Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media

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The portrayal of ISIL in American media has largely been negative. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has been linked in the American media to several atrocities throughout the Middle East. Most recently U.S. coverage has linked ISIL members to burning alive of Royal Jordanian Air Force pilot Muath al-Kasasbeh, [1] beheadings of journalists James Foley and Steven Sotloff, and most recently, because the perpetrator of the June 2016 Orlando mass shooting- America's second deadliest- reportedly pledged allegiance to ISIL and its leader in a phone call to 911 operators just before the incident. The American public was introduced to ISIL with these actions. This contrasts with the renewed prominence of al-Qaeda after the September 11 attacks in the media. That coverage focused on the United States' response to the attacks, while the coverage of ISIL started with the organization itself and evolved to cover America's potential strategy.

Contents

News media

After the killing of American journalist James Foley in August 2014 by members of ISIL, the newspaper The Record, based out of Bergen County, New Jersey, wrote an article that portrayed ISIL as a group wanting to humiliate and destroy the United States, a result of the beheading of James Foley. As the article states, by humiliating and destroying the United States, ISIL looks to rid the U.S. of its power so it that it may no longer be a "dominant player in the world." It cites what Al Qaeda did to the Manhattan skyline on September 11 as the impact it too wants to see in the future. [2]

ISIL has been portrayed as successful at attracting individuals to its cause. Following the shootings at the Canadian Parliament and War Memorial, an article in Bloomberg News stated "The Islamic State is proving more successful at attracting vulnerable Canadian youth to its cause than al-Qaida ever was, and terrorism experts attribute that in part to the group's military success and its brash use of social media." Authors Liezel Hill, Scott Deveau and Gerrit De Vynck, cite the country's air strikes on Syria as a motivation to join the cause, as well as the decision to prevent people from leaving Canada for Syria as a reason to continue the group's mission at home. [3]

CNN reported the story of a former US soldier who is now in northern Syria, serving as a volunteer fighter in the Kurdish militia, or the YPG, against ISIL. The soldier, Jordan Matson, states how many US allied countries have been threatened by members of ISIS trying to spread their agenda. The article claims that his reason for the decision to join the fight against ISIL in a foreign country is the result of the happenings in Iraq and seeing "All of the American brothers that have died over there -- all the American veterans that have died over there -- and paid their lives for that country so they could have a democracy." In this article CNN portrays ISIL as a group opposing the agenda of the US and specifically their fight for democracy in Iraq. [4] In another report from CNN, ISIL is portrayed as something that is appealing particularly to young individuals. This report comes on the heels of a propaganda video released by ISIL showing a Canadian youth "who enjoyed ice hockey, going to the cabin, and fishing," who then left Canada for Syria to "live properly as a Muslim." With the report that more than 30 Canadians have joined ISIL in Syria and more than 100 people have joined in other countries like Yemen, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, CNN is portraying ISIL as something that gives an individual "identity and purpose" for youth Muslims. [5]

To show the power of ISIL and what they are capable of, CNN did a report on what had happened to more than 50 members of the Albu Nimr tribe, the last people in the western Baghdad-based tribe who were resisting against joining ISIL. The whereabouts of these holdouts taken captive is unknown, but as CNN reports, they are "likely dead, the latest casualties of ISIS who have killed hundreds of members of the tribe in mass executions in recent days." As a result, we can see that members of ISIS are portrayed as violent. [6]

ISIS is believed to be one of the best funded groups in recent years due to their strategy of capturing and running oil fields to sell to black markets, making a projected 3 million dollars a day since July 2014. [7]

US Media has also played the human interest element by espousing their belief of the Jihadist bride practice, in which fighters for ISIS are awarded wives as the spoils of war. [8] The US Media has observed young woman willingly leave to become brides of ISIS fighters. [9]

