Siege of Menagh Air Base

Siege of Menagh Air Base
Part of the Syrian civil war
Map showing the siege
Date 2 August 2012 – 6 August 2013 (1 year and 4 days) Location Menagh Air Base, Aleppo, Syria 36°31′19″N037°2′28″E / 36.52194°N 37.04111°E / 36.52194; 37.04111 Result Rebel victory [1] Rebels capture the Menagh Air Base
Belligerents
Free Syrian Army Syrian Islamic Liberation Front Al-Nusra Front [2] Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant [3] Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (JAMWA) [4]	Syrian Arab Republic Syrian Armed Forces
Commanders and leaders
Col. Abdul Jabbar al-Oqaidi [5] (Aleppo military council) Amar al-Dadikhi (WIA) [6] (Northern Storm Brigade) Capt. Ahmed Ghazali [7] [8] (Northern Storm Brigade) Abu Marwan [9] (Northern Storm Brigade) Abu Omar al-Shishani [10] (JAMWA and ISIL top commander) Abu Jandal al-Masri [11] [12] (JAMWA and ISIL commander) Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi [13] [14] [15]	Brig. Gen. Ali Salim Mahmoud  † [16] Col. Naji Abu Shaar  † [17]
Units involved
Al-Tawhid Brigade Free North Brigade Qabda al-Shamal Battalion [18] Conquest Brigade [19] Northern Storm Brigade [19] Saladin Ayubi Brigade [20] [21] Northern Commandos Brigade [22] Al-Sham Swords Brigade [22] Shahba Hawks Brigade [22] Al-Buraq Battalions [22] Kurdish Front Brigade (until May 2013) [23]	Syrian Army 17th Reserve Division 12th Armored Brigade Syrian Air Force 4th Flying Training Squadron [24]
Strength
Several hundred Chechen fighters [10]	300 (as of January 2013) [6] 200+ (as of May 2013) [25] 70 [26] –120 [27] [28] [29] (as of August 2013) 47 Mil Mi-8 helicopters (as of August 2012) [24]
Casualties and losses
300 killed [17]	94–100 killed [30] [31] 5+ Mil Mi-8s destroyed or captured [32]
Menagh Air Base class=notpageimage| Location within Syria

The siege of Menagh Air Base (also spelled Menegh, Mannagh, or Minakh) was an armed confrontation between the Syrian Armed Forces and the Free Syrian Army and aligned Islamist opposition groups during the Syrian civil war. ^[33]

Siege

2012

The first major rebel assault against the base came in the weeks following the start of the battle of Aleppo. Rebel fighters from the Free Syrian Army and affiliated groups launched an attack against the air base on 2 August 2012 using a combination of small arms, rocket-propelled grenades, and five tanks they had captured during the battle of Anadan. The base was used by Syrian Air Force helicopters and jet aircraft to bombard rebel positions, and seizing it was seen as vital to the rebels in their advances across northern Syria. ^[34] The initial rebel attack was repelled by government troops entrenched inside the air base's perimeter, though rebel commanders said they would continue the siege and capture the base. ^[35]

Heavy fighting broke out on the night of 27 December and continued "all night", as rebels had once again assaulted the besieged base. MiG warplanes bombed rebel positions on the outskirt of the base in an effort to alleviate some of the pressure on the defenders. ^[36]

2013

By January 2013, the base still held out against the rebels, despite being besieged on all sides. The remaining defenders were receiving supplies of weapons and food, as well as medical evacuations by helicopter; however, these flights became increasingly risky for pilots as rebel forces gained access to heavy weaponry and fired upon government helicopters. At this point the rebels estimated roughly 300 soldiers remained defending the air base. Soldiers who defected from the base reported that food supplies were a major issue and that soldiers were given rations of dry rice and wheat and told to "make what they can from it". Self-inflicted injuries were also reported as soldiers attempted to escape the fighting. ^[6]

On 8 February, the Syrian Air Force bombed parts of the base after rebel fighters stormed it, which forced the rebels to retreat. ^[37]

