Piping guan

Last updated

Piping guans
Pipile cumanensis (Denver Zoo)2.jpg
A blue-throated piping guan
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Cracidae
Subfamily: Penelopinae
Genus: Pipile
Bonaparte, 1856
Type species
Penelope leucolophos [1]
Merrem (= Crax pipile Jacquin, 1784)
Species

Pipile cujubi
Pipile cumanensis
Pipile jacutinga
Pipile pipile
Pipile grayi

The piping guans are a bird genus, Pipile, in the family Cracidae. A recent study, [2] evaluating mtDNA, osteology and biogeography data [2] concluding that the wattled guan belongs in the same genus as these and is a hypermelanistic piping guan. Thus, Pipile became a junior synonym of Aburria, though this conclusion was not accepted by the South American Checklist Committee, [3] or evaluated by the IOC, so the classification remains in Pipile.

The same results also showed that the light-faced taxa pipile, cumanensis and cujubi are not, as was sometimes suggested, conspecific. However, free interbreeding between A. cujubi and A. cumanensis grayi in eastern Bolivia, creating a "hybrid swarm", casts doubt on this conclusion for the two species named. [3] [4]

It was possible to confidently resolve that the white-faced species form a clade, whereas the more basal black-faced forms are of less certain relationship. Possibly, the black-fronted piping guan is the basalmost taxon, but the placement of the wattled guan in regard to its congeners is not all too well resolved. Blue wattles evolved only once, in a lineage which seems to have originated north of the Amazon River. The piping guans' radiation began in the latter half of the Early Pliocene, roughly 4–3.5 mya. The white-faced lineage emerged around 3 mya and its present diversity began to evolve around the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary, when the ancestors of the red-throated piping guan and the blue-wattled taxa split. Due to not being calibrated by material evidence such as fossils, the divergence times cannot be estimated with a high confidence. [2]

The origin of the genus was possibly in the general area of eastern Bolivia, at the very margin of its current range. From the phylogeny outlined above, the piping guans would be expected to have originated in the southern Brazilian lowlands. However, although the relationships of the genera of guans are not entirely clear, it seems most likely that the group originated in the northern Andes region: The northernmost guan genera Chamaepetes and Penelopina appear to be basal divergences, and Pipile is most likely closer to Penelope (which represents a generally southward radiation out of the northern Andes) than to these.

Thus it appears most likely that the present genus diverged in the eastern foothills of the Andes somewhere in the vicinity of Bolivia, far to the northwest from where its origin would be presumed from the phylogeny and present-day distribution of Pipile alone. [5] [2] Two considerations are worthy of note: First, the time at which the ancestor of the piping guans diverged from Penelope has been roughly dated to the Burdigalian, some 20-15 mya, which leaves a considerable gap during which no surviving piping guan lineage evolved. [5] Secondly, it is notable that in the Late Pliocene, rising sea levels transformed much of the South American lowlands into brackish lagoon habitat unsuitable for piping guans. Thus, the present distribution is apparently a relict, and extinction of populations/displacement by the more resilient Penelope guans seems to have played as much or possibly more of a role in shaping the diversity of piping guans of our time than emergence of new lineages. [2]

Species

Genus Pipile Bonaparte, 1856 – Five species
Common nameScientific name and subspeciesRangeSize and ecologyIUCN status and estimated population
Trinidad piping guan

Pipile pipile 63558146.jpg

Pipile pipile
(Jacquin, 1784)
Trinidad
Pipile pipile map.svg
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 CR 


Blue-throated piping guan

Blue-throated Piping Guan RWD2.jpg

Pipile cumanensis
(Jacquin, 1784)
Colombia to the Guianas, Brazil, and Peru
Pipile cumanensis map.svg
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 LC 


White-throated piping guan

Blue-throated Piping Guan (Pipile cumanensis) (31841308005) (cropped).jpg

Pipile grayi
(Pelzeln, 1870)
Brazil, Peru, Bolivia and Paraguay
Pipile grayi map.svg
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 NT 


Red-throated piping guan

Red-throated piping guan (Pipile cujubi) (cropped).JPG

Pipile cujubi
(Pelzeln, 1858)

Two subspecies
  • Pipile c. cujubi(Pelzeln, 1858)
  • Pipile c. nattereri(Reichenbach, 1861)
northeastern Bolivia and Brazil
Pipile cujubi map.svg
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 VU 