American newspapers have also reported on the justifications that the United States government has for ordering the airstrikes targeting ISIL members. As the Associated Press reported, "A U.S.-led coalition has been launching airstrikes on Islamic State militants and facilities in Iraq and Syria for months, as part of an effort to give Iraqi forces the time and space to mount a more effective offensive." [10] By stating what problems that ISIS has created, the American media is portraying ISIS as deserving of the actions that the U.S. military is taking against them. This reasoning also justifies why President Barack Obama ordered another 1,500 troops to Iraq in order to stop the progress of ISIL, as CNN reported. [11]

The Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting group has released findings about guests on several Sunday morning talk news programs and their feelings towards war. Their September–October 2014 research showed that of the 205 people who appeared on Sunday morning programs, like CNN's State of the Union or CBS's Face the Nation , to discuss military options in Syria and Iraq, only six of these guests, or three percent, voiced opposition to a US military intervention. [12]

Social media

ISIS is believed to actively use malicious programs on computers and mobile devices such as cell phones in order to create social media floods, creating the perception that ISIS has more support and is bigger than it actually is around the world. [13]

Muslims who are not ISIL members are using social media to get their side out to the world and show that just because they are Muslim, they do not want to be associated with ISIL. They have united under the hashtag, #NotInMyName to reflect that followers of Islam do not wholly support ISIL. [14]

During the celebrations of Halloween 2014, many Americans chose to dress in ISIL themed Halloween costumes. Images of these outfits flooded social media as women dressed in "sexy" ISIL costumes, and some of the more perverse costumes containing fake swords and severed heads. After these photos surfaced there was a great deal of backlash in the American media. [15]

According to Mideast expert and Fox News contributor Walid Phares, there are two scenarios that could have come from the costumes. "One is that they would wear ISIS type clothing and mingle with the Halloween celebrants, mostly in public places, and perform violence and film it with devices. The videos produced would be extensively used by ISIS or jihadists for propaganda purposes. They would claim having hit the enemy at home, while wearing jihadi uniforms." Phares argues that ISIS could argue that they had garnered support within the United States, regardless of how many costumes were legitimate. Phares argues that there is a second implication of the costumes. "A second projected scenario, would be a trigger violence and draw law enforcement into reaction, and having law enforcement disoriented by the fact that many youth would be in ISIS clothing, with possible tragic incidents following. There are many scenarios which can be used by jihadi terrorists, particularly by lone wolves." According to Phares, the costumes give unwarranted opportunity for members of ISIS, and those who are not affiliated but work alone, to utilize hysteria and cause panic. [15]

According to an article published in the Huffington Post, one woman received a text from an acquaintance asking for help with her Halloween costume. She reportedly asked to borrow her, "face thing" or her hijab in order to portray the militant group. The woman wished to remain unnamed, but she told the Huffington Post that the text had crossed a line. she said, "She's not just equating what I wear to being Muslim--she's equating it to ISIS." [16]

Justin Moyer of The Washington Post found the costumes to be essential to fighting ISIL. According to Moyer, "On that day [halloween] we make light of our greatest fears by dressing up as them." He admits that ISIS is scary, and mocking them will not bring back the people that they have killed. Moyer continued saying, "But while tactical airstrikes target [ISIL] on the ground, Americans at home can play a strategic game for hearts and minds by making it look uncool to act like angry radicalized adolescents nursing grudges and growing pains." Moyer finished the articles stating, "So forget 'too soon': Let's expose the sullen, anti Semitic, un-Islamic, homophobic rapist brats running around Syria and Iraq for the clowns they are by clothing our kids in balaclavas and black flags this Halloween." [17]

As a result of the inflammatory costumes, #MuslimApologies began trending on Twitter. According to The Huffington Post, many Muslims around the world have found themselves associated with a violent minority that they want nothing to do with. Some officials and activists have taken a stand against the religious profiling, but others have taken a viral approach. The hashtag, #MuslimApologies is meant to be a "tongue-in-cheek humor" with the message, all Muslims should not have to apologize for the actions of a few. And there is a lot more to Islam than the rampant stereotypes. According to the Huffington Post, some of these tweets included, "Sorry for giving a fifth of my annual savings to charity each year #MuslimApologies" and "Sorry for not being a terrorist. #muslimapologies". [18]

