', as well as a variety of Spanish names. [6]

Distribution and habitat

The Pacific crevalle jack inhabits the tropical to subtropical waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean. [7] The species ranges along the western American coastline from Lobos de Tierra Island, Peru [8] in the south and north to San Diego Bay, California. The species is generally rare north of the Gulf of California, [9] however El Nino events which bring warm tropical waters further north than usual transport Pacific crevalle jack and other species beyond their normal range. [10] All occurrences of the species in San Diego Bay have been attributed El Nino events in that year. [10] The species is also known from several offshore Pacific islands including the Galápagos, Malpelo, Cocos, and Revillagigedo Islands. [3]

The Pacific crevalle jack is most common in coastal regions, although is occasionally found in more pelagic settings, with the species not known to live deeper than 350 m. [8] In coastal waters the species prefers sandy and rocky substrates, [11] including protected bays, lagoons [12] and harbours, where large schools of the species form. [13] Larger individuals are often solitary, and living in deeper offshore environments. [8] Pacific crevalle jack are also common in estuaries, usually as juveniles which preferentially inhabit these environments, but also as adults that make their way into brackish waters and tidal streams. [3] [8] Juveniles are known to penetrate well upstream, indicating a wide salinity tolerance. [13]

Description

The Pacific crevalle jack is distinguished by yellow anal and caudal fins Pacific crevalle jack Mexico.jpg
The Pacific crevalle jack is distinguished by yellow anal and caudal fins

The Pacific crevalle jack is a relatively large fish, growing to a maximum recorded size of 101.6 cm in length and 19.7 kg in weight. [3] It is similar to most other jacks of the genus Caranx, having a moderately deep and compressed, oblong body, with the dorsal profile more convex than the ventral profile, particularly anteriorly. [8] The dorsal fin is in two distinct sections; the first consisting of eight spine and the second of one spine and 19 to 21 soft rays. The anal fin consists of two anteriorly detached spines followed by one spine and 16 to 17 soft rays. [7] The pectoral fins are falcate, and consist of 19 to 21 soft rays, while the caudal fin is strongly forked. [3] The species lateral line is moderately arched anteriorly, with 58 to 79 scales in this section, while the straight section contains none to seven scales and 34 to 43 strong scutes. [3] The breast is devoid of scales with the exception of a small patch of scales in front of the pelvic fins. The species has well-developed adipose eyelids, while its dentition consists of an outer row of widely spaced canine teeth and an inner band of villiform teeth in the upper jaw, with a row of widely spaced conical teeth on the lower jaw. The Pacific crevalle jack has 21 to 27 gill rakers and 24 vertebrae. [8] There are significant differences in the development of hyperostosis between this species and C. hippos. [3]

The Pacific crevalle jack is a bluish-green to bluish-black dorsally, fading to a silvery white or golden shade ventrally. [7] Juveniles are generally lighter in colour, also possessing five dark vertical bars on their sides. The fins are all white dusky with the exception of the anal fin and lower caudal fin lobe, which are white to brownish orange, with the ventral surface of the caudal peduncle also this colour. This contrasts to the bright lemon yellow anal and lower caudal fins of C. hippos. [3] The Pacific crevalle jack also has a black spot on the base of its pectoral fins, as well as a dark blotch on the margin of the operculum. [8]

Biology

The Pacific crevalle jack is a schooling fish for much of its life, forming moderate to large aggregations that can move quite rapidly. [8] Older fish tend to be more solitary, moving offshore to greater depths. It is one of the most abundant pelagic species throughout its range, making it both ecologically and economically important. [14] The species is a strong, fast swimming predator that takes predominantly small fish, as well as crustaceans such as prawns and various other benthic invertebrates, [11] although no detailed data on diet has been collected.[ citation needed ]

