Porphobilinogen deaminase

HMBS
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 3ECR, 3EQ1
Identifiers
Aliases	HMBS , PBG-D, PBGD, PORC, UPS, hydroxymethylbilane synthase
External IDs	OMIM: 609806; MGI: 96112; HomoloGene: 158; GeneCards: HMBS; OMA:HMBS - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 11 (human) [1] Band 11q23.3 Start 119,084,866 bp [1] End 119,093,834 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 9 (mouse) [2] Band 9 A5.2|9 24.84 cM Start 44,247,636 bp [2] End 44,255,525 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in trabecular bone bone marrow bone marrow cells mucosa of transverse colon gonad muscle of thigh apex of heart gastrocnemius muscle right lobe of liver rectum Top expressed in fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell tibiofemoral joint human fetus spleen body of femur endocardial cushion yolk sac abdominal wall right kidney left lobe of liver More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function transferase activity hydroxymethylbilane synthase activity Cellular component cytosol cytoplasm Biological process protoporphyrinogen IX biosynthetic process tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process porphyrin-containing compound biosynthetic process peptidyl-pyrromethane cofactor linkage heme biosynthetic process Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 3145 15288 Ensembl ENSG00000256269 ENSMUSG00000032126 UniProt P08397 P22907 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000190 NM_001024382 NM_001258208 NM_001258209 NM_001110251 NM_013551 RefSeq (protein) NP_000181 NP_001019553 NP_001245137 NP_001245138 NP_001103721 NP_038579 Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 119.08 – 119.09 Mb Chr 9: 44.25 – 44.26 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
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Porphobilinogen deaminase (hydroxymethylbilane synthase, or uroporphyrinogen I synthase) is an enzyme (EC 2.5.1.61) that in humans is encoded by the HMBS gene. Porphobilinogen deaminase is involved in the third step of the heme biosynthetic pathway. It catalyzes the head to tail condensation of four porphobilinogen molecules into the linear hydroxymethylbilane while releasing four ammonia molecules:

4 porphobilinogen + H₂O ${\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }$ hydroxymethylbilane + 4 NH₃

Structure and function

Functionally, porphobilinogen deaminase catalyzes the loss of ammonia from the porphobilinogen monomer (deamination) and its subsequent polymerization to a linear tetrapyrrole, which is released as hydroxymethylbilane:

Overall reaction of PB deaminase

The structure of 40-42 kDa porphobilinogen deaminase, which is highly conserved amongst organisms, consists of three domains. ^{[5] [6]} Domains 1 and 2 are structurally very similar: each consisting of five beta-sheets and three alpha helices in humans. ^[7] Domain 3 is positioned between the other two and has a flattened beta-sheet geometry. A dipyrrole, a cofactor of this enzyme consisting of two condensed porphobilinogen molecules, is covalently attached to domain 3 and extends into the active site, the cleft between domains 1 and 2. ^[8] Several positively charged arginine residues, positioned to face the active site from domains 1 and 2, have been shown to stabilize the carboxylate functionalities on the incoming porphobilinogen as well as the growing pyrrole chain. These structural features presumably favor the formation of the final hydroxymethylbilane product. ^[9] Porphobilinogen deaminase usually exists in dimer units in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Reaction mechanism

Full PBG Deaminase Mechanism

The first step is believed to involve an E1 elimination of ammonia from porphobilinogen, generating a carbocation intermediate (1). ^[10] This intermediate is then attacked by the dipyrrole cofactor of porphobilinogen deaminase, which after losing a proton yields a trimer covalently bound to the enzyme (2). This intermediate is then open to further reaction with porphobilinogen (1 and 2 repeated three more times). Once a hexamer is formed, hydrolysis allows hydroxymethylbilane to be released, as well as cofactor regeneration (3). ^{[11] [12]}