Black-fronted piping guan

Aburria jacutinga -Parque das Aves-8.jpg

Pipile jacutinga
(Spix, 1825)
Atlantic Forests in south-eastern Brazil and adjacent Argentina and Paraguay
Pipile jacutinga map.svg
Size:

Habitat:

Diet:
 EN 


Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galliformes</span> Order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds

Galliformes is an order of heavy-bodied ground-feeding birds that includes turkeys, chickens, quail, and other landfowl. Gallinaceous birds, as they are called, are important in their ecosystems as seed dispersers and predators, and are often reared by humans for their meat and eggs, or hunted as game birds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cracidae</span> Family of birds

The chachalacas, guans and curassows are birds in the family Cracidae. These are species of tropical and subtropical Central and South America. The range of one species, the plain chachalaca, just reaches southernmost parts of Texas in the United States. Two species, the Trinidad piping guan and the rufous-vented chachalaca occur on the islands of Trinidad and Tobago respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Curassow</span> Subfamily of birds

Curassows are one of the three major groups of cracid birds. They comprise the largest-bodied species of the cracid family. Three of the four genera are restricted to tropical South America; a single species of Crax ranges north to Mexico. They form a distinct clade which is usually classified as the subfamily Cracinae.

<i>Tringa</i> Genus of birds

Tringa is a genus of waders, containing the shanks and tattlers. The genus name Tringa is the Neo-Latin name given to the green sandpiper by the Italian naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi in 1599. They are mainly freshwater birds, often with brightly coloured legs as reflected in the English names of six species, as well as the specific names of two of these and the green sandpiper. They are typically associated with northern hemisphere temperate regions for breeding. Some of this group—notably the green sandpiper—nest in trees, using the old nests of other birds, usually thrushes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trinidad piping guan</span> Species of bird

The Trinidad piping guan locally known as the pawi, is a bird in the chachalaca, guan and curassow family Cracidae, endemic to the island of Trinidad. It is a large bird, somewhat resembling a turkey in appearance, and research has shown that its nearest living relative is the blue-throated piping guan from South America. It is a mainly arboreal species feeding mostly on fruit, but also on flowers and leaves. At one time abundant, it has declined in numbers and been extirpated from much of its natural range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated the bird as "critically endangered".

<i>Crax</i> Genus of birds

Crax is a genus of curassows in the order Galliformes, a clade of large, heavy-bodied, ground-feeding birds. They are known from tropical South America with one species, the great curassow, ranging northwards through Central America as far as Mexico. The curassows in this genus are noted for their sexual dimorphism; males are more boldly coloured than females and have facial ornamentation such as knobs and wattles. They are also characterised by curly crests and contrastingly-coloured crissa. Crax curassows probably originated as a distinct lineage during the Late Miocene. During the Messinian, the ancestral Crax split into two lineages separated by the Colombian Andes and the Cordillera de Mérida which uplifted at that time. The northern lineage radiated into the great, blue-billed, and yellow-knobbed curassows, while the four southern species evolved as they became separated by the uplifting of various mountain ranges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guan (bird)</span> Subfamily of birds

The guans are a number of bird genera which make up the largest group in the family Cracidae. They are found mainly in northern South America, southern Central America, and a few adjacent Caribbean islands. There is also the peculiar horned guan which is not a true guan, but a very distinct and ancient cracid with no close living relatives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-fronted piping guan</span> Species of bird

The black-fronted piping guan or jacutinga in Brazilian Portuguese is a bird in the chachalaca, guan, and curassow family Cracidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.

<i>Syrmaticus</i> Genus of birds

The genus Syrmaticus contains the five species of long-tailed pheasants. The males have short spurs and usually red facial wattles, but otherwise differ wildly in appearance. The hens (females) and chicks of all the species have a rather conservative and plesiomorphic drab brown color pattern. 5 species are generally accepted in this genus.

