Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase

UROD
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1JPH, 1JPI, 1JPK, 1R3Q, 1R3R, 1R3S, 1R3T, 1R3V, 1R3W, 1R3Y, 1URO, 2Q6Z, 2Q71, 3GVQ, 3GVR, 3GVV, 3GVW, 3GW0, 3GW3
Identifiers
Aliases	UROD , PCT, UPD, uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
External IDs	OMIM: 613521 MGI: 98916 HomoloGene: 320 GeneCards: UROD
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 1 (human) [1] Band 1p34.1 Start 45,010,950 bp [1] End 45,015,575 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 4 (mouse) [2] Band 4 D1|4 53.41 cM Start 116,847,162 bp [2] End 116,851,610 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in spongy bone parotid gland right adrenal gland parietal pleura endothelial cell middle temporal gyrus Brodmann area 23 bone marrow pancreatic ductal cell germinal epithelium Top expressed in internal carotid artery endocardial cushion external carotid artery facial motor nucleus atrioventricular valve medullary collecting duct renal corpuscle lacrimal gland medial ganglionic eminence blood More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function protein binding lyase activity uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity carboxy-lyase activity Cellular component nucleoplasm cytoplasm cytosol Biological process protoporphyrinogen IX biosynthetic process porphyrin-containing compound biosynthetic process heme biosynthetic process heme metabolic process Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 7389 22275 Ensembl ENSG00000126088 ENSMUSG00000028684 UniProt P06132 P70697 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000374 NM_009478 RefSeq (protein) NP_000365 NP_033504 Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 45.01 – 45.02 Mb Chr 4: 116.85 – 116.85 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase (uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, or UROD) is an enzyme (EC 4.1.1.37) that in humans is encoded by the UROD gene. ^[5]

Function

Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase is a homodimeric enzyme ( PDB: 1URO ​) that catalyzes the fifth step in heme biosynthesis, which corresponds to the elimination of carboxyl groups from the four acetate side chains of uroporphyrinogen III to yield coproporphyrinogen III:

uroporphyrinogen III ${\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }$ coproporphyrinogen III + 4 CO₂

Clinical significance

Mutations and deficiency in this enzyme are known to cause familial porphyria cutanea tarda and hepatoerythropoietic porphyria. ^[5] At least 65 disease-causing mutations in this gene have been discovered. ^[6]

Mechanism

At low substrate concentrations, the reaction is believed to follow an ordered route, with the sequential removal of CO₂ from the D, A, B, and C rings, whereas at higher substrate/enzyme levels a random route seems to be operative. The enzyme functions as a dimer in solution, and both the enzymes from human and tobacco have been crystallized and solved at good resolutions.

The reaction catalyzed by UroD

UroD is regarded as an unusual decarboxylase, since it performs decarboxylations without the intervention of any cofactors, unlike the vast majority of decarboxylases. Its mechanism has recently been proposed to proceed through substrate protonation by an arginine residue. ^[7] A 2008 report demonstrated that the uncatalyzed rate for UroD's reaction is 10⁻¹⁹ s⁻¹, so at pH 10 the rate acceleration of UroD relative to the uncatalyzed rate, i.e. catalytic proficiency, is the largest for any enzyme known, 6 x 10²⁴ M⁻¹. ^[8]

Proposed reaction mechanism of uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000126088 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000028684 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. "Entrez Gene: UROD uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase".
6. Šimčíková D, Heneberg P (December 2019). "Refinement of evolutionary medicine predictions based on clinical evidence for the manifestations of Mendelian diseases". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 18577. Bibcode:2019NatSR...918577S. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54976-4. PMC   6901466 . PMID   31819097.
7. Silva PJ, Ramos MJ (2005). "Density-functional study of mechanisms for the cofactor-free decarboxylation performed by uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase". J Phys Chem B. 109 (38): 18195–200. doi:10.1021/jp051792s. PMID   16853337.
8. Lewis CA, Wolfenden R (November 2008). "Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylation as a benchmark for the catalytic proficiency of enzymes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (45): 17328–33. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10517328L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0809838105 . PMC   2582308 . PMID   18988736.