Individuals begin reaching sexual maturity at 67 cm in males and 65 cm in females, with reproduction thought to occur year-round. [15] There are peaks in spawning activity however, with these peaks reported as January–February and August in Colombia [15] and May and November in Mexico. [16] The eggs are pelagic, as are the newly hatched larvae. [17] Several studies on yearly growth in the species have given slightly different results, although the maximum difference between these studies is 5 cm per year. [16] After the first year, the species is 19.02 to 20.64 cm long, after the second it is 29.86 to 32.95 cm, and it is 36.8 to 42.44 cm long after the third year. [16] According to the von Bertalanffy growth equations that govern the species growth, the species may live as long as 12 or 15 years, [16] or even 37 years as calculated in one study. [18] These growth equations are generated using the fish's otoliths, which add annual growth rings.[ citation needed ] These also show yearly periods of slow and fast growth, with August to February having the fastest growth due to the rainy season providing increased runoff and nutrients to the coast. Slowest growth occurs during March to August, although one of the main spawning peaks occurs during this period. [16]

Commercial fishery

The Pacific crevalle jack is of high importance to fisheries throughout its range, with the abundance of the species allowing for large catches by commercial fishermen. [8] Due to the artisanal nature of many Central American fisheries, detailed catch statistics of the species are not kept, making it impossible to estimate total annual catches. Where these statistics are kept, however, it is apparent that it is one of the most important species in its range, with the species accounting for up to 15% of the total annual catch in Colima, Mexico. [16] This translates as around 76 tonnes on average, just for the state of Colima.[ citation needed ] The species is taken year round by a variety of methods including trawling, fence and fixed nets, as well as hook and line methods.

Angling

A Pacific crevalle jack taken by an angler off Baja California Pacific crevalle jack Ecuador.jpg
A Pacific crevalle jack taken by an angler off Baja California

The Pacific crevalle jack is also a major target for anglers throughout its range, and can be taken by live bait as well as various lure types including surface poppers and fast retrieved metal slugs and spoons. [19] The IGFA maintains full line class and tipped world records for the Pacific crevalle jack, the current all tackle world record sits at 17.69 kg (39 lb 0 oz) caught off Playa Zancudo, Costa Rica in 1997. [20]

Use

The fish is sold at market either fresh, frozen, smoked, salted or dried, and is also utilized as a source of fishmeal and oil. [8] Despite the large numbers taken, the Pacific crevalle jack is considered a second or third class commercial product, fetching fairly low prices at market. The value of the fish does change throughout its range based on local opinion of the fish. [16]

It is generally viewed as marginal table fare, although bleeding the fish immediately after capture is said to improve the flavor. [8]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crevalle jack</span> Species of fish

The crevalle jack, also known as the common jack, black-tailed trevally, couvalli jack, black cavalli, jack crevale, or yellow cavalli is a common species of large marine fish classified within the jack family, Carangidae. The crevalle jack is distributed across the tropical and temperate waters of the Atlantic Ocean, ranging from Nova Scotia, Canada to Uruguay in the western Atlantic and Portugal to Angola in the eastern Atlantic, including the Mediterranean Sea. It is distinguishable from similar species by its deep body, fin colouration and a host of more detailed anatomical features, including fin ray and lateral line scale counts. It is one of the largest fish in the genus Caranx, growing to a maximum known length of 124 cm and a weight of 32 kg, although is rare at lengths greater than 60 cm. The crevalle jack inhabits both inshore and offshore waters to depths of around 350 m, predominantly over reefs, bays, lagoons and occasionally estuaries. Young fish dispersed north by currents in the eastern Atlantic are known to migrate back to more tropical waters before the onset of winter; however, if the fish fail to migrate, mass mortalities occur as the temperature falls below the species' tolerance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bigeye trevally</span> Species of fish

The bigeye trevally, also known as the bigeye jack, great trevally, six-banded trevally and dusky jack, is a species of widespread large marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae. The bigeye trevally is distributed throughout the tropical waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, ranging from South Africa in the west to California and Ecuador in the east, including Australia to the south and Japan in the north. The bigeye trevally is best distinguished by its colouration, having a dark second dorsal fin with a white tip on the lobe, and also possessing a small dark spot on the operculum. Other more detailed anatomical features also set the species apart from other members of Caranx. The species is known to grow to a length of 120 cm and 18 kg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Giant trevally</span> Species of fish

