Palmyra offensive (March 2016)

Last updated

Palmyra offensive (March 2016)
Part of the Syrian Civil War and the Russian military intervention in Syria
Battle of Tadmur.svg
Map showing areas captured by 26 March
Date9 – 27 March 2016
(2 weeks and 4 days)
Location
Tadmur District, Eastern Homs Governorate, Syria
34°33′36″N38°16′02″E / 34.5600°N 38.2672°E / 34.5600; 38.2672
Result

Syrian government victory

  • Syrian Army captures Palmyra city and its area [1] [2] [3]
Belligerents

Flag of the United Arab Republic (1958-1971), Flag of Syria (1980-2024).svg Syrian Arab Republic

Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran [4]
Allied militias:
InfoboxHez.PNG Hezbollah [5]
Iraqi Shi'ite militias:

Contents

Liwa Fatemiyoun infobox flag.png Liwa Fatemiyoun [4]
Flag of the United Arab Republic (1958-1971), Flag of Syria (1980-2024).svg Liwa Sayf al-Mahdi [9]
Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg Ba'ath Brigades [10]
Flag of Palestine.svg Galilee Forces [11] 		Islamic State flag.svg Islamic State
Commanders and leaders
Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg Major General Suheil al-Hassan [12]
(Operations chief commander)
Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg Ali Rahmoun  † [13] [14]
(Syrian Marines commander)
Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg Colonel Ali Shaheen [15]
(Panther Forces Brigade commander)
Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg Colonel Shadi Isma'el [15]
(Cheetah Forces commander) [16]
Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg Suleiman al-Shwakh [17]
(Desert Commandos commander)
Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg "The Uncle" Abu Ismail [18]
(Military Security Shield Forces commander)
Flag of Russia.svg Col. Gen. Aleksandr Dvornikov
(Russian forces commander)
Flag of Russia.svg Lt. Gen. Aleksandr Zhuravlev [19]
(Russian operations commander)
Flag of Russia.svg Sen. Lt. Alexander Prokhorenko   † [20]
(Spetsnaz commander)		 Islamic State flag.svg Sultan bin 'Abdel-Rahman  † [21]
(Emir of Palmyra)
Islamic State flag.svg Khalil Mohameed  † [22]
(Emir of Palmyra)
Units involved

Syrian Armed Forces Flag.svg Syrian Armed Forces

Flag of Russia.svg Russian forces

Flag of Iran.svg IRGC advisors [4]
InfoboxHez.PNG Hezbollah

  • National Ideological Resistance [34]
Islamic State flag.svg Military of ISIL
Strength
6,000+ [27] Islamic State flag.svg 2,000+ (per Syrian Army)
Casualties and losses
Flag of Syria.svg 391 killed [35]
Flag of Russia.svg 12 killed [36]
Flag of Iran.svg 3 killed [35] 		Islamic State flag.svg 417 killed (per SOHR) [35]
450 killed (per Syrian Army) [37]
500+ killed (per Russia; 20–27 March) [38]

The Palmyra offensive (March 2016) was a military operation of the Syrian Arab Army, supported by Russian airstrikes, [39] to recapture from the Islamic State the city of Tadmur (near the ruins of the ancient city of Palmyra), which was strategically important for both forces due to its position in central Syria. [40] The city was fully recaptured on 27 March.

Offensive

Battle for the hills

First week

On 9 March 2016, heavy Russian airstrikes started hitting the Palmyra area, with 32 ISIL fighters reported killed by the next day. [41] As of 14 March, 80 airstrikes and 200 rockets and artillery shells had hit the city. [42] The Syrian Arab Army's Central Command stated their next aim after eventually capturing Palmyra would be Deir ez-Zor. [43]

Major ground fighting started on 12 March, when the Syrian Army attacked the village of Al-Dawah, west of Palmyra, [23] while the next day they assaulted Jabal Qassoun mountain, where Palmyra Castle is located. [44] In all, the military's attack was directed against three flanks of Palmyra in an attempt to surround the city. [45] In preparation for the offensive, ISIL built strong defenses in the city and trenches around it. [46]

