Battle of Aleppo (2024)

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Battle of Aleppo (2024)
Part of the 2024 Syrian opposition offensives during the Syrian civil war
Syrian rebels in Aleppo, 30 November 2024.png
Syrian opposition fighters toppling a statue of Bassel al-Assad in New Aleppo
Date29 November – 2 December 2024 [1]
(3 days)
Location
Aleppo Governorate, Syria
Result
  • Syrian Opposition victory [2] [3]
  • Syrian government forces retreat from the city [4] [5]
  • SDF enclave within the city besieged by rebels [6]
Territorial
changes
  • Syrian opposition forces capture most of the city [7]
  • SDF retain control of Sheikh Maqsood and move into adjacent districts [8] [9]
Belligerents
Flag of the Syrian Salvation Government.svg Syrian Salvation Government
Syrian revolution flag.svg Syrian Interim Government
Flag of the United Arab Republic (1958-1971), Flag of Syria (1980-2024).svg  Ba'athist Syria
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia [10] [11]
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran
De facto SA-NES Flag.svg  Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria [8] [a]
Units involved

Military Operations Command

Syrian revolution flag.svg Syrian National Army

Infobox Ajnad al-Kavkaz flag.png Ajnad al-Kavkaz [14]
Jaish al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar.svg Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar [14]
Flag of Katibat al-Ghuraba al-Turkestan.svg Mujahidin Ghuroba Division [15]
Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad [15]

Flag of the Syrian Arab Armed Forces.svg  Syrian Armed Forces

Banner of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (obverse).svg  Russian Armed Forces

Iranian Armed Forces

Iraqi militias [19]

Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg Syrian Democratic Forces

Casualties and losses
Dozens of rebels killed [21] Flag of Syria.svg Dozens of soldiers killed [5]
22 civilians killed [22] [23]

On 29 November 2024, Syrian opposition group Tahrir al-Sham, along with allied Turkish-backed groups [24] [25] [26] in the Military Operations Command, entered the Syrian government-held city of Aleppo. The battle began on the third day of a large-scale rebel offensive. It is the first time fighting has broken out in the city since the earlier battle, [27] which began in 2012 and ended in 2016 when the Assad administration pushed rebels out of the city. [28] [21] [29]

Contents

On 30 November 2024, opposition groups captured most of the city amidst the collapse of pro-government forces. [30] [31] Coinciding with the lightning-speed takeover of Aleppo, the rebels pushed into the countryside of northern Hama, [32] the whole city of Hama eventually fell to the rebels on December 5.

Background

After the battle from 2012 to 2016, Syrian government forces did not develop or increase the military defenses of the city even though rebel forces continued to operate to Aleppo's west. Instead, the pro-government groups engaged in corruption, and were thus not well prepared for major insurgent attacks. [17]

On 27 November 2024, Syrian opposition groups led by Tahrir al-Sham launched an offensive against pro-government forces in Northwestern Syria. The offensive, the first of its kind by any side in the conflict since March 2020 Idlib ceasefire, resulted in the rapid capture of dozens of villages by the opposition forces. During the offensive, rebels reportedly seized 70 sites in the provinces of Aleppo and Idlib and about 10,000 civilians fled the fighting to the Idlib countryside, northwestern Syria. [33] [34] [ better source needed ]

Opposing forces

The rebel assault on Aleppo city was spearheaded by Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), [9] [16] but also included various other rebel factions. Among others, there were Syrian National Army (SNA) units [16] such as the Northern Storm Brigade, Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement, and Sham Legion. [13] Various Islamist and Jihadist militias also took part in the operation, including Ajnad al-Kavkaz, [14] Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar, [14] [15] Mujahidin Ghuroba Division, Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad. [15] The insurgent forces, especially HTS, were well-organized, relatively well-equipped, and highly motivated. [12] [19] The rebels had also sent sleeper cells to infliltrate Aleppo city. [16]

In contrast to the rebels, pro-government forces in Aleppo suffered from poor organization, extensive corruption, and poor morale. [12] [19] Regular Syrian Army units lacked supplies, were regarded as unreliable, and included many "ghost soldiers" in their ranks. One Syrian Army colonel later argued that the Aleppo-based troops had previously relied on Hezbollah and Iranian officers for operational command, but these had been largely withdrawn from Syria at the time of the opposition offensive. Among the remaining Aleppo-based garrison were Iraqi militias and some Iranian advisers. [19] On 28 November, a meeting of high-ranking officers in Aleppo was successfully attacked by the rebels. Several important commanders, including Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps general Kioumars Pourhashemi, [16] [35] were killed in the attack, greatly impacting the local leadership. [16]