Pathology

The most well-known health issue involving porphobilinogen deaminase is acute intermittent porphyria, an autosomal dominant genetic disorder where insufficient hydroxymethylbilane is produced, leading to a build-up of porphobilinogen in the cytoplasm. This is caused by a gene mutation that, in 90% of cases, causes decreased amounts of enzyme. However, mutations where less-active enzymes and/or different isoforms have been described. ^{[13] [14] [15]} At least 115 disease-causing mutations in this gene have been discovered. ^[16]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000256269 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000032126 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Lannfelt L, Wetterberg L, Lilius L, Thunell S, Jörnvall H, Pavlu B, Wielburski A, Gellerfors P (November 1989). "Porphobilinogen deaminase in human erythrocytes: purification of two forms with apparent molecular weights of 40 kDa and 42 kDa". Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 49 (7): 677–84. doi:10.3109/00365518909091544. PMID   2609111.
6. Louie GV, Brownlie PD, Lambert R, Cooper JB, Blundell TL, Wood SP, Warren MJ, Woodcock SC, Jordan PM (September 1992). "Structure of porphobilinogen deaminase reveals a flexible multidomain polymerase with a single catalytic site". Nature. 359 (6390): 33–9. Bibcode:1992Natur.359...33L. doi:10.1038/359033a0. PMID   1522882. S2CID   4264432.
7. Gill R, Kolstoe SE, Mohammed F, Al D-Bass A, Mosely JE, Sarwar M, Cooper JB, Wood SP, Shoolingin-Jordan PM (May 2009). "Structure of human porphobilinogen deaminase at 2.8 Å: the molecular basis of acute intermittent porphyria" (PDF). Biochem. J. 420 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1042/BJ20082077. PMID   19207107.
8. Jordan PM, Warren MJ (December 1987). "Evidence for a dipyrromethane cofactor at the catalytic site of E. coli porphobilinogen deaminase". FEBS Lett. 225 (1–2): 87–92. Bibcode:1987FEBSL.225...87J. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)81136-5 . PMID   3079571. S2CID   13483654.
9. Lander M, Pitt AR, Alefounder PR, Bardy D, Abell C, Battersby AR (April 1991). "Studies on the mechanism of hydroxymethylbilane synthase concerning the role of arginine residues in substrate binding". Biochem. J. 275 (2): 447–52. doi:10.1042/bj2750447. PMC   1150073 . PMID   2025226.
10. Pichon C, Clemens KR, Jacobson AR, Ian Scott A (June 1992). "On the mechanism of porphobilinogen deaminase. Design, synthesis, and enzymatic reactions of novel porphobilinogen analogs". Tetrahedron. 48 (23): 4687–4712. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)81567-2.
11. Battersby AR (December 2000). "Tetrapyrroles: the pigments of life". Nat Prod Rep. 17 (6): 507–26. doi:10.1039/b002635m. PMID   11152419.
12. Leeper FJ (April 1989). "The biosynthesis of porphyrins, chlorophylls, and vitamin B12". Nat Prod Rep. 6 (2): 171–203. doi:10.1039/NP9890600171. PMID   2664584.
13. "Entrez Gene: HMBS hydroxymethylbilane synthase".
14. Grandchamp B, Picat C, de Rooij F, Beaumont C, Wilson P, Deybach JC, Nordmann Y (August 1989). "A point mutation G----A in exon 12 of the porphobilinogen deaminase gene results in exon skipping and is responsible for acute intermittent porphyria". Nucleic Acids Res. 17 (16): 6637–49. doi:10.1093/nar/17.16.6637. PMC   318356 . PMID   2789372.
15. Astrin KH, Desnick RJ (1994). "Molecular basis of acute intermittent porphyria: mutations and polymorphisms in the human hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene". Hum. Mutat. 4 (4): 243–52. doi:10.1002/humu.1380040403. PMID   7866402. S2CID   24402776.
16. Šimčíková D, Heneberg P (December 2019). "Refinement of evolutionary medicine predictions based on clinical evidence for the manifestations of Mendelian diseases". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 18577. Bibcode:2019NatSR...918577S. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54976-4. PMC   6901466 . PMID   31819097.