Syrian Air Force strike on the surroundings of Menagh Air Base in support of the besieged government forces inside the base, April 2013

A rebel attack was once again repulsed by government troops on 28 April, though rebels did manage to overrun some parts of the base before being forced to withdraw. ^[38]

On 5 May, as the siege of the base continued and government soldiers still refused to surrender, rebels launched their biggest offensive against the base to date, overrunning several Army positions and moving deep inside the base and capturing a tank, although they came under heavy aerial attack by the Air Force. ^[39] Rebels claimed that a group of pilots defected and assassinated the base's commanding officer. The defecting pilots told rebels that around 200 soldiers remained in the base, garrisoned in the headquarters building supported by a handful of tanks. Many soldiers resorted to sleeping under tanks, fearing a rebel assault. ^[25] On 9 May, it was reported that, although they managed to capture parts of the Menagh Air Base, rebel fighters were forced to retreat from the base due to heavy air strikes. ^[40]

On 28 May, rebel sources reported that the government conducted a successful airborne resupply mission to the Menagh base after several thousand FSA and jihadist rebels moved west to launch an attack on Kurdish fighters of the People's Protection Units (YPG) in the Afrin region, bringing critical military and logistical supplies to the air base. The Kurdish Front Brigade also withdrew its participation in the siege in order to join forces with the YPG to repel the attack on Afrin. ^[23]

On 7 June, rebel forces attacked the air base and fired tank shells at its command building, but were once again repelled. ^[41] Rebel forces launched another assault on 10 June, and by the next day had managed to secure the control tower after heavy fighting. ^[42] Government forces responded by shelling rebel held parts of the base. ^[43] On 17 June, rebels clashed with pro-government fighters from Nubl and Al-Zahraa who were headed for Menagh in an effort to reinforce the remaining soldiers inside the base. ^[44]

On 23 June, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR), a pro-opposition war observer, reported that rebels had detonated a large car bomb in the government-held area of Menagh, which killed 12 soldiers and destroyed many buildings within the airport. The explosion was reportedly followed by missile fire on Army positions. ^[45]

Final assault

An ISIL suicide bomber detonates a car bomb during the final assault on Menagh Air Base.

Map of the final assault on the air base in August 2013

After ten months of siege warfare, the various rebel groups at Menagh Air Base finally decided to coordinate in order to launch a large-scale assault to capture the base. Several insurgent militias taking part in this coordinated effort were actually hostile toward each other (for example, the Northern Storm Brigade had clashed with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) as late as July 2013); nevertheless, they put their differences mostly aside for the final attack on the base. ^[46] The rebels prepared their assault with a three-day long bombardment using artillery, mortars, and machine-guns. ^[47] The attack was carried out on 5 August 2013, led by jihadist Abu Omar al-Shishani, a chief ISIL commander. ^[48] By this point, 70 ^[26] –120 ^{[27] [28] [29]} government troops had remained, holding out in a small section of the complex. ^[47]

The attack began when two foreign suicide bombers from ISIL's JAMWA, ^[19] one of them a Saudi, drove a BMP infantry fighting vehicle up to the airport's command center and blew themselves up, destroying the building and killing or scattering the defenders. ^[47] Despite this, the surviving soldiers continued to offer heavy resistance ^[49] as ISIL, along with FSA and Islamist forces, stormed the base from three sides. ^[50] By the morning of the next day, however, rebel forces had full control of the airport. In course of the final battle, 32 government soldiers and at least 19 rebels were killed. ^{[1] [3] [27]} According to the insurgents, on the morning of the final attack, ten soldiers defected to the rebels and claimed to have attempted but failed to kill the base commander, who was later captured as he attempted to retreat with his men. ^[29] Though most of the aircraft which had originally been stationed at the airbase was distributed to other bases during the siege, ^[51] the Syrian Air Force lost at least five Mil Mi-8 helicopters at Menagh. ^[32]