The giant trevally, also known as the lowly trevally, barrier trevally, ronin jack, giant kingfish, or ulua, He is a 25-year-old species of large marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae. The giant trevally is a male to Acanthurus dussumieri female distributed throughout the tropical This Carangidae is to marine fish american in United States, waters of the Indo-Pacific region, with a range stretching a father is a giant from South Africa, United States, in the west to Hawaii in the east, including Japan in the north and Australia in the south. Two were documented in the eastern tropical Pacific in the 2010s, but whether the species will become established there remains to be seen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bluefin trevally</span> Species of fish

The bluefin trevally, also known as the bluefin jack, bluefin kingfish, bluefinned crevalle, blue ulua, omilu, and spotted trevally, is a species of large, widely distributed marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae. The bluefin trevally is distributed throughout the tropical waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, ranging from Eastern Africa in the west to Central America in the east, including Japan in the north and Australia in the south. The species grows to a maximum known length of 117 centimetres (46 in) and a weight of 43.5 kilograms (96 lb), however is rare above 80 centimetres (31 in). Bluefin trevally are easily recognised by their electric blue fins, tapered snout and numerous blue and black spots on their sides. Juveniles lack these obvious colours, and must be identified by more detailed anatomical features such as fin ray and scute counts. The bluefin trevally inhabits both inshore environments such as bays, lagoons and shallow reefs, as well as deeper offshore reefs, atolls and bomboras. Juveniles prefer shallower, protected waters, even entering estuaries for short periods in some locations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bar jack</span> Species of fish

The bar jack, also known as the carbonero, cojinúa, red jack, blue-striped cavalla or passing jack, is a common species of inshore marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae. The bar jack is distributed through the western Atlantic Ocean from New Jersey and Bermuda in the north to Venezuela and possibly Brazil in the south, with the largest population in the Gulf of Mexico and West Indies. The bar jack is most simply distinguished from similar jacks by its dark horizontal bar which runs along the back and down the caudal fin, often accompanied by an electric blue stripe immediately below it. Other more detailed differences include dentition and soft ray counts. The bar jack is a moderately large species, growing to a recorded maximum of 65 cm (26 in) and a weight of 6.8 kg (15 lb). The species inhabits clear shallow waters, often over coral reefs where it lives either solitarily or in large schools, taking various fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods as prey. Studies in Cuba indicate spawning occurs between March and August, with sexual maturity reached at 26 cm. It is a relatively popular sport fish and can be caught on light tackle with a variety of lures and baits. It is considered to be a good food fish, however many recorded ciguatera cases are attributed to the species, with most cases reported on the island of St. Thomas traced to this single species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian threadfish</span> Species of fish

The Indian threadfish, also known as the Indian threadfin, diamond trevally, mirror fish or plumed trevally, is a large species of coastal marine fish of the jack family, Carangidae. The species is widespread in the waters of the tropical Indo-West Pacific Ocean, ranging from east Africa to India, Asia, Indonesia and Australia. Adult fish tend to inhabit coastal waters over reefs down to 100 m in depth, while juveniles inhabit a variety of environments including estuaries and seagrass beds. The Indian threadfish is similar to the other two species in the genus Alectis, with a slight concavity in the profile of the head the most obvious distinguishing feature. It is a large species, growing to 165 cm and 25 kg in weight. The species is carnivorous, consuming fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans. The Indian threadfish is of minor commercial importance, and has been the subject of aquaculture in Singapore.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shrimp scad</span> Species of fish

The shrimp scad, is a species of widespread tropical marine fish of the jack family, Carangidae. The shrimp scad is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical western Indian Ocean and areas of the eastern Pacific Ocean, ranging from South Africa in the west to Hawaii in the east, including Japan and Australia to the north and south. The species is commonly found on inshore reefs and sandy substrates. It has the common body profile of a scad, and may be difficult to differentiate from others in the genus Alepes. It is one of the larger scads, growing to 40 cm, but often is encountered at much smaller sizes. The shrimp scad often forms large schools, and is carnivorous, consuming a variety of crustaceans and small fish. It is of moderate importance to fisheries throughout its range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Horse-eye jack</span> Species of fish

The horse-eye jack, also known as the big-eye jack, is a game fish and minor commercial fish in the family Carangidae. Its appearance is similar to that of the crevalle jack, although the horse-eye jack's head is not as blunt. The horse-eye jack is known to feed on smaller fish and on many invertebrates, such as shrimp and crab.