Beheading videos

ISIL has recorded many of their beheadings, which in turn broadcast on American news programs. American media outlets such as CNN and others like Al Jazeera America have scaled back their coverage of the actual videos themselves. [19] This has resulted in showing stills from the videos less often and not including graphic descriptions. Some of these moves have been attributed to lessons learned when in 2012 the New York Post published a front page showing a man seconds before being struck by a train. [20]

The videos themselves are often spread on social media. Twitter CEO Dick Costolo spoke on behalf of his company saying: "We have been and are actively suspending accounts as we discover them related to this graphic imagery." [21] The Associated Press reported that Twitter's official policy states: " Twitter allows immediate family members of someone who dies to request image removals, although the company weighs public interest against privacy concerns." The AP also reported that YouTube and Facebook have been actively removing images of the events. [22]

Name of the group

Tom Kent, Deputy managing editor and standards editor of The Associated Press , has written a blog post detailing the organization's decision to refer to the militant group as ISIL. He states that the group's name in Arabic is Al-Dawla Al-Islamiya fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham which means the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham. "al Sham" refers to a region that in English is called "the Levant." For that reason the AP uses the name ISIL. "We believe this is the most accurate translation of the group's name and reflects its aspirations to rule over a broad swath of the Middle East," said John Daniszewski, AP vice president. [23]

In an article by Jaime Fuller for The Washington Post , she discussed the importance of the acronym. President Obama appeared on "Meet the Press" with host Chuck Todd, and the two could not agree on what to call the militant group. Obama said, "I'm preparing the country to make sure that we deal with a threat from ISIL." Todd followed this statement saying, "Obviously, if you're going to defeat ISIS, you have used very much stronger language." Todd followed up the interview with a discussion with his panel. He said, "Obviously we refer to it at NBC News as ISIS. The Obama administration, president, says the word ISIL. The last S stands for Syria, the last L they don't want to have stand for Syria." According to the Washington Post article, by using the term ISIL the president is choosing to leave Syria unnamed because it is the country he chose to stay out of last year. [24]

The Washington Post article continued to say that the majority of politicians and media organizations have chosen to use the term ISIL rather than ISIS because of grammar. These organizations argue that when the Arabic name for the group of insurgents is translated into English (Al-Dawla Al-Islamiya fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham) using "the Levant" (a.k.a. ISIL) is the most accurate. [24]

Secretary of State John Kerry has referred to ISIL as "Daesh", a name they abhor and punish people for using in areas they control, urging others to do the same. [25]

Entertainment media

The television show Archer is changing one of its references in the show as a result of the current role of ISIL in the real world. The show's main character, Sterling Archer, works for the International Secret Intelligence Service, which is referred to strictly by the acronym "ISIS" throughout the first five seasons of the show. However, creators of the show have decided to change the acronym in the upcoming sixth season because of the portrayal of the militant group by the same name. As executive producer Matt Thompson said in an interview with the Boston Herald , ISIS is "just the most awful thing, and we didn't want to have anything to do with it." [26]

Contrasting viewpoints

Much of the media coverage has been about the group's actions and United States reactions. Political scientist Noam Chomsky cites the 2003 invasion of Iraq by America and its allies as making the area fertile to grow radicals. [27] The National Review's Ira Straus penned a piece titled "How Obama Caused ISIS" which argues that actions such as the troop withdrawal in Iraq and changing courses resulted in the growth of the organization. [28]

See also

Related Research Articles

A beheading video is a form of propaganda or snuff video in which hostages are graphically decapitated. It is often employed by groups seeking to instill shock or terror into a population, whilst beheading has been a widely employed public execution method since the ancient Greeks and Romans, videos of this type only began to arise in 2002 with the beheading of Daniel Pearl and the growth of the Internet in the Information Age which allowed groups to anonymously publish these videos for public consumption. The beheadings shown in these videos are usually not performed in a "classical" method – decapitating a victim quickly with a blow from a sword or axe – but by the relatively slow and torturous process of slicing and sawing the victim's neck, while still alive, with a knife. Despite the number of groups and ideologies that employ this form of propaganda, the process is overwhelmingly associated with Islamist extremists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic State</span> Salafi jihadist militant Islamist group