About 70 Syrian soldiers, who managed to flee from the base during the battle, surrendered themselves (and two tanks) the next day to the Kurdish-led YPG in Afrin, located about 15 kilometers west of the airbase. ^{[28] [52]} It was later reported that the surrendered troops were from the 17th Division and some officers from those surrendered troops were turned over by the YPG to the al-Nusra Front in exchange for Arab and Kurdish YPG prisoners al-Nusra captured from previous battles. ^[53] Al-Nusra then executed the officers they had received. The YPG later apologized for the incident. ^[53]

Aftermath

The fall of Menagh Air Base fortified rebel control over much of north-western Syria. The role of JAMWA in the siege, however, strengthened outside perception of the Syrian insurgency as one relying heavily on foreign jihadists. ^[46] Islamist extremists generally portrayed the victory as being one for their cause. ^[32] Regional expert Joanna Paraszczuk argued that the importance of JAMWA in the siege should not be overstated, however, as the victory was achieved through the coordination of numerous rebel groups and not just the activities of JAMWA. ^[46]

Two and a half years after the siege's end, in February 2016, the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces, supported by Russian airstrikes, captured Menagh Air Base from the rebels. ^[54]

References

1. Al Arabiya , 6 August 2013, FSA takes control of Menagh air base near Aleppo
2. CNN, 22 January 2013, Rebels in northern Syria pin hopes on airbase's downfall
3. Reuters, 5 August 2013, Syrian rebels capture military airport near Turkey
4. New York Times , 5 August 2013, Rebels Gain Control of Government Air Base in Syria
5. Anne Barnard; Eric Schmitt (8 August 2013). "As Foreign Fighters Flood Syria, Fears of a New Extremist Haven". The New York Times . Retrieved 19 February 2018.
6. C. J. Chivers, New York Times , 30 January 2013, The Battle for Syria's Minakh Air Base
7. Paul Schemm (7 September 2012). "Syria's rebels struggle to tame Assad's air power". The Times of Israel . Associated Press.
8. Elliot Higgins (1 May 2013). "Brigadier General Salim Idris And Lebanese Cleric Sheikh Ahmad Al-Aseer Take A Trip To Syria". Brown Moses Blog.
9. Richard Hall, The Independent , 24 January 2013, If Syria's rebels can't take The Fortress, how can they take the capital?
10. "Ex-Soviet exiles: One of Daesh's deadliest weapons". Daily Sabah. 4 July 2016.
11. Al-Tamimi (2013), pp. 24, 25.
12. Rania Abouzeid (26 September 2013). "Syrian Opposition Groups Stop Pretending". The New Yorker.
13. http://www.chechensinsyria.com/?p=22334
14. "Moroccan "Emirs of Jihad", al-Massae (Morocco), 8 June 2014". 27 September 2014.
15. https://www.religion.info/pdf/2014_04_Caillet.pdf&sa=U&ved=0ahUKEwit6-zR6LnZAhXCmuAKHZuGAAY4ChAWCBIwAg&usg=AOvVaw1uvz10tswoQqCqxG265j0z%5B‍%5D
16. SYRIAN REBELS ENTER NORTHERN AIR BASE Archived 2014-02-02 at the Wayback Machine Associated Press,5 May 2013
17. Syria civil war: State-of-the-art technology gives President Assad’s army the edge
18. Bolling (2012), p. 1.
19. Jones (2017), p. 58.
20. Sherine Omar (1 July 2015). "A leader in the Salah al-Din brigade of the "Union Press": We have more than twenty prisoners to the PYD". Al-Etihad Press. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
21. "Captain Bewar Mustafa: BKK prevents the entry of relief materials to Afrin". Kobani Kurd. 11 June 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2018.^{[ permanent dead link ‍]}
22. "The FSA takes control of Meng Military Airport and seizes 14 military helicopters". Orient News . 5 August 2013.
23. Sheikho, Youssef (28 May 2013). "Syria: Border Clashes Pit FSA Against Kurds". Al-Akhbar. Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