Battle

Fall of Aleppo

Syrian opposition tanks in or near Aleppo, 29 November 2024

On 29 November 2024, rebel forces approached the outskirts of Aleppo. They took Khalsa, Al-Rashidin and Khan Tuman, where the army abandoned four T-55 tanks. [36] The Syrian government was overwhelmed by the rebel offensive's speed, and could not organize a coordinated defense of Aleppo. [17] The defending units were not provided with a coherent plan, instead being "told to work it out for themselves". [19] Researchers Hassan Hassan and Michael Weiss argued that the pro-government forces "suffered a complete breakdown in command and control and morale". The main Syrian Army unit on the insurgents' path, Regiment 46, "simply collapsed". [16] Some military formations, including the 25th Special Mission Forces Division and Republican Guard, were hastily sent to reinforce the city, and took up position at several strategic locations such as the Citadel of Aleppo. Other pro-government units withdrew southward, such as Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba. [17] As the insurgents attacked, they initially bypassed heavily fortified strongholds like the Military Academy and Artillery College in favor of a speedy advance deep into Aleppo. [16]

During the afternoon, rebels entered the Hamdaniyah and New Aleppo neighborhoods in the city, after carrying out a double suicide bombing with two car bombs. [28] In the latter half of the day, opposition forces captured five city districts, Al-Hamdaniya, New Aleppo, 3000 Apartments, Al-Jamiliya, and Salah al-Din districts. Clashes were reported elsewhere in the city, including its center. [30] By midnight, opposition forces had captured parts of Al-Sukariyya, Al-Furqan, Al-Adhamiya, and Saif al-Dawla districts, and claimed to have had taken control of the main square of Aleppo. [37] [38] [39] Around this time, the rebels also approached the Neirab camp where the local loyalist garrison consisting of Liwa al-Quds troops retreated without organizing resistance. [40] [41]

Hours after the rebel incursion into the main neighbourhoods, thousands of civilians fled the city through the main Khanasir Athriya intersection with most heading to Latakia and Salamiya. [42]

The rebel forces issued evacuation warnings calling on residents of Aleppo to move eastwards "for your safety". [43] Syrian state media reported that projectiles launched by the rebels hit student housing in the University of Aleppo, killing four people, including two students. [44]

In the early hours of 30 November 2024, rebel forces captured the Citadel of Aleppo and the government headquarters in the city, [37] [45] as well as "more than half" of the city. [46] By morning, rebel forces had seized control of most of Aleppo, facing little resistance and forcing pro-government troops to retreat toward as-Safirah. [31] Government forces and Iranian militias remained in control of a few neighborhoods in northeastern Aleppo. [47] Russian forces abandoned at least three military bases around the city. [48]

Clashes between Syrian rebels and SDF

The Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces occupied Aleppo International Airport and the Shaykh Najjar district, following the withdrawal of pro-government forces. [8] Incursion into the Kurdish-held neighborhood of Sheikh Maqsoud was thwarted and 3 rebels were taken prisoners. [49] In the evening, rebels took control of Aleppo airport from the SDF without clashes. [50] An airstrike, reportedly carried out by Russian aircraft, killed 16 civilians and injured 20 others in the city. [23] Two other airstrikes on rebel reinforcements on the outskirts of the city left 20 fighters dead. [51]

That day, the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES) reportedly facilitated the entry of 2,892 refugees from Aleppo into Northeastern Syria. [52]

On 1 December 2024, HTS captured the thermal power station, Artillery College, and the Military Academy on the outskirts of the city. Meanwhile, clashes occurred between SNA and SDF in the Sheikh Najjar industrial district. Concurrently, the SDF closed the road linking areas in the northern Aleppo countryside and the city center of Aleppo. [9]

Later that day, in response to the swift rebel gains in Aleppo and Tell Rifaat, the AANES declared a state of general mobilization. [53] The rebels issued a demand for Kurdish forces in Aleppo to leave with their weapons for the northeast. [54]

Also on 1 December, the Russian Air Force conducted an airstrike on the Aleppo University Hospital, killing 12 people, injuring two journalists. [55]

On 2 December 2024, rebels captured the Sheikh Najjar industrial zone from the SDF and pushed further south of Aleppo, capturing Khansir in an attempt to cut off the army's main supply route to Aleppo city. [56]

Aftermath

The Kurdish enclave inside the city, namely the neighbourhoods of Sheikh Maqsoud and Ashrafieh, were besieged by the rebels, with the approximately 100,000 residents facing "dwindling food supplies and a lack of services". However, no significant mass displacement was reported as of date. The rebels renewed their offer for armed fighters to leave the city and guaranteed their safety, but asked the civilians to stay. [6]

In the days after the battle, while the Syrian Salvation Government was trying to establish itself in the city, Aleppo residents were facing shortages of bread and fuel, and cut telecom services. [57]