The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, and by its Arabic acronym Daesh, is a militant Islamist group and former unrecognized quasi-state that follows the Salafi jihadist branch of Sunni Islam. It was founded by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in 1999 and gained global prominence in 2014, when it drove Iraqi security forces out of key cities during the Anbar campaign, which was followed by its capture of Mosul and the Sinjar massacre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</span> Leader of the Islamic State from 2013 to 2019

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, was an Iraqi militant and the first caliph of the Islamic State from 2014 until his death in 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)</span> ISIL military offensive in northern Iraq against Iraqi government (2014)

The Northern Iraq offensive began on 4 June 2014, when the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and allied forces began a major offensive in northern Iraq against Iraqi government forces, following earlier clashes that had begun in December 2013.

The following is a timeline of the Syrian civil war from August to December 2014. Information about aggregated casualty counts is found at Casualties of the Syrian Civil War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">War against the Islamic State</span> Military actions against Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

In response to rapid territorial gains made by the Islamic State during the first half of 2014, and its universally condemned executions, reported human rights abuses and the fear of further spillovers of the Syrian Civil War, many states began to intervene against it in both the Syrian Civil War and the War in Iraq. Later, there were also minor interventions by some states against IS-affiliated groups in Nigeria and Libya.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war</span> US support of rebels in the ongoing conflict

The American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War refers to the American-led support of Syrian rebels and the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) during the course of the Syrian civil war, including Operation Inherent Resolve, the active military operation led by the United States, and involving the militaries of the United Kingdom, France, Jordan, Turkey, Canada, Australia, and others against the Islamic State (IS) and al-Nusra Front since 2014. Beginning in 2017–18, the U.S. and its partners have also targeted the Syrian government and its allies via airstrikes and aircraft shoot-downs, mainly in defense of either the SDF or the Revolutionary Commando Army opposition group based in al-Tanf.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic State beheading incidents</span> Mostly 2014–2015 beheadings by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Beginning in 2014, a number of people from various countries were beheaded by the Islamic State; a radical Sunni Islamist group operating in Iraq and parts of Syria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)</span> Multi-national campaign

On 15 June 2014, U.S. President Barack Obama ordered United States forces to be dispatched in response to the Northern Iraq offensive of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) as part of Operation Inherent Resolve. At the invitation of the Iraqi government, American troops went to assess Iraqi forces and the threat posed by ISIL.

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has employed sexual violence against women and men in a terroristic manner. Sexual violence, as defined by The World Health Organization includes “any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise directed, against a person’s sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting, including but not limited to home and work.” ISIL has used sexual violence to undermine a sense of security within communities, and to raise funds through the sale of captives into sexual slavery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Inherent Resolve</span> Military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR) is the U.S. military's operational name for the International military intervention against ISIL, including both a campaign in Iraq and a campaign in Syria, with a closely-related campaign in Libya. Through 18 September 2018, the U.S. Army's III Armored Corps was responsible for Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF—OIR) and were replaced by the XVIII Airborne Corps. The campaign is primarily waged by American and British air forces in support of local allies, most prominently the Iraqi security forces and Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). Combat ground troops, mostly special forces and artillery, have also been deployed, especially in Iraq. Of the airstrikes, 70% have been conducted by the military of the United States, 20% by the United Kingdom and the remaining 10% being carried out by France, Turkey, Canada, the Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Australia and Jordan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Military activity of the Islamic State</span> Military unit