On 14 March, the military captured Hill 800 and Hill 853, which are part of Jabal Hayyan mountain, southwest of Palmyra, [6] [47] while the ISIL emir of the city, Khalil Mohameed, was reportedly killed when a rocket hit his headquarters. [22]

On 15 March, government forces fully secured Jabal Hayyan mountain, [48] after capturing Hill 900. [46] The advance brought the military to within four kilometers west and south of Palmyra. [49] Elsewhere, fighting continued in Al-Dawah, while Army units were also attempting to advance towards the Brigade 550 Base. [23] Meanwhile, Russian airstrikes on the road between Palmyra and Al-Sukhnah left 26 people dead. [50]

Second week

On 17 March, ISIL took advantage of a sandstorm and launched a counter-attack [46] against Point 939 and the Jabal Hayyan mountain, though the Army repelled the assault. [5] Later that day, Syrian Marines from the Latakia Governorate and Hezbollah fighters were sent as reinforcements to Palmyra to strengthen the government forces for the assault on the city. [7] ISIL also sent reinforcements. [46] The same day, a Russian Special Operations Forces operative, Sen. Lt. Alexander Prokhorenko, responsible for performing target acquisition for designated Russian airstrikes was killed when he ordered an airstrike on himself after being surrounded by ISIL fighters. Prokhorenko's death garnered international media attention and was hailed as a hero. [20]

Palmyra Castle. Palmyra Cittadel - panoramio.jpg
Palmyra Castle.

The following day, the SAA seized the Tal Mattar hilltop, close to the Palmyra Castle, [51] after which they continued to advance, capturing Tal Areen hill. [52] Concurrently with the Syrian Army ground offensive, Russia was conducting 20–25 airstrikes daily on ISIL positions in and around Palmyra. ISIL claimed to have killed six Syrian soldiers, five Russian soldiers and several Hezbollah fighters in the defense of Qasr al-Halabat west of Palmyra. An ISIL website released a video showing the body of a man in military gear, described as a Russian military advisor, with equipment including a customised AK-74M rifle, a helmet, a compass and a pack of bandages with instructions written in Russian.[ citation needed ] The body, however, was possibly one of the few ethnic-Russian PMCs from the "Wagner Group" killed or reported missing around the Palmyra suburbs. On 17 March, PMC Vadim Tumakov was confirmed killed by fighting in Palmyra. [32] [31]

On 20 March, the SAA captured two hills overlooking the Ithriyah–Palmyra highway, cutting off of one of ISIL's main supply routes to the city. [53] The next day, the SAA made more advances, [54] as they assaulted the Jabal Al-Tar hilltop. [55] 26 Syrian Marines, including their commander Ali Rahmoun, were killed during the day's clashes. [13] 17 of the Marines died as a result of a friendly fire accident when they were hit with a Russian missile. Another 26 were wounded. [14] Meanwhile, IRGC advisors and Liwa Fatemiyoun units arrived as another wave of pro-government reinforcements. [4]

On 21 March, a large convoy of reinforcements from the NDF units of Fouj Al-Joulan and Liwaa Suqour Al-Quneitra arrived at the western countryside of Palmyra, raising the number of pro-government forces in the area to more than 6,000. [27] The next evening, government advances continued with the support of 50 airstrikes [56] and the Army seized the Palmyra Triangle road junction. [57] [58] [59] Subsequently, around 120 explosives were cleared from the Triangle area. [60]

As of 23 March, the military was within one or two kilometers of the city on the south side and five kilometers on the west side, [60] [61] as they reached the outskirts of Palmyra, [62] after seizing the al-Hayal mountain range, [63] including its hills that overlook the town. [64] A soldier stated on state TV that they expected to capture the city within hours. [60]

Close-quarters fighting

Syrian Army soldiers after the battle. Liberation of Palmyra by RSII coalition (4).jpg
Syrian Army soldiers after the battle.