<i>Caranx lugubris</i> Species of fish

Caranx lugubris, the black jack, black trevally, black kingfish, coal fish or black ulua, is a species of large ocean fish in the jack family Carangidae. The species has a circumtropical distribution, found in oceanic, offshore waters of the tropical zones of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The species is particularly prevalent around offshore islands such as the Caribbean islands in the Atlantic, Hawaii and French Polynesia in the Pacific and the Seychelles and Maldives in the Indian Ocean. Black jack are rare in shallow waters, preferring deep reefs, ledges and seamounts in clear waters. The species is easily distinguished by its black to grey fins and jet black scutes, with the head having a steep profile near the snout. The largest recorded length is 1 m and weight of 17.9 kg. The black jack lives either individually or in small schools, and is known to school with other species. It is a predatory fish, taking a variety of fish, crustaceans and molluscs as prey. Sexual maturity is reached at 34.6 cm in females and 38.2 cm in males, with spawning taking place between February and September in the Caribbean. The early life history of the species is very poorly understood. Black jack are of high importance to many island fisheries, but are rarely encountered in most continental fisheries. The species has a reputation as a gamefish, and is variably considered a terrible or excellent food fish, although several cases of ciguatera poisoning have been attributed to the species. The species was initially named Caranx ascensionis by Georges Cuvier, however several issues with the use of this name have seen Felipe Poey's name Caranx lugubris become the valid scientific name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Longfin trevally</span> Species of fish

The longfin trevally, also known as the longfin kingfish, longfin cavalla or armed trevally, is a species of inshore marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. The species is common in tropical to subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific, ranging from South Africa in the west to Japan in the east, typically inhabiting inshore reefs and bays. The species is easily distinguished by its elongate dorsal and anal fin lobes and filamentous dorsal rays, as well as its scaleless breast. Longfin trevally are pelagic predators, taking a variety of small fish, cephalopods and crustaceans, and reach sexual maturity at around 21 cm. The species has a maximum known length of 57 cm and weight of 3.5 kg. The longfin trevally has a very complex taxonomic history which is closely intertwined with another currently valid species, Carangoides ciliarius, which may yet prove to be synonymous. Longfin trevally are of minor importance to fisheries throughout their range and are considered good table fish, and are occasionally taken by anglers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coastal trevally</span> Species of fish

The coastal trevally, also known as the onion trevally, Japanese trevally or bluefin kingfish, is a species of inshore marine fish in the jack family Carangidae. The species is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian and west Pacific Oceans, from South Africa in the west to Japan and New Caledonia in the east, reaching as far south as Australia. The species is found on deep coastal reefs, both in schools and as solitary individuals, where they prey on small midwater organisms including crustaceans, small fish and cephalopods. The species is taken as bycatch in a number of fisheries throughout its range by a number of fishing methods and is of little commercial value, but is considered to be a good table fish. A mistype in the original volume in which Eduard Rüppell named the species led to the combination Carangoides caeruleopinnatus, which has incorrectly spread through the literature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Threadfin jack</span> Species of fish

The threadfin jack or thread pompano is a species of coastal marine fish in the jack family Carangidae. The species inhabits the tropical waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean from Baja California in the north to Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands in the south. It is a moderately large fish, growing to 60 cm (24 in) and may be recognized by its filamentous dorsal and anal fin lobes. The threadfin jack inhabits both deeper coastal waters and inshore environments, including reefs and estuaries, where it preys on minute benthic and pelagic organisms, including small fishes and crustaceans. Very little is known about the ecology and reproductive cycle in the species. The threadfin jack is of importance to fisheries throughout its distribution, caught by hook-and-line and net methods and marketed fresh and salted, and is considered a very good table fish. The species was named Carangoides dorsalis by Theodore Gill 20 years before the name Caranx otrynter was introduced, but confusion with Vomer dorsalis led to the proposal of the new name to separate the two species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green jack</span> Species of fish