The military of the Islamic State is the fighting force of the Islamic State (IS). The total force size at its peak was estimated from tens of thousands to over two hundred thousand. ISIL's armed forces grew quickly during its territorial expansion in 2014. The ISIL military, including groups incorporated into it in 2014, openly operates and controls territory in multiple cities in Libya and Nigeria. In October 2016, it conquered the city of Qandala in Puntland, Somalia. It conquered much of eastern Syria and western Iraq in 2014, territory it lost finally only in 2019. It also has had border clashes with and made incursions into Lebanon, Iran, and Jordan. ISIL-linked groups operate in Algeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, and in West Africa. In January 2015, ISIL was also confirmed to have a military presence in Afghanistan and in Yemen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory</span> Situation of human rights in the regions under the control of Islamic State

The state of human rights in the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL/ISIS) is considered to be one of, if not, the worst in modern history and has been severely criticised by many political and religious organisations, and individuals. Islamic State policies included severe acts of genocide, torture and slavery. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) has stated that the Islamic State "seeks to subjugate civilians under its control and dominate every aspect of their lives through terror, indoctrination, and the provision of services to those who obey". ISIS actions of extreme criminality, terror, recruitment and other activities has been documented in the Middle East and several other regions around the world.

The response of Saudi Arabia to the Islamic State has taken many forms. For example, Saudi government agencies have worked with the United States since late 2014 to train and equip Syrian fighters hoping to engage with Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) militants. The challenges of dealing with ISIL is complicated by the fact that around 2,500 militants originally from Saudi territory have left for Syria in order to join ISIL, the destabilization created by the Syrian Civil War having a big effect on the region.

The name of the Islamic State has been contentious since 2013. In Arabic, the group called itself al-Dawlah al-Islāmīyah fī al-`Irāq wa al-Shām, which it adopted in April 2013. The literal translation of its previous name resulted in confusion, resulting in both ISIS and ISIL, two acronyms based on different literal translations of the name into English. Apart from these, an Arabic-derived acronym, "Daesh", Da'ish or Dā`iš (داعش), which is also the common name for the group beyond the Arabic-speaking parts of the world. Finally, the group's current name caused controversy due to its English translation as Islamic State and as a result, both the previous acronyms are still widely used, or a qualifier is often added to the IS name, such as "Islamic State militant group", "Islamic State extremist group", "Islamic State terrorist group", "self-styled Islamic State" or "so-called Islamic State".

In early 2014, the jihadist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant captured extensive territory in Western Iraq in the Anbar campaign, while counter-offensives against it were mounted in Syria. Raqqa in Syria became its headquarters. The Wall Street Journal estimated that eight million people lived under its control in the two countries.

This article contains a timeline of events from January 2015 to December 2015 related to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL/ISIS). This article contains information about events committed by or on behalf of the Islamic State, as well as events performed by groups who oppose them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State</span> 2014 ethnic cleansing campaign by the Islamic State in Sinjar, northern Iraq

A genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State was carried out in the Sinjar area of northern Iraq in the mid-2010s. The genocide led to the expulsion, flight and effective exile of the Yazidis. Thousands of Yazidi women and girls were forced into sexual slavery by ISIL, and thousands of Yazidi men were killed. About 5,000 thousand Yazidi civilians were killed during what has been called a "forced conversion campaign" carried out by ISIL in Northern Iraq. The genocide began after the withdrawal of Iraqi forces and Peshmerga, which left the Yazidis defenseless.

Collaboration with the Islamic State refers to the cooperation and assistance given by governments, non-state actors, and private individuals to the Islamic State (IS) during the Syrian Civil War, Iraqi Civil War, and Libyan Civil War.

The history of the Islamic State began with the group's foundation in 1999 by Jordanian Salafi jihadist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi under the name Jamāʻat al-Tawḥīd wa-al-Jihād. In a letter published by the US State Department in February 2004, Zarqawi wrote that jihadists should use bombings to start an open sectarian war in Iraq so that Sunnis from other countries would mobilize against the assassinations carried out by Shias, specifically the Badr Organisation, against Ba'athists and Sunnis. The Islamic State would eventually grow to control territory with a population of millions.