24. Bolling (2012), p. 7.
25. C. J. Chivers, New York Times , 15 May 2013, Battlefield Update: The Fight for Isolated Government Outposts in Northern Syria
26. BBC, 6 August 2013, Syria rebels 'capture key Aleppo airbase'
27. Wall Street Journal , 6 August 2013, Capture of Syrian Air Base Shows al Qaeda's Increasing Sway
28. CTV News, 7 August 2013, Syrian troops kill more than 60 rebels in latest blow to opposition fighters
29. United Press International, 6 August 2013, Syrian rebels seize control of government air base in Aleppo province
30. "Corpses of fallen soldiers from Minnigh Airbase retrieved after 3 years". Archived from the original on 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2016-11-08.
31. Regime forces are transporting 100 corpses from Menegh military airport to Damascus
32. Cooper (2015), p. 52.
33. Daily Telegraph , 30 October 2012, Syria: rebels battle for control of regime military bases
34. The News International , 3 August 2012, Rebels use tanks to attack air base
35. Daily Telegraph , 2 August 2012, Syrian rebels use captured army tanks to attack Aleppo airforce base
36. Fox News , 28 December 2012, Government airstrike in northern Syria reportedly kills 14 as rebels attack airbase
37. Agence France Presse, yourmiddleeast.com, 9 February 2013, Syrian warplanes hit rebels inside airbase Archived 2014-04-23 at the Wayback Machine
38. CNN, 28 April 2013, Syrian rebels attack military airports across country, opposition says
39. Huffington Post , 5 May 2013, Syrian Mannagh Air Base Entered By Rebels
40. CBC News, 9 May 2013, Syrian forces shell northern cities
41. Associated Press, Yahoo News, 7 June 2013, Syrian Troops Capture Central Villages
42. Al Jazeera, 10 June 2013, Syrian rebels reportedly make fresh advances in their battle for Minnigh airbase in northern Syria
43. Al Arabiya , 11 June 2013, Syria army launches attack on Aleppo airbase
44. Reuters , 17 June 2013, Putin, Obama face off over Syria; rebels get Saudi missiles
45. Bloomberg, 23 June 2013, Syrian Rebels’ Car Bomb Explodes Inside Aleppo Airbase
46. Joanna Paraszczuk (8 August 2013). "Syria Analysis: Getting A Story Right — Free Syrian Army, "Jihadist Militants", & Capture of Menagh Airbase". EA WorldView . Retrieved 14 December 2018.
47. TRADOC G-2 (2014), p. 9.
48. Wall Street Journal, 6 August 2013, [www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323420604578652250872942058 Islamists Seize Airbase Near Aleppo]
49. TRADOC G-2 (2014), p. 10.
50. TRADOC G-2 (2014), pp. 9, 10.
51. Cooper (2015), p. 37.
52. Firat News Agency, 6 August 2013, YPG: 70 asker esir alındı, 2 tanka el koyuldu Archived 2014-03-31 at the Wayback Machine
53. Robert Fisk, Syria civil war: State-of-the-art technology gives President Assad’s army the edge The Independent 26 February 2016
54. Turkey shells northern Syria for second day – monitor Reuters 14 February 2016

Works cited

• Al-Tamimi, Aymenn Jawad (2013). "The Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham" (PDF). Middle East Review of International Affairs . 17 (3). Herzliya: Rubin Center for Research in International Affairs: 19–44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-18. Retrieved 2018-09-16.
• Bolling, Jeffrey (2012). Rebel Groups in Northern Aleppo Province. Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of War.
• Cooper, Tom (2015). Syrian Conflagration. The Civil War 2011–2013. Solihull: Helion & Company Limited. ISBN   978-1-910294-10-9.
• TRADOC G-2 (2014). Threat Tactics Report: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (PDF). Fort Eustis: United States Army Training and Doctrine Command.
• Jones, Seth G. (2017). Waging Insurgent Warfare: Lessons from the Vietcong to the Islamic State. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   9780190600860.