The green jack, also known as the horse jack, is an abundant species of coastal marine fish in the jack family Carangidae. The species is distributed in the eastern Pacific Ocean along the American coastline from Santa Cruz Island off California in the north to Peru in the south, as well as a number of islands including the Galapagos and recently, Hawaii. The green jack is distinguished from other similar carangid species by a number of features including gill raker and lateral line scale counts, and the presence of an adipose eyelid. It is a moderately large species, growing to at least 55 cm in length and 2.81 kg, although unconfirmed reports suggest a much larger maximum size. It lives in a wide range of continental shelf environments including estuaries, bays, reefs and offshore seamounts, living both pelagically and demersally. The green jack is a predatory species, preying on a variety of fish, crustaceans and cephalopods, as well as zooplankton. Most fish are sexually mature by the time they attain 38 cm, with spawning occurring between May and October. The species is of high importance to fisheries throughout its range, caught by pelagic trawls, a variety of netting methods and hook and line. The green jack is also of interest to anglers, taken by bait and lures, although is considered to only be fair in eating quality.

<i>Caranx</i> Genus of fishes

Caranx is a genus of tropical to subtropical marine fishes in the jack family Carangidae, commonly known as jacks, trevallies and kingfishes. They are moderate- to large-sized, deep-bodied fishes which are distinguished from other carangid genera by specific gill raker, fin ray and dentition characteristics. The genus is represented in the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans, inhabiting both inshore and offshore regions, ranging from estuaries and bays to deep reefs and offshore islands. All species are powerful predators, taking a variety of fish, crustaceans and cephalopods, while they in turn are prey to larger pelagic fishes and sharks. A number of fish in the genus have a reputation as powerful gamefish and are highly sought by anglers. They often make up high amounts of the catch in various fisheries, but are generally considered poor to fair table fishes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue trevally</span> Species of fish

The blue trevally, also known as the banded trevally, barred trevally, Ferdau's trevally or Forskaal's jackfish, is a common, widespread species of pelagic marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae. The blue trevally is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific and central Pacific regions, ranging from South Africa in the west to Hawaii in the east. It is a moderately large fish, growing to a recorded maximum length of 70 cm, with the number of rays in the second dorsal fin and the colouring serving as diagnostic features of the species. The species inhabits waters to depths of 60 m, generally inhabiting reefs, beaches, lagoons, and areas with sandy substrates. It is a predatory fish, taking other fish, prawns, crabs, and molluscs, and very little is known of the species' reproductive biology. The blue trevally is of varying importance to fisheries throughout its range, with some regions having high catches of the fish. It is considered to be a gamefish, and is sought after for its excellent eating qualities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Longfin crevalle jack</span> Species of fish

The longfin crevalle jack is a recently described species of large marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae. It inhabits the subtropical waters of the east Atlantic Ocean, ranging along the African coast from Mauritania south at least to Moçamedes in southern Angola, with the species historically present in the Mediterranean Sea. It is an inshore species, known to occasionally penetrate estuaries, possibly to spawn. The species is very similar to the crevalle jack, Caranx hippos, and is separated by its extended dorsal and anal fin lobes as well as more detailed anatomical features including dorsal and anal fin ray counts. The fish is known to reach 127 cm in length and 20.9 kg in weight. The longfin crevalle jack is a predatory fish, taking small fish as its main prey. Due to longstanding confusion between C. fischeri and C. hippos, the importance of each species to African fisheries is poorly understood, with a known combined catch in this region of between 2,233 and 10,054 tonnes per year in 1995–2004. Like its close relatives, the species is considered a powerful gamefish and highly sought after, although their coarse flesh makes for relatively poor quality food.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blacktip trevally</span> Species of fish