References

  1. ↑ Menzel, Andrew. "Jordanian pilot 'burned alive' in new Isil video". Telegraph.cu.uk. The Telegraph. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  2. ↑ Doblin, Alfred P. (22 October 2014). "We need Churchill, not a 21st century Chamberlain". The Record . Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  3. ↑ Hill, Liezel; Deveau, Scott; De Vynck, Gerrit (2014-10-23). "Canadians From Calgary to Timmins Heed Islamic State". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2014-12-09.
  4. ↑ Watson, Ivan; Tuysuz, Gul; Ford, Dana (2014-10-27). "'At peace' in war: A former U.S. soldier battles ISIS". CNN. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
  5. ↑ Kaye, Randi (2014-10-24). "Canada travel ad or pro-ISIS video?". CNN. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
  6. ↑ Sadik, Odai; Carter, Chelsea J.; Leopold, Todd (2 November 2014). "Public executions and mass graves: ISIS targets Sunni tribe in Iraq". CNN. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  7. ↑ Defterios, John. "ISIS' struggle to control its oil riches". CNN.com. CNN. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  8. ↑ CBS This Morning. "New details emerge on Kayla Mueller's ISIS captivity". cbsnews.com. CBS News. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  9. ↑ Eckhardt, Andy. "Number of Women From West Becoming Jihadi Brides Rises: German Official". NBCNews.com. NBC News. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  10. ↑ Yacouc, Sameer N. (8 November 2014). "US airstrikes target Islamic State leaders in Iraq". Associated Press . Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  11. ↑ Pearson, Michael (9 November 2014). "ISIS fight in new phase, Obama says". CNN. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  12. ↑ "No Debate and the New War: Study finds little opposition to US attacks on Iraq, Syria". Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting. 14 November 2014.
  13. ↑ Berger, J.M. "How ISIS Games Twitter". Theatlantic.com. The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
  14. ↑ Warren, Rossalyn (22 September 2014). "Muslims Are Speaking Out Against ISIS To Say: You Do Not Represent Us". Buzzfeed. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  15. 1 2 "From Ebola suits to terrorist garb, Halloween costumes reach new low, critics say". Fox News. 30 October 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  16. ↑ Blumberg, Antonia (31 October 2014). "This Muslim Woman Actually Received A Text From Someone Asking For ISIS Halloween Costume Help". Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  17. ↑ Moyer, Justin (23 October 2014). "ISIS Halloween costumes are what we need to fight the Islamic State". The Washington Post . Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  18. ↑ Blumberg, Antonia (24 September 2014). "#MuslimApologies Highlights The Absurdity Of Blaming An Entire Religion For Actions Of Few". Huffington Post. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  19. ↑ Edge, Abigail (17 November 2014). "ISIS: Lessons for coverage from CNN, Al Jazeera, France 24". Mousetrap Media Ltd. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  20. ↑ Smith, Sydney (20 August 2014). "How Media Covered James Foley beheading: NYPost's front page like death porn". iMediaEthics. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  21. ↑ "Dick Costolo Tweet". Twitter. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  22. ↑ Karam, Zeina; Satter, Raphael (20 August 2014). "Social media pushes back at militant propaganda". Associated Press. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
  23. ↑ Kent, Tom. "Is it ISIL or ISIS in Iraq?". Associated Press Blog. Associated Press. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  24. 1 2 Fuller, Jamie (9 September 2014). "'ISIS' vs. 'ISIL' vs. 'Islamic State': The political importance of a much-debated acronym". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  25. ↑ Taylor, Adam (5 December 2014). "'Daesh': John Kerry Starts Calling The Islamic State A Name They Hate". Washington Post. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  26. ↑ Khatchatourian, Maane (11 October 2014). "'Archer' drops ISIS spy agency name". Boston Herald. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  27. ↑ "Noam Chomsky: "The United States created ISIS."". The Top Information Post. 6 October 2014. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  28. ↑ Straus, Ira (27 August 2014). "How Obama Caused ISIS". The National Review . Retrieved 10 December 2014.
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