<i>Pauxi</i> Genus of birds

The genus Pauxi consists of the three species of helmeted curassows, terrestrial black fowl with ornamental casque on their heads. All are found in South America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wattled curassow</span> Species of bird

The wattled curassow is a threatened member of the family Cracidae, the curassows, guans, and chachalacas. It is found in remote rainforests in the western Amazon basin in South America. Males have black plumage, except for a white crissum, with curly feathers on the head and red bill ornaments and wattles. Females and juveniles are similar but lack the bill ornamentation and have a reddish-buff crissum area. The wattled curassow is the most ancient lineage of the southern Crax curassows. In captivity, it sometimes hybridises with the blue-billed curassow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chachalaca</span> Genus of birds

Chachalacas are galliform birds from the genus Ortalis. These birds are found in wooded habitats in the far southern United States (Texas), Mexico, and Central and South America. They are social, can be very noisy and often remain fairly common even near humans, as their relatively small size makes them less desirable to hunters than their larger relatives. As agricultural pests, they have a ravenous appetite for tomatoes, melons, beans, and radishes and can ravage a small garden in short order. They travel in packs of six to twelve. Their nests are made of sticks, twigs, leaves, or moss and are generally frail, flat structures only a few feet above the ground. During April, they lay from three to five buffy white eggs, the shell of which is very rough and hard. They somewhat resemble the guans, and the two have commonly been placed in a subfamily together, though the chachalacas are probably closer to the curassows.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Horned guan</span> Species of bird

The horned guan is an endangered species in an ancient group of birds of the family Cracidae, which are related to the Australasian megapodes or mound builders (Megapodiidae). It is found in Mexico, Guatemala, and possibly Honduras.

<i>Penelope</i> (bird) Genus of birds

Penelope is a bird genus in the family Cracidae consisting of a number of large turkey-like arboreal species, the typical guans. The range of these species is in forests from southern Mexico to tropical South America. These large birds have predominantly brown plumage and have relatively small heads when compared to the size of their bodies; they also bear a characteristic dewlap. Body lengths are typically 65 to 95 centimeters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wattled guan</span> Species of bird

The wattled guan is a species of bird in the family Cracidae. It is a fairly large black cracid with blue-based, black-tipped beak and a long, red-and-yellow wattle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-faced guan</span> Species of bird

The red-faced guan is a species of bird in the family Cracidae, the chachalacas, guans, and curassows. It is found in Argentina and Bolivia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-throated piping guan</span> Species of bird

The red-throated piping guan is a species of bird in the chachalaca, guan, and curassow family Cracidae. It is found in Bolivia and Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue-throated piping guan</span> Species of bird

The blue-throated piping guan is a species of bird in subfamily Penelopina of family Cracidae, the guans, chachalacas, and curassows. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, the Guianas, Peru, and Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yungas guan</span> Species of bird

The Yungas guan is a species of bird in the family Cracidae, the chachalacas, guans, and curassows. It is found in the Andean foothills of Argentina and Bolivia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-throated piping guan</span> Species of bird

The white-throated piping guan is a near threatened species of bird in subfamily Penelopinae of family Cracidae, the guans, chachalacas, and curassows. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Peru.

References

  1. Peters, JL (1934). Check-list of birds of the world. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 22–23.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Grau, Erwin T.; Pereira, Sérgio Luiz; Silveira, Luís Fábio; Höfling, Elizabeth; Wanjtal, Anita (2005). "Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of Neotropical piping guans (Aves: Galliformes): Pipile Bonaparte, 1856 is synonym of Aburria Reichenbach, 1853" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (3): 637–645. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.004. PMID   15878132. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17.
  3. 1 2 Remsen, J. V. Jr.; Cadena, C. D.; Jaramillo, A.; Nores, M.; Pacheco, J. F.; Robbins, M. B.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Stiles, F. G.; Stotz, D. F.; Zimmer, K. J. "A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithologists' Union". Archived from the original on 2009-03-02. Retrieved 21 October 2007.
  4. del Hoyo, Josep; Motis, Anna (2004). "updated chapter". In Delacour, Jean; Amadon, Dean (eds.). Curassows and Related Birds (Lynx Edicions ed.). American Museum of Natural History. ISBN   84-87334-64-4.
  5. 1 2 Pereira, Sérgio Luiz; Baker, Allan J.; Wajntal, Anita (2002). "Combined nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences resolve generic relationships within the Cracidae (Galliformes, Aves)" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 51 (6): 946–958. doi:10.1080/10635150290102519. PMID   12554460. S2CID   19977508. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-10.