The following day, the Army was one kilometer from the town and facing stiff resistance as it tried to penetrate the city limits. [65] They attacked the strategic Semiramis Hotel, on the outskirts of Palmyra, approaching to within 70 meters of the hotel. [66] Fighting also reached the edge of the southwestern al-Gharf neighbourhood. As the clashes raged, ISIL urged civilians through loudspeakers to leave the city. [67] In the afternoon, government forces managed to fully capture the Semiramis Hotel, [68] as well as Muhtar Mount, Al-Zera'a roundabout, Al-Tar Mountain, the Tombs Valley and the Mozeh Palace, [69] [70] a luxury villa which ISIL used as a headquarters[ citation needed ] and previously belonged to the House of Thani (the Qatari Royal family).[ citation needed ] In the evening, the Army entered the first houses in the southwestern part of Palmyra. [70]

On the morning of 25 March, pro-government forces took control of several hilltops on the western and northwestern side of Palmyra, including near Palmyra Castle. [71] Later that day, the castle itself was captured, [72] [73] [74] as well as reportedly the Brigade 550 Base. [75] Government forces were also reported to have reached the Palmyra Prison, after seizing most of the Palmyra Orchards [76] and the city's airbase. [77] Fighting also raged at the archaeological sites where government force's progress was slow due to the lack of artillery support for the sake of protecting the ruins. [78] At this point, ISIL forces started withdrawing their equipment from Palmyra and planting land mines. [72]

On 26 March, state TV reported the military captured three neighborhoods inside Palmyra, [79] including the northern district of Al-Amiriya, as well as the neighborhoods of Mutaqa'ideen and Al-Jami'a. [80] The opposition activist group the SOHR confirmed the capture of Al-Amiriya, [81] but stated the other two neighborhoods were still being contested, with ISIL conducting counter-attacks with car-bombs against advancing government forces. [82] Most apartment blocks in the city's residential area were damaged by the fighting and several had completely collapsed. [83] Later, SOHR confirmed the capture of Mutaqa'ideen and Al-Jami'a and reported government troops secured 35% of the city, while ISIL fighters were retreating towards the Al-Sukhnah area, east of Palmyra. [84] [85] [86]

On the dawn of 27 March, the city was fully captured by the SAA after ISIL defenses collapsed. [1] [3] Sporadic fighting continued in the eastern outskirts of Palmyra between government forces and ISIL fighters who refused to retreat, [87] concentrated at the prison and the airbase. [88] However, most of ISIL's forces had withdrawn to the east. [89] Later in the day, the prison and the airbase were captured as the remaining 30 ISIL militants fought to the death. [90]

Aftermath

The concert at the Roman amphitheatre after the reconquest of Palmyra. Palmyra concert - panoramio.jpg
The concert at the Roman amphitheatre after the reconquest of Palmyra.
Palmyra on 28 March 2016, a day after being liberated. Liberation of Palmyra by RSII coalition (1).jpg
Palmyra on 28 March 2016, a day after being liberated.

After the liberation of the city, a Russian military convoy, including armored personnel carriers, arrived to help in the process of clearing Palmyra of explosives left by retreating ISIL forces. Meanwhile, a mass grave containing the bodies of 24 civilians and 18 soldiers was discovered. In all, at least 280 people are believed to had been executed by ISIL during its control of the town.[ citation needed ] Overall, between 29 March and 30 April, Russian and Syrian explosive-disposal teams removed 4,000 explosive devices in the ruins and another 1,000 in the town. [91]

On 5 May, the Mariinsky Theatre Orchestra and Sergei Roldugin performed at the Roman amphitheatre of Palmyra in a highly publicized event. [92]

In another offensive military operation in December 2016, ISIL reconquered Palmyra and its surroundings, [93] with the Syrian government and its allies retaking it again in 2017.

Reactions

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References

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    Heavy Russian Airstrikes as Syrian Army Fights IS in Palmyra
    The ancient city of Palmyra could be restored in 5 years
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  91. ↑ How 100 Syrians, 200 Russians and 11 dogs out-witted ISIS and saved Palmyra
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  96. ↑ Reuters Editorial (27 March 2016). "Russia's Putin congratulates Syria's Assad on regaining Palmyra". Reuters. Retrieved 27 March 2016.{{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
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