Reactions

Notes

  1. ↑ Since 30 November 2024

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References

  1. ↑ "Syrian opposition forces seized Aleppo City and advanced toward Hama City on November 30". Institute for the Study of War . 30 November 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
  2. ↑ Faidhi Dri, Karwan (30 November 2024). "Syrian army admits defeat in parts of Aleppo, plans counterattack". Rudaw. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
  3. ↑ Bar, Neta (30 November 2024). "These are the rebels fighting the Iranian axis in Syria". Israel Hayom. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  4. ↑ "Syrian army withdraws troops from Aleppo to prepare counteroffensive". Politico . 30 November 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  5. 1 2 3 "Syrian rebels sweep into Aleppo, army says dozens of soldiers killed". Reuters. 30 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  6. 1 2 "Syria: Aleppo's Kurds fear displacement as thousands flee rebels in Tel Rifaat". Middle East Eye. 3 December 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  7. ↑ "Russian strikes hit Aleppo as rebels take control". BBC . 30 November 2024. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  8. 1 2 3 "بعد انسحاب الميليشيات الإيرانية وقوات النظام.. القوات الكردية تنتشر في مطار حلب الدولي ونبل والزهراء وتسيطر على الحواجز" [After the withdrawal of Iranian militias and regime forces. Kurdish forces deploy in Aleppo International Airport, Nubl and Zahraa and control the checkpoints] (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 30 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  9. 1 2 3 ""Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham" and "National Army" control the towns of Khanaser and Al-Safira, Kuweires Airport in the Aleppo countryside, and military sites on the outskirts of Aleppo" (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 1 December 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  10. ↑ "Weeks after the Syrian Observatory published the preparations... "Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham" attacks the Aleppo countryside in the "Response to Aggression" operation" (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 27 November 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  11. ↑ "Coinciding with the Authority's attack on the regime forces' positions in the Aleppo countryside... a squadron of Russian aircraft flies in the "Putin-Erdogan" airspace" (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 27 November 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Lister, Charles (30 November 2024). "Syria's conflict is heating up once more". Spectator. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
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  14. 1 2 3 4 "TRAC Incident Report: Ajnad Kavkaz and Jaish al-Muhajireen wa al-Ansar/ HTS Claim Responsibility for Attack Near Aleppo, Syria - 28 November 2024". TRAC. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
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  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Hassan Hassan; Michael Weiss (2 December 2024). "The Backstory Behind the Fall of Aleppo". New Lines Magazine. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 ICG (5 December 2024). "Syria's North-western Front Erupts". reliefweb.int. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
  18. ↑ "IRGC commander killed by rebels in Aleppo amid clashes". Rudaw. 28 November 2024. Archived from the original on 28 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Maya Gebeily; Suleiman Al-Khalidi; Ahmed Rasheed; Timour Azhari (17 December 2024). "How Assad's army collapsed in Syria: demoralised conscripts, absent allies". Reuters. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  20. 1 2 3 "YPJ: We will hold the Turkish state and its mercenaries accountable on the frontlines of resistance". Firat News Agency . 2 December 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  21. 1 2 "Insurgents breach Syria's second-largest city Aleppo, fighters and a war monitor say". AP News. 29 November 2024. Archived from the original on 29 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  22. ↑ "Dramatic escalation: Six students ki*lled and wounded in rocket fire by rebels on university student dormitory in Aleppo city". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 29 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  23. 1 2 "استشهاد 16 شخص.. مجزرة مروعة ترتكبها الطائرات الحربية في مدينة حلب" [16 people killed.. A horrific massacre committed by warplanes in the city of Aleppo] (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 30 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  24. ↑ "Syrian troops withdraw from Aleppo as rebels advance". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2024. The latest offensive has been led by an Islamist militant group known at Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and allied factions backed by Turkey.
  25. ↑ "Syrian rebels sweep into Aleppo, Russia conducts strikes in support of Assad". Reuters. With Assad backed by Russia and Iran, and Turkey supporting some of the rebels in the northwest where it maintains troops, the offensive has brought into focus the conflict's knotted geopolitics.
  26. ↑ "Aleppo: Rebels 'take control' of airport as thousands of fighters seize most of Syria's second-biggest city". Sky. The insurgents, led by the Islamist militant group Hayat Tahrir al Sham and including Turkey-backed fighters, also claim to be in control of all of Idlib province after launching their offensive on Wednesday.