The blacktip trevally, also known as the blacktip kingfish or yellowtail kingfish, is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae. The blacktip trevally is distributed throughout the tropical to subtropical Indian and West Pacific Oceans, ranging from South Africa in the west to Fiji, Japan and northern Australia in the east. It inhabits coastal waters throughout its range, preferring moderately deep clear waters over rocky and coral reefs. The blacktip trevally is easily distinguished by its yellow fins and a dark upper caudal fin lobe which gives the species its common name, as well as a host of other anatomical features. The species is known to reach a maximum size of 1 m. It is a benthopelagic predator, commonly forming small shoals where it takes a variety of fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans as prey. Little is known of reproduction in the species, and spawning is assumed to take place in more tropical regions of its range, with juveniles known to inhabit bays and large estuaries. Blacktip trevally are often caught using hook and line and various nets in commercial fisheries although don't make up a large part of the market. They are also popular with anglers due to their fighting ability and decent table qualities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">False scad</span> Species of fish

The false scad, also known as the spotfin scad, ten-finned horse mackerel and yellow horse mackerel, is a species of medium-sized marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae. The false scad is distributed throughout the tropical and temperate waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Namibia in the south to Spain and throughout most of the Mediterranean in the north. The species has an atypical body form compared to other species of Caranx, and can be distinguished from these on its elongate 'scad-like' body shape alone. Distinguishing the species from members of Decapterus and Trachurus is more difficult, requiring detailed anatomical analysis. The false scad is known to grow to a length of 60 cm and a weight of 1 kg. The species lives both pelagically and demersally in continental shelf waters, ranging from depths of 15 to 200 m. It is a predatory fish, taking small fishes, crustaceans including euphausiids and shrimps, and cephalopods as its main prey, with significant dietary shifts as it ages. The false scad reaches sexual maturity at 2 years of age, with spawning occurring between April and July in shallow inshore waters, where the juveniles remain. The species is of major importance to fisheries throughout its range, but particularly from Morocco to Senegal, with annual catches ranging from 500 to 19000 t. The species is caught using trawls, seine nets and gill nets and sold fresh, frozen or salted.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Senegal jack</span> Species of fish

The Senegal jack, also known as the African jack, is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae. The species is distributed through the tropical waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean, ranging along the west African coast from Angola in the south to Mauritania in the north. It can be distinguished from co-occurring relatives by its longer dorsal fin lobe, as well as a host of other anatomical features. The Senegal jack grows to a known maximum length of 1 m. It is a coastal species, known to live semi-pelagically, inhabiting both the sea floor and surface waters to depths of around 200 m. The Senegal jack is a predatory species, taking fish, crabs and shrimps as its main prey items. The species reaches sexual maturity at 21 cm in females and 24 cm in males, with spawning occurring in two periods; February to April and September to November. The species is of minor importance to fisheries, and is not discriminated from other jacks in catch statistics. It is taken by trawls, seines and hook and line, and sold fresh or preserved.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cocinero</span> Species of fish

The cocinero, also known as the barred jack and striped jack, is a species of small marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae. The cocinero is distributed through the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, ranging along the west American coastline from Baja California in the north to Peru in the south. It is a pelagic species, inhabiting the upper water column in both coastal and offshore oceanic waters, occasionally making its way into estuaries. The species may be identified by its colouration, having 8 or 9 incomplete dark vertical stripes on its sides, with scute and gill raker counts also diagnostic. It is small compared to most other species of Caranx, reaching a length of 37 cm in total. The cocinero is a predatory fish, taking small fishes, crustaceans, and various benthic invertebrates in shallower waters. Little is known of the species' reproductive habits. The cocinero is of moderate importance to fisheries along the west coast of South America, and the species has been used in aquaculture trials. It is taken by various netting methods and by spear, and is sold fresh, dried, and salted at market.