Further reading

• Elder GH, Lee GB, Tovey JA (1978). "Decreased activity of hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in sporadic porphyria cutanea tarda". N. Engl. J. Med. 299 (6): 274–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM197808102990603. PMID   661926.
• de Verneuil H, Bourgeois F, de Rooij F, et al. (1992). "Characterization of a new mutation (R292G) and a deletion at the human uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase locus in two patients with hepatoerythropoietic porphyria". Hum. Genet. 89 (5): 548–52. doi:10.1007/bf00219182. hdl: 1765/58484 . PMID   1634232. S2CID   31811381.
• Romana M, Grandchamp B, Dubart A, et al. (1991). "Identification of a new mutation responsible for hepatoerythropoietic porphyria". Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 21 (2): 225–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.1991.tb01814.x. PMID   1905636. S2CID   22358220.
• Garey JR, Harrison LM, Franklin KF, et al. (1990). "Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase: a splice site mutation causes the deletion of exon 6 in multiple families with porphyria cutanea tarda". J. Clin. Invest. 86 (5): 1416–22. doi:10.1172/JCI114856. PMC   296884 . PMID   2243121.
• Garey JR, Hansen JL, Harrison LM, et al. (1989). "A point mutation in the coding region of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase associated with familial porphyria cutanea tarda". Blood. 73 (4): 892–5. doi: 10.1182/blood.V73.4.892.892 . PMID   2920211.
• Roméo PH, Raich N, Dubart A, et al. (1986). "Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of a complete human uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase cDNA". J. Biol. Chem. 261 (21): 9825–31. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)67589-1 . PMID   3015909.
• Dubart A, Mattei MG, Raich N, et al. (1986). "Assignment of human uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (URO-D) to the p34 band of chromosome 1". Hum. Genet. 73 (3): 277–9. doi:10.1007/BF00401245. PMID   3460962. S2CID   34478515.
• Romana M, Dubart A, Beaupain D, et al. (1987). "Structure of the gene for human uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase". Nucleic Acids Res. 15 (18): 7343–56. doi:10.1093/nar/15.18.7343. PMC   306252 . PMID   3658695.
• de Verneuil H, Grandchamp B, Beaumont C, et al. (1986). "Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase structural mutant (Gly281----Glu) in a case of porphyria". Science. 234 (4777): 732–4. Bibcode:1986Sci...234..732D. doi:10.1126/science.3775362. PMID   3775362.
• Roberts AG, Elder GH, De Salamanca RE, et al. (1995). "A mutation (G281E) of the human uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase gene causes both hepatoerythropoietic porphyria and overt familial porphyria cutanea tarda: biochemical and genetic studies on Spanish patients". J. Invest. Dermatol. 104 (4): 500–2. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12605953 . PMID   7706766.
• Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID   8125298.
• Meguro K, Fujita H, Ishida N, et al. (1994). "Molecular defects of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in a patient with mild hepatoerythropoietic porphyria". J. Invest. Dermatol. 102 (5): 681–5. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12374134. PMID   8176248.
• Moran-Jimenez MJ, Ged C, Romana M, et al. (1996). "Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase: complete human gene sequence and molecular study of three families with hepatoerythropoietic porphyria". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 58 (4): 712–21. PMC   1914669 . PMID   8644733.
• McManus JF, Begley CG, Sassa S, Ratnaike S (1996). "Five new mutations in the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase gene identified in families with cutaneous porphyria". Blood. 88 (9): 3589–600. doi: 10.1182/blood.V88.9.3589.bloodjournal8893589 . PMID   8896428.
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, et al. (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID   9373149.
• Whitby FG, Phillips JD, Kushner JP, Hill CP (1998). "Crystal structure of human uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase". EMBO J. 17 (9): 2463–71. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.9.2463. PMC   1170588 . PMID   9564029.
• Mendez M, Sorkin L, Rossetti MV, et al. (1998). "Familial porphyria cutanea tarda: characterization of seven novel uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase mutations and frequency of common hemochromatosis alleles". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 63 (5): 1363–75. doi:10.1086/302119. PMC   1377546 . PMID   9792863.
• Wang H, Long Q, Marty SD, et al. (1998). "A zebrafish model for hepatoerythropoietic porphyria". Nat. Genet. 20 (3): 239–43. doi:10.1038/3041. PMID   9806541. S2CID   28379777.
• McManus JF, Begley CG, Sassa S, Ratnaike S (1999). "Three new mutations in the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase gene in familial porphyria cutanea tarda. Mutation in brief no. 237. Online". Hum. Mutat. 13 (5): 412–413. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)13:5<412::AID-HUMU13>3.0.CO;2-N . PMID   10338097.
• Christiansen L, Ged C, Hombrados I, et al. (1999). "Screening for mutations in the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase gene using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Identification and characterization of six novel mutations associated with familial PCT". Hum. Mutat. 14 (3): 222–32. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)14:3<222::AID-HUMU5>3.0.CO;2-V . PMID   10477430. S2CID   245442.

External links

• Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt : P06132 (Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase) at the PDBe-KB .

Heme synthesis—note that some reactions occur in the cytoplasm and some in the mitochondrion (yellow)