  27. ↑ "Setbacks for Russia, Iran and Hezbollah Turn Into a Catastrophe for Syria's Assad". The Wall Street Journal. 30 November 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  28. 1 2 "بعد تفجير سيارتين مفخختين.. فصائل عملية "ردع العدوان" تدخل أجزاء من أحياء في مدينة حلب" [After detonating two car bombs, the factions of the "Deterrence of Aggression" operation enter parts of neighborhoods in the city of Aleppo] (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 29 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  29. ↑ "Syrian rebels defend gains in Aleppo, push south". The Washington Post . 30 November 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  30. 1 2 "وسط انهيار قوات النظام.. "الهيئة" والفصائل تسيطران على 5 أحياء في مدينة حلب و20 بلدة وقرية في ريفي حلب وإدلب" [Amidst the collapse of the regime forces.. "Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham" and the factions control 5 neighborhoods in the city of Aleppo and 20 towns and villages in the countryside of Aleppo and Idlib] (in Arabic). 29 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  31. 1 2 "بعد غياب لنحو 8 سنوات.. الطيران الحربي يستهدف أحياء حلب.. وقوات "ردع العدوان" تتوغل في غالبية أحياء مدينة حلب" [After an absence of about 8 years. Warplanes target Aleppo neighborhoods. and the "Deterrence of Aggression" forces penetrate most of Aleppo city neighborhoods] (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 30 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  32. ↑ Hassan, Hassan; Weiss, Michael (2 December 2024). "The Backstory Behind the Fall of Aleppo". New Lines Magazine. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
  33. ↑ "Syria insurgents breach second largest city of Aleppo, fighters and war monitor say". Voice of America. 29 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  34. ↑ "Armed groups opposed to Assad's regime in Syria enter Aleppo city center". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 29 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  35. ↑ "Iranian Revolutionary Guards officer killed in Syria, - SNN report". The Jerusalem Post . Reuters . Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  36. ↑ "Insurgents' attack on Assad-controlled Aleppo revives Syrian war after five-year truce". www.euronews.com. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  37. 1 2 "After controlling 5 neighborhoods, "Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham" and factions enter the streets of a number of other neighborhoods in Aleppo city" (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 29 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  38. ↑ "الميليشيات تعلن سيطرتها على قلعة حلب" [Militias announce control over Aleppo Citadel]. ElKhabar (in Arabic). 29 November 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  39. ↑ Musa, Shelan Sheikh (29 November 2024). "سيطرة المعارضة السورية على قلعة حلب وأحياء بوسط المدينة" [Syrian opposition takes control of Aleppo Citadel and downtown neighborhoods]. Solution Net (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 29 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  40. ↑ "ليلة انسحاب لواء القدس من مخيم النيرب". Action Group for Palestinians of Syria. 6 December 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
  41. ↑ "فرار لواء القدس من مخيم النيرب ودخول المعارضة دون قتال". Action Group for Palestinians of Syria. 30 November 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
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  43. ↑ Abdulrahim, Raja (29 November 2024). "Syrian Rebels Reach Outskirts of Major City in Escalating Offensive". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  44. ↑ El Deeb, Sarah (30 November 2024). "In a shock offensive, insurgents breach Syria's largest city for the first time since 2016". Associated Press . Archived from the original on 29 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  45. ↑ "Syrian opposition enters Aleppo, takes control of government headquarters and citadel". Al Jazeera. 29 November 2024. p. Arabic. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  46. ↑ Abdulrahim, Raja (29 November 2024). "Syrian Rebels Breach City of Aleppo, in Biggest Advance in Years". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  47. ↑ Kourdi, Eyad (30 November 2024). "Syrian rebels take control of most of Aleppo city". CNN. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  48. ↑ "Syrian rebels capture majority of Aleppo as Russia's forces abandon bases". Telegraph. 30 November 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  49. ↑ "HPC arrests mercenaries tried to infiltrate Sheikh Maqsoud". ANHA. 30 November 2024. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  50. ↑ ""الهيئة" تسيطر على مطار حلب الدولي والعديد من المدن والبلدات في ريف حماة الشمالي وسط انهيار كامل لقوات النظام" ["The Authority" controls Aleppo International Airport and many cities and towns in the northern Hama countryside amid a complete collapse of the regime forces] (in Arabic). Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 30 November 2024. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  51. ↑ "Armed rebels occupy centre of Aleppo, Syria's largest city". Euronews. 30 November 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  52. ↑ "AANES facilitates entry of 2,892 returnees from Aleppo into NE Syria". ANHA. 30 November 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  53. ↑ "Democratic Autonomous Administration declares stage of general mobilization". ANHA. 1 December 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  54. ↑ "Fighting Rages in Syria as Rebels Advance". The New York Times . 1 December 2024. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  55. ↑ Davies, Maia; Cooney, Christy (1 December 2024). "More Russian strikes as Syrian rebels advance after taking Aleppo". BBC. British Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  56. ↑ Davies, Maia; Cooney, Christy (2 December 2024). "Russian, Syrian jets intensify bombing of Syria's rebel-held northwest". Reuters. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  57. ↑ "Syrian rebels capture key city of Hama in fresh blow to Assad". Reuters. 5 December 2024. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  58. ↑ "Syrian rebels enter Aleppo three days into surprise offensive". ARK. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
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