References

  1. ↑ Smith-Vaniz, B.; Robertson, R.; Bussing, W.; Molina, H. (2010). "Caranx caninus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2010: e.T183324A8093737. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183324A8093737.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ↑ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 380–387. ISBN   978-1-118-34233-6.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Smith-Vaniz, W.F.; K.E. Carpenter (2007). "Review of the crevalle jacks, Caranx hippos complex (Teleostei: Carangidae), with a description of a new species from West Africa" (PDF). Fisheries Bulletin. 105 (4): 207–233. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
  4. ↑ California Academy of Sciences: Ichthyology (February 2009). "Caranx caninus". Catalog of Fishes. CAS. Retrieved 16 May 2009.[ permanent dead link ]
  5. ↑ Nichols, J.T. (1937). "On Caranx hippos (Linnaeus) from Ecuador". Copeia. 1937 (1): 58–59. doi:10.2307/1437371. ISSN   0045-8511. JSTOR   1437371.
  6. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Caranx caninus" in FishBase . May 2009 version.
  7. 1 2 3 Allen, G.R.; D.R. Robertson (1994). Fishes of the tropical eastern Pacific. University of Hawaii Press. p. 332. ISBN   978-0-8248-1675-9.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Fischer, W.; Krupp F.; Schneider W.; Sommer C.; Carpenter K.E.; Niem V.H. (1995). Guía FAO para la identificación de especies para los fines de la pesca. Pacífico centro-oriental. Volumen II. Vertebrados – Parte 1. Rome: FAO. p. 953. ISBN   92-5-303409-2.
  9. ↑ Lea, R.N.; H.J. Walker (1995). "Record of the bigeye trevally, Caranx sexfasciatus, and Mexican lookdown, Selene brevoorti, with notes on other carangids from California". California Fish and Game. 81 (3): 89–95. ISSN   0008-1078.
  10. 1 2 Miller, E.F.; M.D. Curtis (2008). "First Occurrence of A Pacific Crevalle Jack, Caranx caninus, North of San Diego, California". Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences. 107 (1): 41–43. doi:10.3160/0038-3872(2008)107[41:FOOAPC]2.0.CO;2. ISSN   0038-3872. S2CID   86613397.
  11. 1 2 Grove, Jack S.; Robert J. Lavenberg (1997). The Fishes of the Galápagos Islands. California: Stanford University Press. p. 376. ISBN   978-0-8047-2289-6.
  12. ↑ Guadalupe Cabral-Solis, E.; E. Espino-Barr (2004). "Distribucion y abundancia espacio-temporal de los peces en la Laguna de Cuyutlan, Colima, Mexico". Oceanides. 19 (1–2): 19–27. ISSN   1560-8433.
  13. 1 2 Schultz, K. (2003). Ken Schultz's field guide to saltwater fish. John Wiley and Sons. p. 274. ISBN   978-0-471-44995-9.
  14. ↑ Madrid, J.; P. Sánchez; A. Ruiz (1997). "Diversity and abundance of a tropical fishery on the Pacific shelf of Michoacán, México". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science . 45 (4): 485–495. Bibcode:1997ECSS...45..485M. doi:10.1006/ecss.1996.0219.
  15. 1 2 Franke, R.; P.A. Acero (1993). "Peces Carangoideos del Parque Gorgona, Pacifico Colombiano (Osteichthyes: Carangidae, Nematistiidae y Coryphaenidae)". Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía. 28 (1): 51–73. ISSN   0717-3326.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Espino Barr, Elaine; Gallardo Cabello, Manuel; Cabral Solis, Esther Guadalupe; Garcia Boa, Arturo; Puente Gómez, Marcos (2008). "Growth of the Pacific jack Caranx caninus (Pisces: Carangidae) from the coast of Colima, México" (PDF). Revista de Biología Tropical. 56 (1): 171–179. PMID   18624235. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
  17. ↑ Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (2015). "Caranx caninus, Pacific crevalle-jack". Shorefishes of the Eastern Pacific online information system. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  18. ↑ Torres-Aguilar, M. (2002). Estudio preliminar de edad y crecimiento del jurel, Caranx caninus (Günther, 1867), con base en vértebras y espinas, en las costas de Guerrero y Michoac (M.Sc. Thesis). UNAM, Mexico.
  19. ↑ Ristori, Al (2002). Complete Guide to Saltwater Fishing. Woods N' Water, Inc. p. 59. ISBN   0-9707493-5-X.
  20. ↑ "Jack, Pacific crevalle". igfa.org. IGFA.
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