Further reading

• Deybach JC, Puy H (1995). "Porphobilinogen deaminase gene structure and molecular defects". J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 27 (2): 197–205. doi:10.1007/BF02110034. PMID   7592566. S2CID   41764609.
• Astrin KH, Desnick RJ (1995). "Molecular basis of acute intermittent porphyria: mutations and polymorphisms in the human hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene". Hum. Mutat. 4 (4): 243–52. doi:10.1002/humu.1380040403. PMID   7866402. S2CID   24402776.
• Helliwell JR, Nieh YP, Habash J, et al. (2003). "Time-resolved and static-ensemble structural chemistry of hydroxymethylbilane synthase". Faraday Discussions. 122: 131–44, discussion 171–90. Bibcode:2003FaDi..122..131H. doi:10.1039/b201331b. PMID   12555854.
• Hessels J, Voortman G, van der Wagen A, et al. (2004). "Homozygous acute intermittent porphyria in a 7-year-old boy with massive excretions of porphyrins and porphyrin precursors". J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 27 (1): 19–27. doi:10.1023/B:BOLI.0000016613.75677.05. PMID   14970743. S2CID   9504522.
• Kauppinen R (2004). "Molecular diagnostics of acute intermittent porphyria". Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 4 (2): 243–9. doi:10.1586/14737159.4.2.243. PMID   14995910. S2CID   21392441.
• Hrdinka M, Puy H, Martasek P (2007). "May 2006 update in porphobilinogen deaminase gene polymorphisms and mutations causing acute intermittent porphyria: comparison with the situation in Slavic population". Physiological Research. 55 (Suppl 2): S119–36. PMID   17298216.
• Kauppinen R, Peltonen L, Pihlaja H, Mustajoki P (1993). "CRIM-positive mutations of acute intermittent porphyria in Finland". Hum. Mutat. 1 (5): 392–6. doi: 10.1002/humu.1380010508 . PMID   1301948. S2CID   10575526.
• Mgone CS, Lanyon WG, Moore MR, Connor JM (1992). "Detection of seven point mutations in the porphobilinogen deaminase gene in patients with acute intermittent porphyria, by direct sequencing of in vitro amplified cDNA". Hum. Genet. 90 (1–2): 12–6. doi:10.1007/BF00210738. PMID   1427766. S2CID   19680295.
• Gu XF, de Rooij F, Voortman G, et al. (1992). "High frequency of mutations in exon 10 of the porphobilinogen deaminase gene in patients with a CRIM-positive subtype of acute intermittent porphyria". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 51 (3): 660–5. PMC   1682727 . PMID   1496994.
• Delfau MH, Picat C, De Rooij F, et al. (1991). "Molecular heterogeneity of acute intermittent porphyria: identification of four additional mutations resulting in the CRIM-negative subtype of the disease". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 49 (2): 421–8. PMC   1683312 . PMID   1714233.
• Namba H, Narahara K, Tsuji K, et al. (1991). "Assignment of human porphobilinogen deaminase to 11q24.1----q24.2 by in situ hybridization and gene dosage studies". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 57 (2–3): 105–8. doi:10.1159/000133123. PMID   1914516.
• Lee JS, Anvret M (1992). "Identification of the most common mutation within the porphobilinogen deaminase gene in Swedish patients with acute intermittent porphyria". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (23): 10912–5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.23.10912 . PMC   53042 . PMID   1961762.
• Tunnacliffe A, McGuire RS (1991). "A physical linkage group in human chromosome band 11q23 covering a region implicated in leukocyte neoplasia". Genomics. 8 (3): 447–53. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(90)90030-X. PMID   1981047.
• Scobie GA, Llewellyn DH, Urquhart AJ, et al. (1990). "Acute intermittent porphyria caused by a C----T mutation that produces a stop codon in the porphobilinogen deaminase gene". Hum. Genet. 85 (6): 631–4. doi:10.1007/BF00193588. PMID   2227955. S2CID   28858687.
• Delfau MH, Picat C, de Rooij FW, et al. (1990). "Two different point G to A mutations in exon 10 of the porphobilinogen deaminase gene are responsible for acute intermittent porphyria". J. Clin. Invest. 86 (5): 1511–6. doi:10.1172/JCI114869. PMC   296897 . PMID   2243128.
• Raich N, Romeo PH, Dubart A, et al. (1986). "Molecular cloning and complete primary sequence of human erythrocyte porphobilinogen deaminase". Nucleic Acids Res. 14 (15): 5955–68. doi:10.1093/nar/14.15.5955. PMC   311614 . PMID   2875434.
• Vidaud M, Gattoni R, Stevenin J, et al. (1989). "A 5' splice-region G----C mutation in exon 1 of the human beta-globin gene inhibits pre-mRNA splicing: a mechanism for beta+-thalassemia". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 (3): 1041–5. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86.1041V. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.3.1041 . PMC   286617 . PMID   2915972.

External links

• GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Hydroxymethylbilane Synthase Deficiency

Heme synthesis—note that some reactions occur in the cytoplasm and some in the mitochondrion (yellow)

• Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt : P08397 (Porphobilinogen deaminase) at the PDBe-KB .